Temozolomide: a milestone in neuro-oncology and beyond?

References

• Newlands ES, Stevens MF, Wedge SR, Wheelhouse RT, Brock C. Temozolomide: a review of its discovery, chemical properties, pre-clinical development and clinical trials. Cancer Treat. Rev.23, 35–61 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens MF, Hickman JA, Langdon SP et al. Antitumor activity and pharmacokinetics in mice of 8-carbamoyl-3-methyl-imidazo[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4(3H)-one (CCRG 81045; M & B 39831), a novel drug with potential as an alternative to dacarbazine. Cancer Res.47, 5846–5852 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens MF, Hickman JA, Stone R et al. Antitumor imidazotetrazines. 1. Synthesis and chemistry of 8-carbamoyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)imidazo[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4(3 H)-one, a novel broad-spectrum antitumor agent. J. Med. Chem.27, 196–201 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens MF, Newlands ES. From triazines and triazenes to temozolomide. Eur. J. Cancer7, 1045–1047 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Friedman HS, McLendon RE, Kerby T et al. DNA mismatch repair and O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase analysis and response to Temodal in newly diagnosed malignant glioma. J. Clin. Oncol.16, 3851–3857 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yung WK, Albright RE, Olson J et al. A Phase II study of temozolomide vs. procarbazine in patients with glioblastoma multiforme at first relapse. Br. J. Cancer83, 588–593 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart LA. Chemotherapy in adult high-grade glioma: a systematic review and meta- analysis of individual patient data from 12 randomised trials. Lancet359, 1011–1018 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark AS, Deans B, Stevens MF et al. Antitumor imidazotetrazines. Synthesis of novel imidazotetrazinones and related bicyclic heterocycles to probe the mode of action of the antitumor drug temozolomide. J. Med. Chem.38, 1493–1504 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denny BJ, Wheelhouse RT, Stevens MF, Tsang LL, Slack JA. NMR and molecular modeling investigation of the mechanism of activation of the antitumor drug temozolomide and its interaction with DNA. Biochemistry33, 9045–9051 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerson SL. MGMT: its role in cancer aetiology and cancer therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Cancer4, 296–307 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolcher AW, Gerson SL, Denis L et al. Marked inactivation of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity with protracted temozolomide schedules. Br. J. Cancer88, 1004–1011 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pegg AE, Dolan ME, Moschel RC. Structure, function, and inhibition of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol.51, 167–223 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Incalci M, Taverna P, Erba E et al. O6-methylguanine and temozolomide can reverse the resistance to chloroethylnitrosoureas of a mouse L1210 leukemia. Anticancer Res.11, 115–121 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobola MS, Tseng SH, Blank A, Berger MS, Silber JR. Role of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in resistance of human brain tumor cell lines to the clinically relevant methylating agents temozolomide and streptozotocin. Clin. Cancer Res.2, 735–741 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegi ME, Diserens AC, Godard S et al. Clinical trial substantiates the predictive value of O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter methylation in glioblastoma patients treated with temozolomide. Clin. Cancer Res.10, 1871–1874 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegi ME, Diserens AC, Gorlia T et al. MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma. N. Engl. J. Med.352, 997–1003 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostermann S, Csajka C, Buclin T et al. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid population pharmacokinetics of temozolomide in malignant glioma patients. Clin. Cancer Res.10, 3728–3736 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riccardi A, Mazzarella G, Cefalo G et al. Pharmacokinetics of temozolomide given three times a day in pediatric and adult patients. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.52, 459–464 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brada M, Judson I, Beale P et al. Phase I dose-escalation and pharmacokinetic study of temozolomide (SCH 52365) for refractory or relapsing malignancies. Br. J. Cancer81, 1022–1030 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock CS, Newlands ES, Wedge SR et al. Phase I trial of temozolomide using an extended continuous oral schedule. Cancer Res.58, 4363–4367 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan RB, Raizer JJ, Malkin MG, Bazylewicz KA, Abrey LE. A Phase II study of extended low-dose temozolomide in recurrent malignant gliomas. Neuro-oncol.4, 39–43 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stupp R, Dietrich P, Ostermann Kraljevic S et al. Promising survival for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme treated with concomitant radiation plus temozolomide followed by adjuvant temozolomide. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 1375–1382 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su YB, Sohn S, Krown SE et al. Selective CD4+ lymphopenia in melanoma patients treated with temozolomide: a toxicity with therapeutic implications. J. Clin. Oncol.22, 610–616 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wick W, Steinbach JP, Kuker WM, Dichgans J, Bamberg M, Weller M. One week on/one week off: a novel active regimen of temozolomide for recurrent glioblastoma. Neurology62, 2113–2115 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosoni A, Cavallo G, Ermani M et al. Is protracted low-dose temozolomide feasible in glioma patients? Neurology66, 427–429 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganière V, Christen G, Bally F et al. Listeria brain abscess, Pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma after temozolomide. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol.2(6), 339–343 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Abrams JS, Moore TD, Friedman M. New chemotherapeutic agents for breast cancer. Cancer74, 1164–1176 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs JA, Masur H. Prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med.342, 1416–1429 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton MR, Grob JJ, Aaronson N et al. Randomized Phase III study of temozolomide versus dacarbazine in the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic malignant melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol.18, 158 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newlands ES, Blackledge GRP, Slack JA et al. Phase I trial of temozolomide (CCRG 81045: M and B 39831: NSC 362856). Br. J. Cancer65, 287–291 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yung WK, Prados MD, Yaya-Tur R et al. Multicenter Phase II trial of temozolomide in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma or anaplastic oligoastrocytoma at first relapse. Temodal Brain Tumor Group. J. Clin. Oncol.17, 2762–2771 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brada M, Hoang-Xuang K, Rampling R et al. Multicenter Phase II trial of temozolomide in patients with glioblastoma multiforme at first relapse. Ann. Oncol.12, 259–266 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald DR, Cascino TL, Schold SC Jr, Cairncross JG. Response criteria for Phase II studies of supratentorial malignant glioma. J. Clin. Oncol.8, 1277–1280 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong ET, Hess KR, Gleason MJ et al. Outcomes and prognostic factors in recurrent glioma patients enrolled onto Phase II clinical trials. J. Clin. Oncol.17, 2572 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osoba D, Brada M, Yung WK, Prados MD. Health-related quality of life in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma during treatment with temozolomide. Eur. J. Cancer36, 1788–1795 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osoba D, Brada M, Yung W, Prados M. Health-related quality of life in patients treated with temozolomide versus procarbazine for recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J. Clin. Oncol.18, 1481–1491 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Editors Lancet Oncology. Thoughtful assessment. Endpoint in brain tumour trials. Lancet Oncol.7, 189 (2006)
   Google Scholar
• Wedge SR, Porteous JK, Glaser MG, Marcus K, Newlands ES. In vitro evaluation of temozolomide combined with x-irradiation. Anticancer Drugs8, 92–97 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott CB, Scarantino C, Urtasun R et al. Validation and predictive power of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) recursive partitioning analysis classes for malignant glioma patients: a report using RTOG 90–06. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.40, 51–55 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N. Engl. J. Med.352, 987–996 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taphoorn MJ, Stupp R, Coens C et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with glioblastoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol.6, 937–944 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athanassiou H, Synodinou M, Maragoudakis E et al. Randomized Phase II study of temozolomide and radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 2372–2377 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert MR, Friedman HS, Kuttesch JF et al. A Phase II study of temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed supratentorial malignant glioma before radiation therapy. Neuro-oncol.4, 261–267 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman H, McLendon R, Kerby T et al. DNA mismatch repair and O6-aklylgunaine-DNA alkyltransferase analysis and response to temodal in newly diagnosed malignant glioma. J. Clin. Oncol.16, 3851–3857 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keime-Guibert F, Chinot O, Taillandier F et al. Phase 3 study comparing radiotherapy with supportive care in older patients with newly diagnosed anaplastic astrocyomas (AA) or glioblastoma multiforme (GBM): an ANOCEF group trial. Neuro-oncol.7, 349 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Roa W, Brasher PM, Bauman G et al. Abbreviated course of radiation therapy in older patients with glioblastoma multiforme: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J. Clin. Oncol.22, 1583–1588 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinot OL, Barrie M, Frauger E et al. Phase II study of temozolomide without radiotherapy in newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme in an elderly populations. Cancer100, 2208–2214 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glantz M, Chamberlain M, Liu Q, Litofsky NS, Recht LD. Temozolomide as an alternative to irradiation for elderly patients with newly diagnosed malignant gliomas. Cancer97, 2262–2266 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandes AA, Vastola F, Basso U et al. A prospective study on glioblastoma in the elderly. Cancer97, 657–662 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairncross G, Macdonald D, Ludwin S et al. Chemotherapy for anaplastic oligodendroglioma. National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J. Clin. Oncol.12, 2013–2021 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Bent MJ, Kros JM, Heimans JJ et al. Response rate and prognostic factors of recurrent oligodendroglioma treated with procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine chemotherapy. Dutch Neuro-oncology Group. Neurology51, 1140–1145 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Bent MJ, Keime-Guibert F, Brandes AA et al. Temozolomide chemotherapy in recurrent oligodendroglioma. Neurology57, 340–342 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairncross JG, Ueki K, Zlatescu MC et al. Specific genetic predictors of chemotherapeutic response and survival in patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. J. Natl Cancer Inst.90, 1473–1479 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Bent MJ, Taphoorn MJ, Brandes AA et al. Phase II study of first-line chemotherapy with temozolomide in recurrent oligodendroglial tumors: the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Brain Tumor Group Study 26971. J. Clin. Oncol.21, 2525–2528 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinot O Jr, Honore S, Dufour H et al. Safety and efficacy of temozolomide in patients with recurrent anaplastic oligodendrogliomas after standard radiotherapy and chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol.19, 2449–2455 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Bent MJ, Chinot O, Boogerd W et al. Second-line chemotherapy with temozolomide in recurrent oligodendroglioma after PCV (procarbazine, lomustine and vincristine) chemotherapy: EORTC Brain Tumor Group Phase II study 26972. Ann. Oncol.14, 599–602 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triebels VH, Taphoorn MJ, Brandes AA et al. Salvage PCV chemotherapy for temozolomide-resistant oligodendrogliomas. Neurology63, 904–906 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanson M, Cartalat-Carel S, Taillibert S et al. Initial chemotherapy in gliomatosis cerebri. Neurology63, 270–275 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim AB, Afra D, Cornu P, et al. Randomized trial on the efficacy of radiotherapy for cerebral low-grade glioma in the adult: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Study 22845 with the Medical Research Council study BRO4: an interim analysis. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.52(2), 316–324 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Bent MJ, Afra D, de Witte O et al. Long-term efficacy of early versus delayed radiotherapy for low-grade astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma in adults: the EORTC 22845 randomised trial. Lancet366, 985–990 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn JA, Reardon DA, Friedman AH et al. Phase II trial of temozolomide in patients with progressive low-grade glioma. J. Clin. Oncol.21, 646–651 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pace A, Vidiri A, Galiè E et al. Temozolomide chemotherapy for progressive low-grade glioma: clinical benefits and radiological response. Ann. Oncol.14, 1722–1726 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stupp R, Baumert BG. Promises and controversies in the management of low-grade glioma. Ann. Oncol.14, 1695–1696 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brada M, Vivers L, Abson C et al. Phase II study of primary temozolomide chemotherapy in patients with WHO grade II gliomas. Ann. Oncol.14, 1715–1721 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoang-Xuan K, Capelle L, Kujas M et al. Temozolomide as initial treatment for adults with low-grade oligodendrogliomas or oligoastrocytomas and correlation with chromosome 1p deletions. J. Clin. Oncol.22, 3133–3138 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barone G, Maurizi P, Tamburrini G, Riccardi R. Role of temozolomide in pediatric brain tumors. Childs Nerv. Syst.22(7), 652–661 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson HS, Krailo M, Ames MM et al. Phase I study of temozolomide in children and adolescents with recurrent solid tumors: a report from the Children’s Cancer Group. J. Clin. Oncol.16, 3037–3043 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estlin EJ, Lashford L, Ablett S et al. Phase I study of temozolomide in paediatric patients with advanced cancer. United Kingdom Children’s Cancer Study Group. Br. J. Cancer78, 652–661 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggiero A, Cefalo G, Garre ML et al. Phase II trial of temozolomide in children with recurrent high-grade glioma. J. Neuro-oncol.77, 89–94 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lashford LS, Thiesse P, Jouvet A et al. Temozolomide in malignant gliomas of childhood: a United Kingdom Children’s Cancer Study Group and French Society for Pediatric Oncology Intergroup Study. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 4684–4691 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verschuur AC, Grill J, Lelouch-Tubiana A, Couanet D, Kalifa C, Vassal G. Temozolomide in paediatric high-grade glioma: a key for combination therapy? Br. J. Cancer91, 425–429 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broniscer A, Iacono L, Chintagumpala M et al. Role of temozolomide after radiotherapy for newly diagnosed diffuse brainstem glioma in children: results of a multiinstitutional study (SJHG-98). Cancer103, 133–139 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo DJ, Weiner HL, Wisoff J, Miller DC, Knopp EA, Finlay JL. Temozolomide is active in childhood, progressive, unresectable, low-grade gliomas. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol.25, 372–378 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrey LE, DeAngelis LM, Yahalom J. Long-term survival in primary CNS lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol.16, 859–863 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeAngelis LM, Yahalom J, Thaler HT, Kher U. Combined modality therapy for primary CNS lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol.10, 635–643 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrlinger U, Brugger W, Bamberg M, Kuker W, Dichgans J, Weller M. PCV salvage chemotherapy for recurrent primary CNS lymphoma. Neurology54, 1707–1708 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arellano-Rodrigo E, Lopez-Guillermo A, Bessell EM, Nomdedeu B, Montserrat E, Graus F. Salvage treatment with etoposide (VP-16), ifosfamide and cytarabine (Ara-C) for patients with recurrent primary central nervous system lymphoma. Eur. J. Haematol.70, 219–224 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reni M, Ferreri AJ, Landoni C, Villa E. Salvage therapy with temozolomide in an immunocompetent patient with primary brain lymphoma. J. Natl Cancer Inst.92, 575–576 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reni M, Mason W, Zaja F et al. Salvage chemotherapy with temozolomide in primary CNS lymphomas: preliminary results of a Phase II trial. Eur. J. Cancer40, 1682–1688 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrlinger U, Uhl M, Weller M. Primary temozolomide chemotherapy in elderly patients with primary CNS lymphoma. Ann. Oncol.16(Suppl. 5), V167 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Wong ET, Tishler R, Barron L, Wu JK. Immunochemotherapy with rituximab and temozolomide for central nervous system lymphomas. Cancer101, 139–145 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enting RH, Demopoulos A, DeAngelis LM, Abrey LE. Salvage therapy for primary CNS lymphoma with a combination of rituximab and temozolomide. Neurology63, 901–903 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tani M, Fina M, Alinari L, Stefoni V, Baccarani M, Zinzani PL. Phase II trial of temozolomide in patients with pretreated cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Haematologica90, 1283–1284 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleehen NM, Newlands ES, Lee SM et al. Cancer Research Campaign Phase II trial of temozolomide in metastatic melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol.13, 910–913 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul MJ, Summers Y, Calvert AH et al. Effect of temozolomide on central nervous system relapse in patients with advanced melanoma. Melanoma Res.12, 175–178 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bafaloukos D, Gogas H, Briassoulis E et al. Temozolomide and docetaxel as first line chemotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma. A Phase II study of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol.19, 543A (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwu WJ, Krown SE, Menell JH et al. Phase II study of temozolomide plus thalidomide for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol.21, 3351–3356 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Atkins MB, Gollob JA, Sosman JA et al. A Phase II pilot trial of concurrent biochemotherapy with cisplatin, vinblastine, temozolomide, interleukin 2, and IFN-α 2B in patients with metastatic melanoma. Clin. Cancer Res.8, 3075–3081 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tas F, Argon A, Camlica H, Topuz E. Temozolomide in combination with cisplatin in patients with metastatic melanoma: a Phase II trial. Melanoma Res.15, 543–548 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bafaloukos D, Tsoutsos D, Kalofonos H et al. Temozolomide and cisplatin versus temozolomide in patients with advanced melanoma: a randomized Phase II study of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. Ann. Oncol.16, 950–957 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann R, Spieth K, Leiter U et al. Temozolomide in combination with interferon-α versus temozolomide alone in patients with advanced metastatic melanoma: a randomized, Phase III, multicenter study from the Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 9001–9007 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park DK, Ryan CW, Dolan ME, Vogelzang NJ, Stadler WM. A Phase II trial of oral temozolomide in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.50, 160–162 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore MJ, Feld R, Hedley D, Oza A, Siu LL. A Phase II study of temozolomide in advanced untreated pancreatic cancer. Invest. New Drugs16, 77–79 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan AT, Leung TW, Kwan WH et al. Phase II study of Temodal in the treatment of patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.42, 247–249 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Brussel JP, Busstra MB, Lang MS, Catsburg T, Schroder FH, Mickisch GH. A Phase II study of temozolomide in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.45, 509–512 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woll PJ, Judson I, Lee SM et al. Temozolomide in adult patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma: a Phase II study of the EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group. Eur. J. Cancer35, 410–412 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbot SM, Keohan ML, Hesdorffer M et al. A Phase II trial of temozolomide in patients with unresectable or metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer98, 1942–1946 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia del Muro X, Lopez-Pousa A, Martin J et al. AP II trial of temozolomide as a 6-week, continuous, oral schedule