130
Views
36
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Systemic treatment strategies and therapeutic monitoring for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma

&
Pages 383-394 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Ho J. An epidemiological and clinical study of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 4, 183–205 (1978).
  • International classification of tumors: histological typing of upper respiratory tract tumors: World Health Organization (1991).
  • Chan AT, Teo PM, Johnson PJ. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann. Oncol. 13(7), 1007–1015 (2002).
  • Amercian Joint Committee on Cancer Cancer Staging Handbook, 6th Edition. Springer, NY, USA, 50–52 (2002).
  • Teo PM, Kwan WH, Lee WY et al. Prognosticators determining survival subsequent to distant metastasis from nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 77(12), 2423–2431 (1996).
  • Al-Sarraf M, LeBlanc M, Giri PG et al. Chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: Phase III randomized Intergroup study 0099. J. Clin. Oncol. 16(4), 1310–1317 (1998).
  • Al-Sarraf M, LeBlanc M, Giri P et al. Superiority of five year survival with chemo-radiotherapy (CT-RT) vs radiotherapy in patients (Pts) with locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). Intergroup (0099) (SWOG 8892, RTOG 8817, ECOG 2388) Phase III study: final report. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2001) (Abstract 905).
  • Hoffman H, Weber R, Ang K et al. Changing patterns of practice in the management of nasopharynx carcinoma (NPC): analysis of the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2004) (Abstract 5501).
  • Wee J, Tan EH, Tai BC et al. Randomized trial of radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union against cancer Stage III and IV nasopharyngeal cancer of the endemic variety. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(27), 6730–6738 (2005).
  • Lee AW, Lau WH, Tung SY et al. Preliminary results of a randomized study on therapeutic gain by concurrent chemotherapy for regionally-advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: NPC-9901 trial by the Hong Kong Nasopharyngeal Cancer Study Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(28), 6966–6975 (2005).
  • Chan AT, Ngan RK, Teo PM et al. Overall survival after concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 97(7), 536–539 (2005).
  • Lin JC, Jan JS, Hsu CY et al. Phase III study of concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: positive effect on overall and progression-free survival. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(4), 631–637 (2003).
  • Kwong DL, Au GK, Chua DT et al. Concurrent and adjuvant chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a factorial study. J. Clin. Oncol. 22(13), 2643–2653 (2004).
  • Bahl M, Pond GR, Kim J et al. Tolerability of the Intergroup 0099 (INT 0099) regimen in locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer with a focus on patients’ nutritional status. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 60(4), 1127–1136 (2004).
  • Fountzilas G, Daniilidis J, Sridhar KS et al. Induction chemotherapy with a new regimen alternating cisplatin, fluorouracil with mitomycin, hydroxyurea and bleomycin in carcinomas of nasopharynx or other sites of the head and neck region. Cancer 66(7), 1453–1460 (1990).
  • Bachouchi M, Cvitkovic E, Azli N et al. High complete response in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma with bleomycin, epirubicin, and cisplatin before radiotherapy. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 82(7), 616–620 (1990).
  • Dimery IW, Peters LJ, Goepfert H et al. Effectiveness of combined induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 11(10), 1919–1928 (1993).
  • Fonseca E, Cruz JJ, Rodriguez CA et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with continuous infusion of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil, with or without leucovorin, for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J. Infus. Chemother. 6(4), 217–220 (1996).
  • Hong RL, Ting LL, Ko JY et al. Induction chemotherapy with mitomycin, epirubicin, cisplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin followed by radiotherapy in the treatment of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 19(23), 4305–4313 (2001).
  • Chan AT, Teo PM, Leung TW et al. A prospective randomized study of chemotherapy adjunctive to definitive radiotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 33(3), 569–577 (1995).
  • Roussy IG. Preliminary results of a randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin, epirubicin, bleomycin) plus radiotherapy vs. radiotherapy alone in stage IV(> or = N2, M0) undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a positive effect on progression-free survival. International Nasopharynx Cancer Study Group. VUMCA I trial. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 35(3), 463–469 (1996).
  • Chua DT, Sham JS, Choy D et al. Preliminary report of the Asian–Oceanian Clinical Oncology Association randomized trial comparing cisplatin and epirubicin followed by radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in the treatment of patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Asian–Oceanian Clinical Oncology Association Nasopharynx Cancer Study Group. Cancer 83(11), 2270–2283 (1998).
  • Ma J, Mai HQ, Hong MH et al. Results of a prospective randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus radiotherapy with radiotherapy alone in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 19(5), 1350–1357 (2001).
  • Hareyama M, Sakata K, Shirato H et al. A prospective, randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy with radiotherapy alone in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 94(8), 2217–2223 (2002).
  • Davis AJ, Tannock JF. Repopulation of tumour cells between cycles of chemotherapy: a neglected factor. Lancet Oncol. 1, 86–93 (2000).
  • Chua D, Ma J, Sham J. Long-term survival after cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A pooled data analysis of two Phase III trials. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(6), 1118–1124 (2005).
  • Chan AT, Ma B, Lo D et al. A Phase II study of neoadjuvant taxol and carboplatin followed by concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma with EBV DNA monitoring. J. Clin. Oncol. 22(15), 1–8 (2004).
  • Johnson FM, Palmer JL, Kies M et al. A Phase II study of docetaxel and carboplatin as neoadjuvant therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma with early T status and advanced N status. Cancer 100(5), 991–998 (2004).
  • Yamouni M, Benhadji K, Lahfa I et al. A phase II trial of docetaxel and cisplatin combination in patients with locally advanced undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharygeal type (UCNT). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 23, (2004) (Abstract 5599).
  • Rischin D, Corry J, Smith J et al. Excellent disease control and survival in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer treated with chemoradiation. J. Clin. Oncol. 20(7), 1845–1852 (2002).
  • Oh J, Vokes E, Kies M et al. Induction chemotherapy followed by concomitant chemoradiotherapy for advanced nasopharyngeal cancer. Ann. Oncol. 14, 565–569 (2002).
  • Chan ATC, Hui P, Ma B et al. Neoadjuvant docetaxel (Taxotere) and cisplatin followed by concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a randomized Phase II study. Proc. 13th Eur. Cancer Conference (2005).
  • Rossi A, Molinari R, Boracchi P et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin after radiotherapy in local-regional nasopharyngeal cancer: results of a 4-year multicenter randomized study. J. Clin. Oncol. 6(9), 1401–1410 (1988).
  • Chi KH, Chang YC, Guo WY et al. A Phase III study of adjuvant chemotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 52(5), 1238–1244 (2002).
  • Thephamongkhol K, G Browman R, Wong K et al. Chemo-radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A meta-analysis of 78 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from English and non-English databases. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2004) (Abstract 5522).
  • Baujat B, Bourhis J, Chan AT, et al. MAC-NPC Collaborative Group. Chemotherapy in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an individual patient data meta-analysis of eight randomized trials and 1753 patients. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 64(1), 47–56 (2006).
  • Huncharek M, Kupelnick B. Combined chemoradiation versus radiation therapy alone in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: results of a meta-analysis of 1,528 patients from six randomized trials. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(3), 219–223 (2002).
  • Chi KH, Chang YC, Chan WK et al. A Phase II study of carboplatin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncology 54, 203–207 (1997).
  • Au E, Tan EH, Ang PT. Activity of paclitaxel by three-hour infusion in Asian patients with metastatic undifferentiated nasopharyngeal cancer. Ann. Oncol. 9(3), 327–329 (1998).
  • Siu LL, Czaykowski PM, Tannock IF. Phase I/II study of the CAPABLE regimen for patients with poorly differentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx. J. Clin. Oncol. 16(7), 2514–2521 (1998).
  • Hasbini A, Mahjoubi R, Fandi A et al. Phase II trial combining mitomycin with 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cisplatin in recurrent and metastatic undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type. Ann. Oncol. 10, 421–425 (1999).
