42
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Molecular typing methods for the epidemiological identification of Clostridium difficile strains

, &
Pages 61-70 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Kelly CP, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile infection. Ann. Rev. Med. 49, 375–390 (1998).
  • • A review of C. difficile disease, diagnosis and treatment.
  • Lyerly DM, Krivan HC, Wilkins TD. Clostridium difficile: its disease and toxins. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1, 1–18 (1988).
  • Nath SK, Thornley JH, Kelly M et al. A sustained outbreak of Clostridium difficile in a general hospital: persistence of a toxigenic clone in four units. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 15, 182–189 (1994).
  • Testore GP, Pantosi A, Cerquetti M, Babudieri S et al. Evidence of crossinfection in an outbreak of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in a surgical unit. J. Med. Microbiol. 26, 125–128 (1988).
  • Burdon DW. Clostridium difficile: the epidemiology and prevention of hospital acquired infection. Infection 10, 203–204 (1982).
  • Rafferty ME, Baltch AL, Smith RP et al. Comparison of restriction enzyme analysis, arbitrarily primed PCR and protein profile analysis typing for epidemiological investigation of an ongoing Clostridium difficile outbreak. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36, 2957–2963 (1998).
  • Delmee M, Homel M, Wauters G. Serogrouping of Clostridium difficile strains by slide agglutination. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21, 323–327 (1985).
  • • Original description of the methodology used for serogrouping C. difficile.
  • Toma S, Lesiak G, Magus M, Lo Ho Lau, Delmee M. Serotyping of Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26, 226–228 (1988).
  • Van Dick P, Avesani V, Delmee M. Genotyping of outbreak related and sporadic Isolates of Clostridium difficile belonging to serogroup C. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34, 3049–3055 (1996).
  • Depetrie C, Delmee M, Avesani V et al. Serogroup F strains of Clostridium difficile produce toxin B but no toxin A. J. Med. Microbiol. 38, 434–441 (1993).
  • Tabaqchali S, OFarrell S, Holland D, Silman R. Method for the typing of Clostrdium difficile based on polycacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [35S] methionine labeled proteins. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23, 197–198 (1986).
  • • Detailed description of the methods for Radio PAGE of C. difficile strains.
  • Mulligan ME, Halebian S, Kwok RYY et al. Bacterial agglutination and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for typing Clostridium difficile. J. Infect. Dis. 153, 267–271 (1986).
  • Mullligan ME, Peterson LRl, Kwok RYY, Clabots CR, Gerding DN. Immunoblots and plasmid fingerprints compared with serotyping and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for typing Clostridium difficile. J. Clin.Microbiol. 26, 41–46 (1988).
  • • Original report on the use of immunoblot analysis to fingerprint C. difficile.
  • Brazier J, Mulligan ME, Delmee M, Tabaqchali S et al. Preliminary findings of the International Typing Study on Clostridium difficile. Clin. Infect. Dis. 25\(Suppl. 2), S199–201 (1997).
  • •• This important reference is the first attempt to standardize typing systems for C. difficile. It reports the preliminary findings of the International Typing Study Group.
  • Clabots CR, Peterson LR, Gerding DN. Characterization of a nosocomial Clostridium difficile outbreak by using plasmid profile typing and clindamycin susceptibility testing. J. Infect. Dis. 158, 731–736 (1988).
  • Arai T, Atsuko K, Satoshi N, Nakamura M. A survey of plasmids in Clostridium difficile strains. Kitasato Arch. Exp. Med. 57, 285–288 (1984).
  • Steinberg JP, Beckerdite ME, Westenfelder GO. Plasmid profiles of Clostridium difficile isolates from patients with antibioticassociated colitis in two community hospitals. J. Infect. Dis. 156, 1036–1038 (1987).
  • Wren BW, Tabaqchali S. Restriction endonuclease DNA analysis of Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25, 2402–2404 (1987).
  • • Description of methodology used for REA typing of C. difficile.
  • Kuijper EDJ, Oudbier JH, Stuifbergen WNHM, Jansz A, Zanen HC. Application of whole cell DNA restriction endonuclease profiles to the epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25, 751–753 (1987).
  • Peerbooms PGH, Kuijt P, Maclaren DM. Application of chromosomal restriction endonuclease digest analysis for use as typing method for Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Pathol. 40, 771–776 (1987).
  • Devlin HR, Au W, Foux L, Bradbury WC. Restriction endonuclease analysis of nosocomial isolates of Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25, 2168–2172 (1987).
  • Johnson S, Adelmann A, Clabots CR, Peterson LR, Gerding DN. Recurrences of Clostridium diffcile diarrhea not caused by the original infecting organism. J. Infect. Dis. 159, 340–343 (1989).
  • ONeill GL, Beaman MH, Riley TV. Relapse versus reinfection with Clostridium difficile. Epidemiol .Infect. 107, 627–635 (1991).
  • Samore MH, Bettin KM, DeGirolami P, Gerding DN, Karchmer A. Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile at a tertiary care hospital: diversity of types by restriction endonuclease analysis (REA). Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 13, 760–761 (1994).
  • Kristjansson M, Samore MH, Gerding DN et al. Comparison of restriction endonuclease analysis, ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for molecular differentiation of Clostridium difficile strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32, 1963–1969 (1994).
  • • A good comparison of several commonly used molecular typing methods.
  • ONeill G, Adams JE, Bowman RA, Riley TV. A molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile isolates from humans, animals and their environments. Epidemiol. Infect. 111, 257–264 (1993).