in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma: a study by the Spanish Group for Research on Sarcomas. Cancer104, 1706–1712 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner LM, Crews KR, Iacono LC et al. Phase I trial of temozolomide and protracted irinotecan in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res.10, 840–848 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dziadziuszko R, Ardizzoni A, Postmus PE et al. Temozolomide in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer with and without brain metastases. a Phase II study of the EORTC Lung Cancer Group (08965). Eur. J. Cancer39, 1271–1276 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebert BL, Niemierko E, Shaffer K, Salgia R. Use of temozolomide with other cytotoxic chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with recurrent brain metastases from Lung Cancer Oncologist8, 69–75 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adonizio CS, Babb JS, Maiale C et al. Temozolomide in non-small-cell lung cancer: preliminary results of a Phase II trial in previously treated patients. Clin. Lung Cancer3, 254–258 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stupp R, van den Bent MJ, Hegi ME. Optimal role of temozolomide in the treatment of malignant gliomas. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep.5, 198–206 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrie M, Couprie C, Dufour H et al. Preradiation combination of temozolomide (TMZ) and BCNU as primary treatment before radiotherapy (RT) in inoperable newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. Ann. Oncol.16, 1177–1184 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang SM, Prados MD, Yung WK et al. Phase II study of neoadjuvant 1, 3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and temozolomide for newly diagnosed anaplastic glioma: a North American Brain Tumor Consortium Trial. Cancer100, 1712–1716 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raizer JJ, Malkin MG, Kleber M, Abrey LE. Phase 1 study of 28-day, low-dose temozolomide and BCNU in the treatment of malignant gliomas after radiation therapy. Neuro-oncol.6, 247–252 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang LG, Setlow RB. Inactivation of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase in HeLa cells by cisplatin. Carcinogenesis10, 1681–1684 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britten CD, Rowinsky EK, Baker SD et al. A Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of temozolomide and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Clin. Cancer Res.5, 1629–1637 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandes AA, Basso U, Reni M et al. First-line chemotherapy with cisplatin plus fractionated temozolomide in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: a Phase II study of the Gruppo Italiano Cooperativo di Neuro-Oncologia. J. Clin. Oncol.22, 1598–1604 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stupp R, Hegi ME. Recent Developments in the Management of Malignant Glioma. Perry M (Ed.). American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA, USA, 779–788 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Friedman HS, Petros WP, Friedman AH et al. Irinotecan therapy in adults with recurrent or progressive malignant glioma. J. Clin. Oncol.17, 1516–1525 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houghton PJ, Stewart CF, Cheshire PJ et al. Antitumor activity of temozolomide combined with irinotecan is partly independent of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and mismatch repair phenotypes in xenograft models. Clin. Cancer Res.6, 4110–4118 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel VJ, Elion GB, Houghton PJ et al. Schedule-dependent activity of temozolomide plus CPT-11 against a human central nervous system tumor-derived xenograft. Clin. Cancer Res.6, 4154–4157 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stupp R, Ostermann S, Calderoni A, Uhlmann C, Leyvraz S. Temozolomide and irinotecan (CPT-11) for for primary brain tumors. A dose escalation study. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol.22, 22 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Reardon DA, Quinn JA, Rich JN et al. Phase I trial of irinotecan plus temozolomide in adults with recurrent malignant glioma. Cancer104, 1478–1486 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones SF, Gian VG, Greco FA et al. Phase I trial of irinotecan and temozolomide in patients with solid tumors. Oncology (Huntingt.)17, 41–45 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Groves MD, Puduvalli VK, Hess KR et al. Phase II trial of temozolomide plus the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, marimastat, in recurrent and progressive glioblastoma multiforme. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 1383–1388 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin V, Phuphanich S, Glantz M et al. Randomized Phase II study of temozolomide (TMZ) with and without the matrix metalloprotease (MMP) inhibitor prinomastat in patients (pts) with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) following best surgery and radiation therapy. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol.21, 26A (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Chang SM, Lamborn KR, Malec M et al. Phase II study of temozolomide and thalidomide with radiation therapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.60, 353–357 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeckle KA, Hess KR, Yung WK et al. Phase II evaluation of temozolomide and 13-cis-retinoic acid for the treatment of recurrent and progressive malignant glioma: a North American Brain Tumor Consortium study. J. Clin. Oncol.21, 2305–2311 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert M, Hess K. A Phase I study of temozolomide and the farnesyltransferase inhibitor, tipifarnib in recurrent glioblastoma: a dose and schedule intensive regimen. Neuro-oncol.6, 375–376 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Cloughesy TF, Kuhn J, Robins HI et al. Phase I trial of tipifarnib in patients with recurrent malignant glioma taking enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs: a North American Brain Tumor Consortium Study. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 6647–6656 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn JA, Desjardins A, Weingart J et al. Phase I trial of temozolomide plus O6-benzylguanine for patients with recurrent or progressive malignant glioma. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 7178–7187 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prados MD, Lamborn KR, Chang S et al. Phase 1 study of erlotinib HCl alone and combined with temozolomide in patients with stable or recurrent malignant glioma. Neuro-oncol.8, 67–78 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerson SL. Clinical relevance of MGMT in the treatment of cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 2388–2399 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochs K, Kaina B. Apoptosis induced by DNA damage O6-methylguanine is Bcl-2 and caspase-9/3 regulated and Fas/caspase-8 independent. Cancer Res.60, 5815–5824 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteller M, Hamilton SR, Burger PC, Baylin SB, Herman JG. Inactivation of the DNA repair gene O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase by promoter hypermethylation is a common event in primary human neoplasia. Cancer Res.59, 793–797 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteller M, Corn PG, Baylin SB, Herman JG. A gene hypermethylation profile of human cancer. Cancer Res.61, 3225–3229 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeckle KA, Eyre HJ, Townsend JJ et al. Correlation of tumor O6 methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase levels with survival of malignant astrocytoma patients treated with bis-chloroethylnitrosourea: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J. Clin. Oncol.16, 3310–3315 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteller M, Garcia-Foncillas J, Andion E et al. Inactivation of the DNA-repair gene MGMT and the clinical response of gliomas to alkylating agents. N. Engl. J. Med.343, 1350–1354 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silber JR, Blank A, Bobola MS, Ghatan S, Kolstoe DD, Berger MS. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase-deficient phenotype in human gliomas: frequency and time to tumor progression after alkylating agent-based chemotherapy. Clin. Cancer Res.5(4), 807–814 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stupp R, Hegi ME, van den Bent MJ et al. Changing paradigms – an update on the multidisciplinary management of malignant glioma. Oncologist11, 165–180 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollemann M, Wolter M, Felsberg J, Collins VP, Reifenberger G. Frequent promoter hypermethylation and low expression of the MGMT gene in oligodendroglial tumors. Int. J. Cancer113, 379–385 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserfallen JB, Ostermann S, Pica A et al. Can we afford to add chemotherapy to radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme? Cost-identification analysis of concomitant and adjuvant treatment with temozolomide until patient death. Cancer101, 2098–2105 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserfallen JB, Ostermann S, Leyvraz S, Stupp R. Cost of temozolomide therapy and global care for recurrent malignant gliomas followed until death. Neuro-oncol.7, 189–195 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vera K, Djafari L, Faivre S et al. Dose-dense regimen of temozolomide given every other week in patients with primary central nervous system tumors. Ann. Oncol.15, 161–171 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wick W, Weller M. How lymphotoxic is dose-intensified temozolomide? The glioblastoma experience. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 4235–4236 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christodoulou C, Bafaloukos D, Kosmidis P et al. Phase II study of temozolomide in heavily pretreated cancer patients with brain metastases. Ann. Oncol.12, 249–254 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrey LE, Olson JD, Raizer JJ et al. A Phase II trial of temozolomide for patients with recurrent or progressive brain metastases. J. Neuro-oncol.53, 259–265 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman H, Evans B, Reardon D. Phase II trial of Temozolomide for patients with progressive brain metastasis. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol.22, 102 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorgio CG, Giuffrida D, Pappalardo A et al. Oral temozolomide in heavily pre-treated brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer: Phase II study. Lung Cancer50, 247–254 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonadou D, Paraskevaidis M, Sarris G et al. Phase II randomized trial of temozolomide and concurrent radiotherapy in patients with brain metastases. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 3644–3650 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verger E, Gil M, Yaya R et al. Temozolomide and concomitant whole brain radiotherapy in patients with brain metastases: a Phase II randomized trial. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.61, 185–191 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar