Update on staging controversies for locally advanced renal cell carcinoma

References

• AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (6th Edition). Greene FL, Page DL, Fleming ID et al. (Eds). Springer-Verlag, NY, USA (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Motzer RJ, Bacik J, Schwartz LH et al. Prognostic factors for survival in previously treated patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol.22, 454–463 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam JS, Belldegrun AS, Pantuck AJ. Long-term outcomes of the surgical management of renal cell carcinoma. World J. Urol.24, 255–266 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gospodarowicz MK, Miller D, Groome PA et al. The process for continuous improvement of the TNM classification. Cancer100, 1–5 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibovich BC, Cheville JC, Lohse CM et al. Cancer specific survival for patients with pT3 renal cell carcinoma – can the 2002 primary tumor classification be improved? J. Urol.173, 716–719 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson RH, Cheville JC, Lohse CM et al. Reclassification of patients with pT3 and pT4 renal cell carcinoma improves prognostic accuracy. Cancer104, 53–60 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ficarra V, Novara G, Iafrate M et al. Proposal for reclassification of the TNM staging system in patients with locally advanced (pT3–4) renal cell carcinoma according to the cancer-related outcome. Eur. Urol.51(3), 722–729 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Margulis V, Tamboli P, Matin SF et al. Redefining pT3 renal cell carcinoma in the modern era: a proposal for a revision of the current TNM primary tumor classification system. Cancer109(12), 2439–2444 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murphy MJ, Chartier M, Beauchemin C et al. Cutaneous metastasis of renal cell carcinoma with Zellballen-like inflammatory reaction pattern on immunohistochemical studies. Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol.14, 178–180 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siemer S, Lehmann J, Loch A et al. Current TNM classification of renal cell carcinoma evaluated: revising stage T3a. J. Urol.173, 33–37 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert SM, Murphy AM, Katz AE et al. Reevaluation of TNM staging of renal cortical tumors: recurrence and survival for T1N0M0 and T3aN0M0 tumors are equivalent. Urology68, 287–291 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lam JS, Klatte T, Patard JJ et al. Prognostic relevance of tumour size in T3a renal cell carcinoma: a multicentre experience. Eur. Urol.52(1), 155–162 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kletscher BA, Qian J, Bostwick DG et al. Prospective analysis of the incidence of ipsilateral adrenal metastasis in localized renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol.155, 1844–1846 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shalev M, Cipolla B, Guille F et al. Is ipsilateral adrenalectomy a necessary component of radical nephrectomy? J. Urol.153, 1415–1417 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsui KH, Shvarts O, Barbaric Z et al. Is adrenalectomy a necessary component of radical nephrectomy? UCLA experience with 511 radical nephrectomies. J. Urol.163, 437–441 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuczyk M, Munch T, Machtens S et al. The need for routine adrenalectomy during surgical treatment for renal cell cancer: the Hannover experience. Br. J. Urol. Int.89, 517–522 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Siemer S, Lehmann J, Kamradt J et al. Adrenal metastases in 1635 patients with renal cell carcinoma: outcome and indication for adrenalectomy. J. Urol.171, 2155–2159; discussion 2159 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han KR, Bui MH, Pantuck AJ et al. TNM T3a renal cell carcinoma: adrenal gland involvement is not the same as renal fat invasion. J. Urol.169, 899–903; discussion 903–904 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson RH, Leibovich BC, Cheville JC et al. Should direct ipsilateral adrenal invasion from renal cell carcinoma be classified as pT3a? J. Urol.173, 918–921 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Satyapal KS. Classification of the drainage patterns of the renal veins. J. Anat.186(Pt 2), 329–333 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckwith JB. National Wilms Tumor Study: an update for pathologists. Pediatr. Dev. Pathol.1, 79–84 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonsib SM. The renal sinus is the principal invasive pathway: a prospective study of 100 renal cell carcinomas. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.28, 1594–1600 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson RH, Leibovich BC, Cheville JC et al. Is renal sinus fat invasion the same as perinephric fat invasion for pT3a renal cell carcinoma? J. Urol.174, 1218–1221 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Margulis V, Tamboli P, Matin SF et al. pT3a renal cell carcinoma: does location of extrarenal extension impact patient outcome? J. Urol. (2007) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Zisman A, Wieder JA, Pantuck AJ et al. Renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extension: biology, role of nephrectomy and response to immunotherapy. J. Urol.169, 909–916 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blute ML, Leibovich BC, Lohse CM et al. The Mayo Clinic experience with surgical management, complications and outcome for patients with renal cell carcinoma and venous tumour thrombus. Br. J. Urol. Int.94, 33–41 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Parekh DJ, Cookson MS, Chapman W et al. Renal cell carcinoma with renal vein and inferior vena caval involvement: clinicopathological features, surgical techniques and outcomes. J. Urol.173, 1897–1902 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher PA, Anderson EE, Paulson DF et al. Surgical management and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma invading the vena cava. J. Urol.145, 20–23; discussion 23–24 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljungberg B, Stenling R, Osterdahl B et al. Vein invasion in renal cell carcinoma: impact on metastatic behavior and survival. J. Urol.154, 1681–1684 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuczyk MA, Bokemeyer C, Kohn G et al. Prognostic relevance of intracaval neoplastic extension for patients with renal cell cancer. Br. J. Urol.80, 18–24 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim HL, Zisman A, Han KR et al. Prognostic significance of venous thrombus in renal cell carcinoma. Are renal vein and inferior vena cava involvement different? J. Urol.171, 588–591 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moinzadeh A, Libertino JA. Prognostic significance of tumor thrombus level in patients with renal cell carcinoma and venous tumor thrombus extension. Is all T3b the same? J. Urol.171, 598–601 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zisman A, Pantuck AJ, Wieder J et al. Risk group assessment and clinical outcome algorithm to predict the natural history of patients with surgically resected renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 4559–4566 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patard JJ, Kim HL, Lam JS et al. Use of the University of California Los Angeles integrated staging system to predict survival in renal cell carcinoma: an international multicenter study. J. Clin. Oncol.22, 3316–3322 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank I, Blute ML, Cheville JC et al. An outcome prediction model for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with radical nephrectomy based on tumor stage, size, grade and necrosis: the SSIGN score. J. Urol.168, 2395–2400 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ficarra V, Martignoni G, Lohse C et al. External validation of the Mayo Clinic stage, size, grade and necrosis (SSIGN) score to predict cancer specific survival using a European series of conventional renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol.175, 1235–1239 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kattan MW, Reuter V, Motzer RJ et al. A postoperative prognostic nomogram for renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol.166, 63–67 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaycioglu O, Roberts WW, Chan T et al. Prognostic assessment of nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma: a clinically based model. Urology58, 141–145 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cindolo L, de la Taille A, Messina G et al. A preoperative clinical prognostic model for non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Br. J. Urol. Int.92, 901–905 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Lam JS, Leppert JT, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS. Role of molecular markers in the diagnosis and therapy of renal cell carcinoma. Urology66, 1–9 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar