Controversial issues and optimal management of stage T1G3 bladder cancer

References

• Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E et al. Cancer statistics, 2005. CA Cancer J. Clin.55, 10–30 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manoharan M, Soloway MS. Optimal management of the T1G3 bladder cancer. Urol. Clin. North Am.32, 133–145 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klan R, Loy V, Huland H. Residual tumor discovered in routine second transurethral resection in patients with stage T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J. Urol.146, 316–318 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herr HW. The value of a second transurethral resection in evaluating patients with bladder tumors. J. Urol.162, 74–76 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta SC, Smith JA Jr, Shappell SB, Coffey CS, Chang SS, Cookson MS. Clinical under staging of high risk nonmuscle invasive urothelial carcinoma treated with radical cystectomy. J. Urol.166, 490–493 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm MO, Steinhoff C, Simon X, Spiegelhalder P, Ackermann R, Vogeli TA. Effect of routine repeat transurethral resection for superficial bladder cancer: a long-term observational study. J. Urol.170, 433–437 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zurkirchen MA, Sulser T, Gaspert A, Hauri D. Second transurethral resection of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a must even for experienced urologists. Urol. Int.72, 99–102 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herr HW. Restaging transurethral resection of high risk superficial bladder cancer improves the initial response to bacillus Calmette–Guerin therapy. J. Urol.174, 2134–2137 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Ortiz RF, Huang WC, Mick R, Van Arsdalen KN, Wein AJ, Malkowicz SB. An interval longer than 12 weeks between the diagnosis of muscle invasion and cystectomy is associated with worse outcome in bladder carcinoma. J. Urol.169, 110–115 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May M, Nitzke T, Helke C, Vogler H, Hoschke B. Significance of the time period between diagnosis of muscle invasion and radical cystectomy with regard to the prognosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium in the bladder. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol.38, 231–235 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gils-Gielen RJ, Witjes WP, Caris CT, Debruyne FM, Witjes JA, Oosterhof GO. Risk factors in carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Dutch South East Cooperative Urological Group. Urology45, 581–586 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May F, Treiber U, Hartung R, Schwaibold H. Significance of random bladder biopsies in superficial bladder cancer. Eur. Urol.44, 47–50 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Meijden A, Oosterlinck W, Brausi M, Kurth KH, Sylvester R, de Balincourt C. Significance of bladder biopsies in Ta,T1 bladder tumors: a report from the EORTC Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group. EORTC-GU Group Superficial Bladder Committee. Eur. Urol.35, 267–271 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taguchi I, Gohji K, Hara I et al. Clinical evaluation of random biopsy of urinary bladder in patients with superficial bladder cancer. Int J. Urol.5, 30–34 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kipp BR, Karnes RJ, Brankley SM et al. Monitoring intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer using fluorescence in situ hybridization. J. Urol.173, 401–404 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filbeck T, Pichlmeier U, Knuechel R, Wieland WF, Roessler W. Clinically relevant improvement of recurrence-free survival with 5-aminolevulinic acid induced fluorescence diagnosis in patients with superficial bladder tumors. J. Urol.168, 67–71 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babjuk M, Soukup V, Petrik R, Jirsa M, Dvoracek J. 5-aminolaevulinic acid-induced fluorescence cystoscopy during transurethral resection reduces the risk of recurrence in stage Ta/T1 bladder cancer. Br. J. Urol. Int.96, 798–802 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Kriegmair M, Zaak D, Rothenberger KH et al. Transurethral resection for bladder cancer using 5-aminolevulinic acid induced fluorescence endoscopy versus white-light endoscopy. J. Urol.168, 475–478 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filbeck T, Pichlmeier U, Knuechel R, Wieland WF, Roessler W. Do patients profit from 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence diagnosis in transurethral resection of bladder carcinoma? Urology60, 1025–1028 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimbergen MC, van Swol CF, Jonges TG, Boon TA, van Moorselaar RJ. Reduced specificity of 5-ALA induced fluorescence in photodynamic diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma after previous intravesical