  • Azli N, Fandi A, Bachouchi M et al. Final report of a Phase II study of chemotherapy with bleomycin, epirubicin, and cisplatin for locally advanced and metastatic/recurrent undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharyngeal type. Cancer J. Sci. Am. 1(3), 222 (1995).
  • Fandi A, Bachouchi M, Azli N et al. Long-term disease-free survivors in metastatic undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type. J. Clin. Oncol. 18(6), 1324–1330 (2000).
  • Leong SS, Foo KF, Ang P et al. Gemcitabine in metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma of the undifferentiated type. Ann. Oncol. 13, 150–156 (2002).
  • Airoldi M, De Crescenzo A, Pedani F et al. Feasibility and long-term results of autologous PBSC transplantation in recurrent undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head Neck 23(9), 799–803 (2001).
  • Wang TL, Tan YO. Cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil continuous infusion for metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 20(5), 601–603 (1991).
  • Au E, Ang PT. A phase II trial of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatinum in recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann. Oncol. 5(1), 87–89 (1994).
  • Chua DT, Sham JS, Au GK, Choy D. A Phase II study of ifosfamide, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma previously treated with platinum chemotherapy. Eur. J. Cancer 36(6), 736–741 (2000).
  • Yeo W, Leung TW, Chan AT et al. A Phase II study of combination paclitaxel and carboplatin in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur. J. Cancer 34, 2027–2031 (1998).
  • Tan EH, Khoo KS, Wee J et al. Phase II trial of a paclitaxel and carboplatin combination in Asian patients with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann. Oncol. 10(2), 235–237 (1999).
  • Airoldi M, Pedani F, Marchionatti S et al. Carboplatin plus taxol is an effective third-line regimen in recurrent undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Tumori. 88(4), 273–276 (2002).
  • Fountzilas G, Skarlos D, Athanassiades A et al. Paclitaxel by three-hour infusion and carboplatin in advanced carcinoma of nasopharynx and other sites of the head and neck. A Phase II study conducted by the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. Ann. Oncol. 8(5), 451–455 (1997).
  • McCarthy J, Tannock I, Degendorfer P et al. A Phase II trial of docetaxel and cisplatin in patients with recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 38(7), 686 (2002).
  • Foo KF, Tan EH, Leong SS et al. Gemcitabine in metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma of the undifferentiated type. Ann. Oncol. 13(1), 150–156 (2002).
  • Ma BB, Tannock IF, Pond GR et al. Chemotherapy with gemcitabine-containing regimens for locally recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 95(12), 2516–2523 (2002).
  • Ngan RK, Yiu HH, Lau WH et al. Combination gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy for metastatic or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: report of a Phase II study. Ann. Oncol. 13(8), 1252–1258 (2002).
  • Leong SS, Wee J, Tay MH et al. Paclitaxel, carboplatin, and gemcitabine in metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a Phase II trial using a triplet combination. Cancer 103(3), 569–575 (2005).
  • Leong S, Wee J, Tan T et al. Phase II study of gemcitabine, paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma – updated results. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2003) (Abstract 2001).
  • Chua DT, Sham J, Au GK. A Phase II study of capecitabine in patients with recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma pretreated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Oral Oncol. 39, 361–366 (2004).
  • Wang CC, Liu TW, Lin CY et al. Phase II study of gemcitabine plus vinorelbine in the treatment of cisplatin-resistant nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head Neck 28(1), 74–80 (2006).
  • Zhang L, Peng PJ, Lu LX et al. Phase III study comparing standard radiotherapy with or without weekly oxaliplatin in treatment of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: preliminary results. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(33), 8461–8468 (2005).
  • Poon D, Chowbay B, Cheung YB et al. Phase II study of irinotecan (CPT-11) as salvage therapy for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 10(3), 576–581 (2005).
