Vaccination: role in metastatic melanoma

References

• World Health Organization. GLOBOCAN: Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide, IARC Cancerbase No 5, Version 1.0. Lyon, IARC (2001).
   Google Scholar
• American Joint Committee Cancer Staging Manual, 6th Edition,Springer-Verlag, NY, USA (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Chapman PB, Einhorn LH, Meyers ML et al. Phase III multicenter randomized trial of the Dartmouth regimen versus dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol.17, 2745–2751 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridolfi R, Chiarion-Sileni V, Guida M et al. Cisplatin, dacarbazine with or without subcutaneous interleukin-2, and interferon α-2b in advanced melanoma outpatients: results from an Italian multicenter Phase III randomized clinical trial. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 1600–1607 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keilholz U, Punt CJ, Gore M et al. Dacarbazine, cisplatin, and interferon-α-2b with or without interleukin-2 in metastatic melanoma: a randomized Phase III trial (18951) of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Melanoma Group. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 6747–6755 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Euvrard S, Kanitakis J, Claudy A. Medical progress: skin cancers after organ transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med.348, 1681–1691 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihm MC Jr, Clemente CG, Cascinelli N. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in lymph node melanoma metastases: a histopathologic prognostic indicator and an expression of local immune response. Lab. Invest.74, 43–47 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemente CG, Mihm MC Jr, Bufalino R et al. Prognostic value of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in the vertical growth phase of primary cutaneous melanoma. Cancer77, 1303–1310 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Bruggen P, Traversari C, Chomez P et al. A gene encoding an antigen recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human melanoma. Science254, 1643–1647 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Novellino L, Castelli C, Parmiani G. A listing of human tumor antigens recognized by T cells: March 2004 update. Cancer Immunol. Immunother.4, 187–207 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Berd D. M-Vax: an autologous, hapten-modified vaccine for human cancer. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther.3, 335–342 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Berd D. M-Vax: an autologous, hapten-modified vaccine for human cancer. Expert Rev. Vaccines.5, 521–527 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Sensi M, Farina C, Maccalli C et al. Clonal expansion of T lymphocytes in human melanoma metastases after treatment with a hapten-modified autologous tumor vaccine. J. Clin. Invest.99, 710–717 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berd D, Sato T, Maguire HC Jr, Kairys J, Mastrangelo MJ. Immunopharmacologic analysis of an autologous, hapten-modified human melanoma vaccine. J. Clin. Oncol.22(3), 403–415 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsueh EC, Essner R, Foshag LJ et al. Prolonged survival after complete resection of disseminated melanoma and active immunotherapy with a therapeutic cancer vaccine. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 4549–4554 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cancervax Corp communication, press release, April (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell MS, Rechtman DJ, Von Eschen KB. A randomized Phase III trial of Melacine® versus combination chemotherapy in patients with disseminated melanoma. Cancer J. Infect. Dis.6(Suppl. C), 347 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Sondak VK, Liu PY, Tuthill RJ et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy of resected, intermediate-thickness, node-negative melanoma with an allogeneic tumor vaccine: overall results of a randomized trial of the Southwest Oncology Group. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 2058–2066 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosman JA, Unger JM, Liu PY et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy of resected, intermediate-thickness, node-negative melanoma with an allogeneic tumor vaccine: impact of HLA class I antigen expression on outcome. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 2067–2075 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmiani G, Pilla L, Castelli C, Rivoltini L. Vaccination of patients with solid tumours. Ann. Oncol.6, 817–824 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Soiffer R, Hodi FS, Haluska F et al. Vaccination with irradiated, autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer augments antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol.17, 3343–3350 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Pieper R, Christian RE, Gonzales MI et al. Biochemical identification of a mutated human melanoma antigen recognized by CD4+ T cells. J. Exp. Med.189, 757–766 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolchok JD, Livingston PO. Vaccines for melanoma: translating basic immunology into new therapies. Lancet Oncol.2, 205–211 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood JM, Ibrahim JG, Sosman JA et al. High-dose interferon α-2b significantly prolongs relapse-free and overall survival compared with the GM2-KLH/QS-21 vaccine in patients with resected stage IB–III melanoma: results of intergroup trial E1694/S9512/C509801. J. Clin. Oncol.19, 2370–2380 