therapy. Eur. Urol.44, 51–56 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loidl W, Schmidbauer J, Susani M, Marberger M. Flexible cystoscopy assisted by hexaminolevulinate induced fluorescence: a new approach for bladder cancer detection and surveillance? Eur. Urol.47, 323–326 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidbauer J, Witjes F, Schmeller N, Donat R, Susani M, Marberger M. Improved detection of urothelial carcinoma in situ with hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy. J. Urol.171, 135–138 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardini S, Billerey C, Martin M, Adessi GL, Wallerand H, Bittard H. The predictive value of muscularis mucosae invasion and p53 over expression on progression of stage T1 bladder carcinoma. J. Urol.165, 42–46 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng L, Weaver AL, Neumann RM, Scherer BG, Bostwick DG. Substaging of T1 bladder carcinoma based on the depth of invasion as measured by micrometer: a new proposal. Cancer86, 1035–1043 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasui Y, Osada Y, Kitada S, Nishi S. Significance of invasion to the muscularis mucosae on the progression of superficial bladder cancer. Urology43, 782–786 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmang S, Hedelin H, Anderstrom C, Holmberg E, Johansson SL. The importance of the depth of invasion in stage T1 bladder carcinoma: a prospective cohort study. J. Urol.157, 800–803 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsola A, Trias I, Raventos CX et al. Initial high-grade T1 urothelial cell carcinoma: feasibility and prognostic significance of lamina propria invasion microstaging (T1a/b/c) in BCG-treated and BCG-non-treated patients. Eur. Urol.48, 231–238 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondylis FI, Demirci S, Ladaga L, Kolm P, Schellhammer PF. Outcomes after intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin are not affected by substaging of high-grade T1 transitional cell carcinoma. J. Urol.163, 1120–1123 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smits G, Schaafsma E, Kiemeney L, Caris C, Debruyne F, Witjes JA. Microstaging of pT1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: identification of subgroups with distinct risks of progression. Urology52, 1009–1013 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herr HW, Badalament RA, Amato DA, Laudone VP, Fair WR, Whitmore WF Jr. Superficial bladder cancer treated with bacillus Calmette–Guerin: a multivariate analysis of factors affecting tumor progression. J. Urol.141, 22–29 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merz VW, Marth D, Kraft R, Ackermann DK, Zingg EJ, Studer UE. Analysis of early failures after intravesical instillation therapy with bacille Calmette–Guerin for carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Br. J. Urol.75, 180–184 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solsona E, Iborra I, Dumont R, Rubio-Briones J, Casanova J, Almenar S. The 3-month clinical response to intravesical therapy as a predictive factor for progression in patients with high risk superficial bladder cancer. J. Urol.164, 685–689 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurle R, Losa A, Manzetti A, Lembo A. Intravesical bacille Calmette–Guerin in stage T1 grade 3 bladder cancer therapy: a 7-year follow-up. Urology54, 258–263 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara I, Miyake H, Takechi Y et al. Clinical outcome of conservative therapy for stage T1, grade 3 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Int. J. Urol.10, 19–24 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis JW, Sheth SI, Doviak MJ, Schellhammer PF. Superficial bladder carcinoma treated with bacillus Calmette–Guerin: progression-free and disease specific survival with minimum 10 year followup. J. Urol.167, 494–500 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solsona E, Iborra I, Rubio J, Casanova J, Almenar S. The optimum timing of radical cystectomy for patients with recurrent high-risk superficial bladder tumour. Br. J. Urol. Int.94, 1258–1262 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Cheng L, Pan CX, Yang XJ et al. Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic analysis of 64 patients. Cancer101, 957–962 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torenbeek R, Blomjous CE, de Bruin PC, Newling DW, Meijer CJ. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Clinicopathologic analysis of 18 cases with immunohistochemical and electron microscopic findings. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.18, 241–249 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin MB, Ro JY, el-Sharkawy T et al. Micropapillary variant of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Histologic pattern resembling ovarian papillary serous carcinoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.18, 1224–1232 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman HB, Dinney CP. If cystectomy is insufficient, what is an urologist to do? Urol. Oncol.21, 475–478 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripa Saldias L, Guarch Troyas R, Hualde Alfaro A, De Pablo Cardenas A, Pinos Paul M, Santiago Gonzalez de Garibay A. Micropapillary carcinoma of the bladder: case report and review of the literature. Actas Urol. Esp.29, 408–413 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alvarado-Cabrero I, Sierra-Santiesteban FI, Mantilla-Morales A, Hernandez-Hernandez DM. Micropapillary carcinoma of the urothelial tract. A clinicopathologic study of 38 cases. Ann. Diagn. Pathol.9, 1–5 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petsch MJ, Planz B, Tschahargane C, Caspers HP. [Primary sarcomatoid carcinoma of the ureter]. Aktuelle Urol.35, 137–139 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin O, Cardillo M, Dalbagni G, Linkov I, Hutchinson B, Reuter VE. Nested variant of urothelial carcinoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 12 cases. Mod. Pathol.16, 1289–1298 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanat O, Evrensel T, Adim SB et al. Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. A clinicopathologic study of five cases. Tumori89, 328–330 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmang S, Johansson SL. The nested variant of transitional cell carcinoma – a rare neoplasm with poor prognosis. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol.35, 102–105 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lebret T, Becette V, Barbagelatta M et al. Correlation between p53 over expression and response to bacillus Calmette–Guerin therapy in a high risk select population of patients with T1G3 bladder cancer. J. Urol.159, 788–791 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pages F, Flam TA, Vieillefond A et al. p53 status does not predict initial clinical response to bacillus Calmette–Guerin intravesical therapy in T1 bladder tumors. J. Urol.159, 1079–1084 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfister C, Flaman JM, Dunet F, Grise P, Frebourg T. p53 mutations in bladder tumors inactivate the transactivation of the p21 and Bax genes, and have a predictive value for the clinical outcome after bacillus Calmette–Guerin therapy. J. Urol.162, 69–73 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Beltran A, Luque RJ, Alvarez-Kindelan J et al. Prognostic factors in stage T1 grade 3 bladder cancer survival: the role of G1-S modulators (p53, p21Waf1, p27kip1, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin D3) and proliferation index (ki67-MIB1). Eur. Urol.45, 606–612 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Alonso A, Pita-Fernandez S, Gonzalez-Carrero J, Nogueira-March JL. p53 and ki67 expression as prognostic factors for cancer-related survival in stage T1 transitional cell bladder carcinoma. Eur. Urol.41, 182–188 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyromaure M, Weibing S, Sebe P et al. Prognostic value of p53 overexpression in T1G3 bladder tumors treated with bacillus Calmette–Guerin therapy. Urology59, 409–413 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saint F, Le Frere Belda MA, Quintela R et al. Pretreatment p53 nuclear overexpression as a prognostic marker in superficial bladder cancer treated with bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG). Eur. Urol.45, 475–482 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez S, Lopez-Knowles E, Lloreta J et al. FGFR3 and Tp53 mutations in T1G3 transitional bladder carcinomas: independent distribution and lack of association with prognosis. Clin. Cancer Res.11, 5444–5450 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodoropoulos VE, Lazaris AC, Kastriotis I et al. Evaluation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α overexpression as a predictor of tumour recurrence and progression in superficial urothelial bladder carcinoma. Br. J. Urol. Int.95, 425–431 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Herr HW. Tumour progression and survival in patients with T1G3 bladder tumours: 15-year outcome. Br. J. Urol.80, 762–765 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jakse G, Loidl W, Seeber G, Hofstadter F. Stage T1, grade 3 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: an unfavorable tumor? J. Urol.137, 39–43 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amling CL, Thrasher JB, Frazier HA, Dodge RK, Robertson JE, Paulson DF. Radical cystectomy for stages Ta, Tis and T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J. Urol.151, 31–35 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patard J, Moudouni S, Saint F et al. Tumor progression and survival in patients with T1G3 bladder tumors: multicentric retrospective study comparing 94 patients treated during 17 years. Urology58, 551–556 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamm DL. Intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer: slow but steady