  • McMilllin DE, Muldrow LL. Typing of toxin strains of Clostridium difficile using DNA fingerprints generated with arbitrary polymerase chain reaction primers. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 92, 5–10 (1992).
  • Barbut FN, Maria N, Frottier J, Petit JC. Use of arbitrarily-primed polymerase chain reaction for investigating an outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in AIDS patients. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 12, 794–795 (1993).
  • Silva J, Jr., Tang YJ, Gumerlock PH. Genotyping of Clostridium difficile isolates. J. Infect. Dis. 169, 661–664 (1993).
  • Tang YJ, Houston ST, Gumerlock PH, Mulligan ME et al. Comparison of arbitrarily-primed PCR with restriction endonuclease and immunoblot analyses for typing Clostridium difficile isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33, 3169–3173 (1995).
  • •• Report on the development of AP-PCR, validation of the technique and comparison with most common typing methods.
  • Kilgore GE, Kato H. Use of arbitrary Primer PCR to type Clostridium difficile and comparison of results with those by immunoblot typing. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32, 1591–1593 (1994).
  • Collier MC, Stock F, DeGirolami PC, Samore MH, Cartwright CP. Comparison of PCR based approaches to molecular epidemiologic analysis of Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34, 1153–1157 (1996).
  • Chachaty E, Saulnier P, Martin A, Mario N, Adremont A. Comparison of ribotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphic DNA for typing Clostridium difficile strains. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 122, 61–68 (1994).
  • Samore MH, Kristjansson M, Venkataraman L, DeGirolami PC, Arbeit RD. Comparison of arbitrarily-primed polymerase chain reaction, restriction enzyme analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for typing Clostridium difficile. J. Microbiol. Meth. 25, 215–224 (1996).
  • Gutler V. Typing of Clostridium difficile strains by PCR amplification of variable length 16S23S rDNA spacer regions. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139, 3089–3097 (1993).
  • ONeill GL, Ogunsola FT, Brazier JS, Duerden BI. Modification of a PCR ribotyping method for application as a routine typing scheme for Clostridium difficile. Anaerobe 2, 205–209 (1996).
  • • Report on a sensitive PCR ribotyping scheme for C. difficile.
  • Bidet P, Barbut F, Lalande V, Burghoffer B, Petit JC. Development of a new PCR ribotyping method for Clostridium difficile based on ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. FEMS Microbiol. Lett.. 175, 261–266 (1999).
  • Maslow JN, Skutsky AM, Arbeit RD. Application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to molecular epidemiology. In: Diagnostic Molecular Microbiology Principles and Applications. Persing DH, Smith TF, Tenover FC, White TJ (Eds.), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, USA, 563–572 (1993).
  • Talon D, Bailly P, Delmee M et al. Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for investigation of an outbreak of Clostridium difficile infection among geriatric patients. Eur. J. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 14, 987–993 (1995).
  • Kato H, Kato N, Watanabe K et al. Application of typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to the study of Clostridium difficile in a neonatal intensive care unit. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32, 2067–2070 (1994).
  • Kato H, Kato N, Watanabe k, Ueno K, Sakata Y, Fujita K. Relapses or re-infections: analysis of a case of Clostridium difficile associated colitis by two typing systems. Curr. Microbiol. 33, 220–223 (1996).
  • Bidet P, Lalande V, Salauze B et al. Comparison of PCR ribotyping, arbitrarily primed PCR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for typing Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 2484–2487 (2000).
  • • Most recent report correlating the most commonly used molecular typing methods.
  • Brazier J. The epidemiology and typing of Clostridium difficile. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 41(Suppl.C), 47–57 (1998).
  • •• Excellent overview of epidemiological aspects and typing of C. difficile.
  • Dice LR. Measures of the amount of ecological association between species. Ecology 26, 297–302 (1945).
  • Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV et al. Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33, 2233–2239 (1995).
  • Wilcox MH, Cunniffe JG, Trundle C, Redpath C. Financial burden of hospitalacquired Clostridium difficile infection. J. Hosp. Infect. 34, 23–30 (1996).
  • Kofsly P, Rosen L, Reed J, Tolmie M, Ufberg D. Clostridium difficile a common and costly colitis. Dis. Colon Rectum 34, 244–248 (1991).
  • Cummings CA, Relman DA. Using DNA microarrays to study host-microbe interactions. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 6, 513–525 (2000).
  • Torres JP. Purification and characterization of toxin B from a strain of Clostridium difficile that does not produce toxin A. J. Med. Microbiol. 35, 40–44 (1991).
  • Braun V, Hundsberger T, Leukel P, Sauerborn M, von Eichel-Streiber C. Definition of a single integration site of the pathogenicity locus in Clostridium difficile. Gene 181, 29–38 (1996).
  • Cohen SH, Tang YJ, Silva J, Jr. Analysis of the pathogenicity locus in Clostridium difficile strains. J. Infect. Dis. 181, 659–663 (2000).
  • •• The PaLoc is conserved in all toxigenic strains of C. difficile. This is the first paper analyzing a series of clinical isolates for the presence of the PaLoc genes.
  • Rupnik M, Avesani V, Janc M, von Eichel- Streiber C, Delmee M. A novel toxinotyping scheme and correlation of toxinotypes with serogroups of Clostridium difficile isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36, 2240–2247 (1998).
  • Wozniak G, Trontelj P, Rupnik M. Genomic relatedness of Clostridium difficile strains from different toxinotypes and serogroups. Anaerobe 6, 261–267 (2000).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.