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman PB, Wu D, Ragupathi G et al. Sequential immunization of melanoma patients with GD3 ganglioside vaccine and anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody that mimics GD3 ganglioside. Clin. Cancer Res.10, 4717–4723 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmiani G, Castelli C, Dalerba P et al. Cancer immunotherapy with peptide-based vaccines: what have we achieved? Where are we going? J. Natl Cancer Inst.94, 805–818 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchand M, van Baren N, Weynants P et al. Tumor regressions observed in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with an antigenic peptide encoded by gene MAGE-3 and presented by HLA-A1. Int. J. Cancer80, 219–230 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cormier JN, Salgaller ML, Prevette T et al. Enhancement of cellular immunity in melanoma patients immunized with a peptide from MART-1/Melan A. Cancer J. Sci. Am.3, 37–44 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Schwartzentruber DJ et al. Immunologic and therapeutic evaluation of a synthetic peptide vaccine for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. Nat. Med.3, 321–327 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Gollob J, Flaherty L, Smith J et al. A Cytokine Working Group (CWG) Phase II trial of a modified gp100 melanoma peptide (gp100 (209M)) and high dose interleukin-2 (HD IL-2) administered q3 weeks in patients with stage IV melanoma: limited antitumor activity. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. San Francisco, CA, USA, 1423 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Fong L, Hou Y, Rivas A et al. Altered peptide ligand vaccination with Flt3 ligand expanded dendritic cells for tumor immunotherapy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA98, 8809–8814 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuge TB, Holmes SP, Saharan S et al. Diversity and recognition efficiency of T cell responses to cancer. PLoS Med.1(2), E28 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrabba MG, Castelli C, Maeurer MJ et al. Suboptimal activation of CD8+ T cells by melanoma-derived altered peptide ligands: role of Melan-A/MART-1 optimized analogues. Cancer Res.63, 1560–1567 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medzhitov R, Janeway CA Jr. Innate immunity: impact on the adaptive immune response. Curr. Opin. Immunol.1, 4–9 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Wang F, Bade E, Kuniyoshi C et al. Phase I trial of a MART-1 peptide vaccine with incomplete Freund’s adjuvant for resected high-risk melanoma. Clin. Cancer Res.10, 2756–2765 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Lee P, Wang F, Kuniyoshi J et al. Effects of interleukin-12 on the immune response to a multipeptide vaccine for resected metastatic melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol.19, 3836–3847 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordan JD, Vonderheide RH. Universal tumor antigens as targets for immunotherapy. Cytotherapy4, 317–327 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman D, McNiff JM, Li F, Altieri DC. Expression and targeting of the apoptosis inhibitor, survivin, in human melanoma. J. Invest. Dermatol.113, 1076–1081 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi H, Morton DL, Elashoff D et al. Survivin expression by metastatic melanoma predicts poor disease outcome in patients receiving adjuvant polyvalent vaccine. Int. J. Cancer117, 1032–1038 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen MH, Pedersen LØ, Becker JC et al. Identification of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to the apoptosis inhibitor protein survivin in cancer patients. Cancer Res.61, 869–872 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otto K, Andersen MH, Eggert A et al. Lack of toxicity of therapy-induced T cell responses against the universal tumour antigen survivin. Vaccine23, 884–889 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrand-Rosenberg S. CD4+ T lymphocytes: a critical component of antitumor immunity. Cancer Invest.23, 413–419 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong R, Lau R, Chang J et al. Immune responses to a class II helper peptide epitope in patients with stage III/IV resected melanoma. Clin. Cancer Res.10, 5004–5013 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phan GQ, Touloukian CE, Yang JC et al. Immunization of patients with metastatic melanoma using both class I- and class II-restricted peptides from melanoma-associated antigens. J. Immunother.26, 349–356 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F. The instructive role of dendritic cells on T cell responses: lineages, plasticity and kinetics. Curr. Opin. Immunol.13, 291–298 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrilovich D. Mechanisms and functional significance of tumour-induced dendritic-cell defects. Nat. Rev. Immunol.4, 941–952 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A. Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor α. J. Exp. Med.179, 1109–1118 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger TG, Feuerstein B, Strasser E et al. Large-scale generation of mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells for clinical application in cell factories. J. Immunol. Methods268, 131–140 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullarkat V, Lau R, Lee SM, Bender JG, Weber JS. Large-scale monocyte enrichment coupled with a closed culture system for the generation of human dendritic cells. J. Immunol. Methods267, 173–183 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernhard H, Disis ML, Heimfeld S, Hand S, Gralow JR, Ceever MA. Generation of immunostimulatory dendritic cells from human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells of the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Cancer Res.55, 1099–1104 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figdor CG, de Vries IJ, Lesterhuis WJ, Melief CJ. Dendritic cell immunotherapy: mapping the way. Nat. Med.10, 475–480 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestle FO, Alijagic S, Gilliet M et al. Vaccination of melanoma patients with peptide- or tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat. Med.4, 328–332 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schadendorf D, Ugurel S, Schuler-Thurner B et al. Dacarbazine (DTIC) versus vaccination with autologous peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DC) in first-line treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma: a randomized Phase III trial of the DC study group of the DeCOG. Ann. Oncol.17(4), 563–570 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotze MT, Shurin M, Esche C. Interleukin-2: developing additional cytokine gene therapies using fibroblasts or dendritic cells to enhance tumor immunity. Cancer J. Sci. Am.6(Suppl. 1), S61–S66 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banchereau J, Palucka AK, Dhodapkar M et al. Immune and clinical responses in patients with metastatic melanoma to CD34+ progenitor-derived dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer Res.61, 6451–6458 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banchereau J, Ueno H, Dhodapkar M et al. Immune and clinical outcomes in patients with stage IV melanoma vaccinated with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells derived from CD34+ progenitors and activated with type I interferon. J. Immunother.28, 505–516 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slingluff CL Jr, Petroni GR, Yamshchikov GV et al. Clinical and immunologic results of a randomized Phase II trial of vaccination using four melanoma peptides either administered in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in adjuvant or pulsed on dendritic cells. J. Clin. Oncol.21, 4016–4026 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Pucchio T, Pilla L, Capone I et al. Immunization of stage IV melanoma patients with Melan-A/MART-1 and gp100 peptides plus IFN-α results in the activation of specific CD8+ T cells and monocyte/dendritic cell precursors. Cancer Res.66, 4943–4951 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banchereau J, Palucka AK. Dendritic cells as therapeutic vaccines against cancer. Nat. Rev. Immunol.5, 296–306 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz MB, Schuler G. Immature, semi-mature and fully mature dendritic cells: which signals induce tolerance or immunità? Trends Immunol.23, 445–449 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafini P, Borrello I, Bronte V. Myeloid suppressor cells in cancer: recruitment, phenotype, properties, and mechanisms of immune suppression. Semin. Cancer Biol.16, 53–65 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg SA, Zhai Y, Yang JC et al. Immunizing patients with metastatic melanoma using recombinant adenoviruses encoding MART-1 or gp100 melanoma antigens. J. Natl Cancer Inst.90, 1894–1900 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman HL, Deraffele G, Mitcham J et al. Targeting the local tumor microenvironment with vaccinia virus expressing B7.1 for the treatment of melanoma. J. Clin. Invest.115, 1903–1912 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurunathan S, Klinman DM, Seder RA. DNA vaccines: immunology, application, and optimization. Annu. Rev. Immunol.18, 927–974 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabel GJ, Nabel EG, Yang ZY et al. Direct gene transfer with DNA-liposome complexes in melanoma: expression, biologic activity, and lack of toxicity in humans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA90, 11307–11311 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergen M, Chen R, Gonzalez R. Efficacy and safety of HLA-B7/β-2 microglobulin plasmid DNA/lipid complex (Allovectin-7®) in patients with metastatic melanoma. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther.3, 377–384 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudley ME, Roopenian DC. Loss of a unique tumor antigen by cytotoxic T lymphocyte immunoselection from a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced mouse sarcoma reveals secondary unique and shared antigens. J. Exp. Med.184, 441–447 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava P. Interaction of heat shock proteins with peptides and antigen presenting cells: chaperoning of the innate and adaptive immune response. Annu. Rev. Immunol.20, 395–425 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weynants P, Thonnard J, Marchand M, Delos M, Boon T, Coulie PG. Derivation of tumor-specific cytolytic T-cell clones from two lung cancer patients with long survival. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.159(1), 55–62 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karanikas V, Colau D, Baurain JC et al. High frequency of cytolytic T lymphocytes directed against a tumor-specific mutated antigen detectable with HLA tetramers in the blood of a lung carcinoma patient with long survival. Cancer Res.61(9), 3718–3724 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novellino L, Renkvist N, Rini F et al. Identification of a mutated receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase κ as a novel, class II HLA-restricted melanoma antigen. J. Immunol.170(12), 6363–6370 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suto R, Srivastava PK. A mechanism for the specific immunogenicity of heat shock protein-chaperoned peptides. Science269(5230), 1585–1588 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmiani G, Testori A, Maio M et al. Heat shock proteins and their use as anticancer vaccines. Clin. Cancer Res.10(24), 8142–8146 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belli F, Testori A, Rivoltini L et al. Vaccination of metastatic melanoma patients with autologous tumor-derived heat shock protein gp96-peptide complexes: clinical and immunologic findings. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 4169–4180 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilla L, Patuzzo R, Rivoltini L et al. A Phase II trial of vaccination with autologous, tumor-derived heat-shock protein peptide complexes Gp96, in combination with GM-CSF and interferon-α in metastatic melanoma patients. Cancer Immunol. Immunother.DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0084-8 (2005) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Restifo NP. Cancer immunotherapy: moving beyond current vaccines. Nat. Med.10(9), 909–915 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries IJ, Bernsen MR, Lesterhuis WJ et al. Immunomonitoring tumor-specific T cells in delayed-type hypersensitivity skin biopsies after dendritic cell vaccination correlates with clinical outcome. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 5779–5787 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Slingluff CL Jr, Petroni GR, Yamshchikov GV et al. Immunologic and clinical outcomes of vaccination with a multiepitope melanoma peptide vaccine plus low-dose interleukin-2 administered either concurrently or on a delayed schedule. J. Clin. Oncol.22, 4474–4485 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germeau C, Ma W, Schiavetti F et al. High frequency of antitumor T cells in the blood of melanoma patients before and after vaccination with tumor antigens. J. Exp. Med.201, 241–248 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lurquin C, Lethé B, Corbière V et al. Contrasting frequencies of antitumor and anti-vaccine T cells in metastases of a melanoma patient vaccinated with a MAGE tumor antigen. J. Exp. Med.201, 249–257 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudley ME, Wunderlich JR, Robbins PF et al. Cancer regression and autoimmunity in patients following clonal repopulation with anti-tumor lymphocytes. Science298, 850−854 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieg AM. CpG motifs: the active ingredient in bacterial extracts? Nat. Med.7831–7835 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Berzins SP, Smyth MJ, Godfrey DI. Working with NKT cells – pitfalls and practicalities. Curr. Opin. Immunol.4, 448–454 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Speiser DE, Lienard D, Rufer N et al. Rapid and strong human CD8+ T cell responses to vaccination with peptide, IFA, and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 7909. J. Clin. Invest.115, 739–746 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivoltini L, Carrabba M, Huber V et al. Immunity to cancer: attack and escape in T lymphocyte-tumor cell interaction. Immunol. Rev.188, 97–113 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeurer MJ, Gollin SM, Martin D et al. Tumor escape from immune recognition: Lthal recurrent melanoma in a patient associated with downregulation of the peptide transporter protein TAP-1 and loss of expression of the immunodominant MART-1/Melan-A antigen. J. Clin. Invest.98, 1633–1641 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cormier JN, Hijazi YM, Abati A et al. Heterogeneous expression of melanoma-associated antigens and HLA-A2 in metastatic melanoma in vivo. Int. J. Cancer75, 517–524 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou W. Immunosuppressive networks in the tumour environment and their therapeutic relevance. Nat. Rev. Cancer5, 263–274 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curiel TJ, Coukos G, Zou L et al. Specific recruitment of regulatory T cells in ovarian carcinoma fosters immune privilege and predicts reduced survival. Nat. Med.10(9), 10942–10949 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Egen JG, Kuhns MS, Allison JP. CTLA-4: new insights into its biological function and use in tumor immunotherapy. Nat. Immunol.3, 611–618 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodi FS, Mihm MC, Soiffer RJ et al. Biologic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 antibody blockade in previously vaccinated metastatic melanoma and ovarian carcinoma patients. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA100, 4712–4717 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phan GQ, Yang JC, Sherry RM et al. Cancer regression and autoimmunity induced by cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA100, 8372–8377 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson K, Scotland R, Lee P et al. Autoimmunity in a Phase I trial of a fully human anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 monoclonal antibody with multiple melanoma peptides and Montanide ISA 51 for patients with resected stages III and IV melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 741–750 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dannull J, Su Z, Rizzieri D et al. Enhancement of vaccine-mediated antitumor immunity in cancer patients after depletion of regulatory T cells. J. Clin. Invest.115, 3623–3633 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruit WH, van Ojik HH, Brichard VG et al. Phase 1/2 study of subcutaneous and intradermal immunization with a recombinant MAGE-3 protein in patients with detectable metastatic melanoma. Int. J. Cancer117, 596–604 (2005).
   Google Scholar