progress. J. Clin. Oncol.21, 4259–4260 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao W, Schorey JS, Bong-Mastek M, Ritchey J, Brown EJ, Ratliff TL. Role of a bacillus Calmette–Guerin fibronectin attachment protein in BCG-induced antitumor activity. Int. J. Cancer86, 83–88 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cookson MS, Sarosdy MF. Management of stage T1 superficial bladder cancer with intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin therapy. J. Urol.148, 797–801 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brake M, Loertzer H, Horsch R, Keller H. Recurrence and progression of stage T1, grade 3 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder following intravesical immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette–Guerin. J. Urol.163, 1697–1701 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JA Jr, Labasky RF, Cockett AT, Fracchia JA, Montie JE, Rowland RG. Bladder cancer clinical guidelines panel summary report on the management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (stages Ta, T1 and TIS). The American Urological Association. J. Urol.162, 1697–1701 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmstrom PU, Wijkstrom H, Lundholm C, Wester K, Busch C, Norlen BJ. 5-year followup of a randomized prospective study comparing mitomycin C and bacillus Calmette–Guerin in patients with superficial bladder carcinoma. Swedish–Norwegian Bladder Cancer Study Group. J. Urol.161, 1124–1127 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundholm C, Norlen BJ, Ekman P et al. A randomized prospective study comparing long-term intravesical instillations of mitomycin C and bacillus Calmette–Guerin in patients with superficial bladder carcinoma. J. Urol.156, 372–376 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Lamm DL. Intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin reduces the risk of progression in patients with superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J. Urol.168, 1964–1970 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crissman JD et al. Maintenance bacillus Calmette–Guerin immunotherapy for recurrent TA, T1 and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group Study. J. Urol.163, 1124–1129 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Pineiro JA, Martinez-Pineiro L, Solsona E et al. Has a 3-fold decreased dose of bacillus Calmette–Guerin the same efficacy against recurrences and progression of T1G3 and Tis bladder tumors than the standard dose? Results of a prospective randomized trial. J. Urol.174, 1242–1247 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohle A, Bock PR. Intravesical bacille Calmette–Guerin versus mitomycin C in superficial bladder cancer: formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on tumor progression. Urology63, 682–686 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekine H, Fukui I, Yamada T, Ohwada F, Yokokawa M, Ohshima H. Intravesical mitomycin C and doxorubicin sequential therapy for carcinoma in situ of the bladder: a longer followup result. J. Urol.151, 27–30 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duque JL, Loughlin KR. An overview of the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. Intravesical chemotherapy. Urol. Clin. North Am.27, 125–135 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sylvester RJ, Oosterlinck W, van der Meijden AP. A single immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy decreases the risk of recurrence in patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of published results of randomized clinical trials. J. Urol.171, 2186–2190 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solsona E, Iborra I, Ricos JV, Monros JL, Casanova J, Dumont R. Effectiveness of a single immediate mitomycin C instillation in patients with low risk superficial bladder cancer: short and long-term followup. J. Urol.161, 1120–1123 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart AB, Mostafid H. Re: a single immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy decreases the risk of recurrence in patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of published results of randomized clinical trials. J. Urol.173, 1433 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouffioux C, Kurth KH, Bono A et al. Intravesical adjuvant chemotherapy for superficial transitional cell bladder carcinoma: results of 2 European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer randomized trials with mitomycin C and doxorubicin comparing early versus delayed instillations and short-term versus long-term treatment. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Group. J. Urol.153, 934–941 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterlinck W, Kurth KH, Schroder F, Bultinck J, Hammond B, Sylvester R. A prospective European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Group randomized trial comparing transurethral resection followed by a single intravesical instillation of epirubicin or water in single stage Ta, T1 papillary carcinoma of the bladder. J. Urol.149, 749–752 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolley DA, Parmar MK, Grigor KM et al. The effect of intravesical mitomycin C on recurrence of newly diagnosed superficial bladder cancer: a further report with 7 years of follow up. J. Urol.155, 1233–1238 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijden AG, Kiemeney LA, Gofrit ON et al. Preliminary European results of local microwave hyperthermia and chemotherapy treatment in intermediate or high risk superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Eur. Urol.46, 65–71 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gofrit ON, Shapiro A, Pode D et al. Combined local bladder hyperthermia and intravesical chemotherapy for the treatment of high-grade superficial bladder cancer. Urology63, 466–471 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Stasi SM, Giannantoni A, Stephen RL et al. Intravesical electromotive mitomycin C versus passive transport mitomycin C for high risk superficial bladder cancer: a prospective randomized study. J. Urol.170, 777–782 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaka S, Okano T, Abe K, Shimazaki J. Sequential instillation therapy with mitomycin C and adriamycin for superficial bladder cancer. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.30(Suppl.), S41 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Fukui I, Kihara K, Sekine H et al. Intravesical combination chemotherapy with mitomycin C and doxorubicin for superficial bladder cancer: a randomized trial of maintenance versus no maintenance following a complete response. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.30(Suppl.), S37 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serretta V, Pavone C, Ingargiola GB, Daricello G, Allegro R, Pavone-Macaluso M. TUR and adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy in T1G3 bladder tumors: recurrence, progression and survival in 137 selected patients followed up to 20 years. Eur. Urol.45, 730–735 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bono AV, Lovisolo JA, Saredi G. Transurethral resection and sequential chemo-immunoprophylaxis in primary T1G3 bladder cancer. Eur. Urol.37, 478–483 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfister C, Lande P, Herve JM et al. T1 G3 bladder tumors: the respective role of BCG and cystectomy. Prog. Urol.5, 231–237 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lebret T, Gaudez F, Herve JM, Barre P, Lugagne PM, Botto H. Low-dose BCG instillations in the treatment of stage T1 grade 3 bladder tumours: recurrence, progression and success. Eur. Urol.34, 67–72 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni JN, Gupta R. Recurrence and progression in stage T1G3 bladder tumour with intravesical bacille Calmette–Guerin (Danish 1331 strain). Br. J. Urol. Int.90, 554–557 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Bogdanovic J, Marusic G, Djozic J et al. The management of T1G3 bladder cancer. Urol. Int.69, 263–265 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyromaure M, Guerin F, Amsellem-Ouazana D, Saighi D, Debre B, Zerbib M. Intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin therapy for stage T1 grade 3 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: recurrence, progression and survival in a study of 57 patients. J. Urol.169, 2110–2112 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahin O, Thalmann GN, Rentsch C, Mazzucchelli L, Studer UE. A retrospective analysis of 153 patients treated with or without intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin for primary stage T1 grade 3 bladder cancer: recurrence, progression and survival. J. Urol.169, 96–100 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pansadoro V, Emiliozzi P, de Paula F, Scarpone P, Pansadoro A, Sternberg CN. Long-term follow-up of G3T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder treated with intravesical bacille Calmette–Guerin: 18-year experience. Urology59, 227–231 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg G, Bahnson R, Brosman S, Middleton R, Wajsman Z, Wehle M. Efficacy and safety of valrubicin for the treatment of bacillus Calmette–Guerin refractory carcinoma in situ of the bladder. The Valrubicin Study Group. J. Urol.163, 761–767 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punnen SP, Chin JL, Jewett MA. Management of bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) refractory superficial bladder cancer: results with intravesical BCG and interferon combination therapy. Can. J. Urol.10, 1790–1795 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lam JS, Benson MC, O’Donnell MA et al. Bacillus Calmete–Guerin plus interferon-α2B intravesical therapy maintains an extended treatment plan for superficial bladder cancer with minimal toxicity. Urol. Oncol.21, 354–360 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell MA, Lilli K, Leopold C. Interim results from a national multicenter Phase II trial of combination bacillus Calmette–Guerin plus interferon α-2b for superficial bladder cancer. J. Urol.172, 888–893 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodel C, Dunst J, Grabenbauer GG et al. Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for high-risk T1-bladder cancer. Strahlenther. Onkol.177, 82–88 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunst J, Sauer R, Schrott KM, Kuhn R, Wittekind C, Altendorf-Hofmann A. Organ-sparing treatment of advanced bladder cancer: a 10-year experience. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.30, 261–266 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nseyo UO, DeHaven J, Dougherty TJ et al. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of patients with resistant superficial bladder cancer: a long-term experience. J. Clin. Laser Med. Surg.16, 61–68 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manyak MJ, Ogan K. Photodynamic therapy for refractory superficial bladder cancer: long-term clinical outcomes of single treatment using intravesical diffusion medium. J. Endourol.17, 633–639 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger AP, Steiner H, Stenzl A, Akkad T, Bartsch G, Holtl L. Photodynamic therapy with intravesical instillation of 5-aminolevulinic acid for patients with recurrent superficial bladder cancer: a single-center study. Urology61, 338–341 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gattegno B. T1G3 bladder cancer: conservative management or cystectomy? Eur. Urol.45, 399–400 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart S, Skinner EC, Meyerowitz BE, Boyd S, Lieskovsky G, Skinner DG. Quality of life after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in patients with an ileal conduit, cutaneous or urethral kock pouch. J. Urol.162, 77–81 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cookson MS, Herr HW, Zhang ZF, Soloway S, Sogani PC, Fair WR. The treated natural history of high risk superficial bladder cancer: 15-year outcome. J. Urol.158, 62–67 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng L, Weaver AL, Leibovich BC et al. Predicting the survival of bladder carcinoma patients treated with radical cystectomy. Cancer88, 2326–2332 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein JP, Skinner DG. Results with radical cystectomy for treating bladder cancer: a ‘reference standard’ for high-grade, invasive bladder cancer. Br. J. Urol. Int.92, 12–17 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Herr HW, Sogani PC. Does early cystectomy improve the survival of patients with high risk superficial bladder tumors? J. Urol.166, 1296–1299 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masood S, Sriprasad S, Palmer JH, Mufti GR. T1G3 bladder cancer–indications for early cystectomy. Int. Urol. Nephrol.36, 41–44 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huguet J, Crego M, Sabate S, Salvador J, Palou J, Villavicencio H. Cystectomy in patients with high risk superficial bladder tumors who fail intravesical BCG therapy: pre-cystectomy prostate involvement as a prognostic factor. Eur. Urol.48, 53–59 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thalmann GN, Markwalder R, Shahin O, Burkhard FC, Hochreiter WW, Studer UE. Primary T1G3 bladder cancer: organ preserving approach or immediate cystectomy? J. Urol.172, 70–75 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malavaud B. T1G3 bladder tumours: the case for radical cystectomy. Eur. Urol.45, 406–410 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pansadoro V, Emiliozzi P, Defidio Let al. Bacillus Calmette–Guerin in the treatment of stage T1 grade 3 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: long-term results. J. Urol.154, 2054–2058 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Baniel J, Grauss D, Engelstein D, Sella A. Intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin treatment for Stage T1 grade 3 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Urology52, 785–789 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Patard JJ, Rodriguez A, Leray E, Rioux-Leclercq N, Guille F, Lobel B. Intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guerin treatment improves patient survival in T1G3 bladder tumours. Eur. Urol.41, 635–641 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Peyromaure M, Zerbib M. T1G3 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: recurrence, progression and survival. Br. J. Urol. Int.93, 60–63 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Gunlusoy B, Degirmenci T, Arslan M, Nergiz N, Minareci S, Ayder AR. Recurrence and progression of T1G3 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin. Urol. Int.75, 107–113 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Stockle M, Alken P, Engelmann U, Jacobi GH, Riedmiller H, Hohenfellner R. Radical cystectomy – often too late? Eur. Urol.13, 361–367 (1987).
   Google Scholar