  • Hui AB, Lo KW, Teo PM et al. Genome wide detection of oncogene amplifications in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by array based comparative genomic hybridization. Int. J. Oncol. 20(3), 467–473 (2002).
  • Ma B, Poon T, KF To et al. Expression and prognostic significance of epidermal growth factor receptor and HER2 protein in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head Neck 25(10), 864–872 (2003).
  • Miller WE, Cheshire JL, Baldwin AS Jr, Raab-Traub N. The NPC derived C15 LMP1 protein confers enhanced activation of NF-κ B and induction of the EGFR in epithelial cells. Oncogene 16(14), 1869–1877 (1998).
  • Sung FL, Poon TC, Hui EP et al. Antitumor effect and enhancement of cytotoxic drug activity by cetuximab in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. In Vivo 19(1), 237–245 (2005).
  • Hsu CH, Chen CL, Yeh PY, Cheng AL. Inhibitors of epidermoid growth factor receptor suppress cell growth and enhance chemosensitivity of nasopharyngeal cancer cells in vitro. Oncology 68(4–6), 538–547 (2002).
  • Chan AT, Hsu MM, Goh BC et al. Multicenter, Phase II study of cetuximab in combination with carboplatin in patients with recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(15), 3568–3576 (2005).
  • Bonner J, Harari P, Cohen R et al. Cetuximab prolongs survival in patients with locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck: a Phase III study of high dose radiation therapy with or without cetuximab Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2004) (Abstract 5507).
  • Raab-Traub N. Epstein–Barr virus in the pathogenesis of NPC. Semin. Cancer Biol. 12(6), 431–441 (2002).
  • Lo KW, Huang DP. Genetic and epigenetic changes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Semin. Cancer Biol. 12(6), 451–462 (2002).
  • Ambinder RF, Robertson KD, Tao Q. DNA methylation and the Epstein–Barr virus. Semin. Cancer Biol. 9(5), 369–375 (1999).
  • Chan A, Tao Q, Robertson K et al. Azacitidine induces demethylation of the Epstein-Barr Virus genome in tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. 22(8), 1373–1381 (2004).
  • Marks P, Richon VM, Breslow R et al. Histone deacetylases and cancer: causes and therapies. Nature Rev. Cancer 1(3), 194–202 (2001).
  • Lo YM, Chan LY, Lo KW et al. Quantitative analysis of cell-free Epstein–Barr virus DNA in plasma of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Res. 59(6), 1188–1191 (1999).
  • Lo YM, Leung SF, Chan LY et al. Plasma cell-free Epstein-Barr virus DNA quantitation in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Correlation with clinical staging. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 906, 99–101 (2000).
  • Chan AT, Lo YM, Zee B, et al. Plasma Epstein–Barr virus DNA and residual disease after radiotherapy for undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 94 (21), 1614–1619 (2002).
  • To E, Leung SF, Chan LYS et al. Rapid clearance of plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA after surgical treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 9, 3254–3259 (2003).
  • Lo YM, Leung SF, Chan LY et al. Kinetics of plasma Epstein–Barr virus DNA during radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Res. 60(9), 2351–2355 (2000).
  • Ngan RK, Lau WH, Yip TT et al. Remarkable application of serum EBV EBER-1 in monitoring response of nasopharyngeal cancer patients to salvage chemotherapy. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 945, 73–79 (2001).
  • Chan KC, Leung S, Pang J et al. Investigation into the origin and tumoral mass correlation of plasma Epstein–Barr virus dna in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin. Chem. 51, 2192–2195 (2005).
  • Ma B, King A, Zee B et al. Pre-treatment plasma Epstein–Barr virus DNA (pEBV DNA) level and association with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-delineated tumor volume and positron-emission tomography (PET) FDG-uptake in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 22, (2004) (Abstract 5526).
  • Dancey J. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in clinical development. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 58(3), 1003–1007 (2004).
  • Yeo W, Leung TW, Leung SF, et al. Phase II study of the combination of carboplatin and 5-fluorouracil in metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 38(5), 466–470 (1996).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.