References
- Papers of special note have been highlighted as:
- • of interest
- •• of considerable interest
- Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 2015;136:E359–386.
- Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65:5–29.
- Cunningham D, Atkin W, Lenz HJ, et al. Colorectal cancer. Lancet. 2010;375:1030–1047.
- Schwarzenbach H, Hoon DS, Pantel K. Cell-free nucleic acids as biomarkers in cancer patients. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011;11:426–437.
- Elmunzer BJ, Hayward RA, Schoenfeld PS, et al. Effect of flexible sigmoidoscopy-based screening on incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlledtrials. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001352.
- Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, et al. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a jointguideline from the American Cancer Society, the US multi-society task force on colorectal cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:1570–1595.
- Forde KA. Colonoscopic screening for colon cancer. Surg Endosc. 2006;20:S471–474.
- Than M, Witherspoon J, Shami J, et al. Diagnostic miss rate for colorectal cancer: an audit. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015;28:94–98.
- Winawer SJ, Stewart ET, Zauber AG, et al. A comparison of colonoscopy and double-contrast barium enema for surveillance after polypectomy. National Polyp Study Work Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1766–1772.
- Pickhardt PJ, Hassan C, Halligan S, et al. Colorectal cancer: CT colonography and colonoscopy for detection–systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology. 2011;259:393–405.
- Pineau BC, Paskett ED, Chen GJ, et al. Virtual colonoscopy using oral contrast compared with colonoscopy for the detection of patients with colorectal polyps. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:304–310.
- Martín-López JE, Beltrán-Calvo C, Rodríguez-López R, et al. Comparison of the accuracy of CT colonography and colonoscopy in the diagnosis ofcolorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2014;16:O82–89.
- Liu T, Behr S, Khan S, et al. Focal colonic FDG activity with PET/CT: guidelines for recommendation of colonoscopy. World J Nucl Med. 2015;14:25–30.
- Kijima S, Sasaki T, Nagata K, et al. Preoperative evaluation of colorectal cancer using CT colonography, MRI, and PET/CT. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:16964–16975.
- Allison JE, Sakoda LC, Levin TR, et al. Screening for colorectal neoplasms with new fecal occult blood tests: update on performance characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:1462–1470.
- Towler B, Irwig L, Glasziou P, et al. A systematic review of the effects of screening for colorectal cancer using the faecaloccult blood test, hemoccult. BMJ. 1998;317:559–565.
- Levi Z, Rozen P, Hazazi R, et al. A quantitative immunochemical fecal occult blood test for colorectal neoplasia. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:244–255.
- Imperiale TF, Ransohoff DF, Itzkowitz SH, et al. Multitarget stool DNA testing for colorectal-cancer screening. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1287–1297.
- Imperiale TF, Ransohoff DF, Itzkowitz SH, et al. Fecal DNA versus fecal occult blood for colorectal-cancer screening in an average-risk population. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2704–2714.
- Heigh RI, Yab TC, Taylor WR, et al. Detection of colorectal serrated polyps by stool DNA testing: comparison with fecal immunochemical testing for occult blood (FIT). PLoS One. 2014;9:e85659.
- Gold P, Freedman SO. Specific carcinoembryonic antigens of the human digestive system. J Exp Med. 1965;122:467–481.
- Booth SN, King JP, Leonard JC, et al. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen in clinical disorders. Gut. 1973;14:794–799.
- Duffy MJ. Carcinoembryonic antigen as a marker for colorectal cancer: is it clinically useful? Clin Chem. 2001;47:624–630.
- Mandel P, Metais P. Les acides nucleiques du plasma sanguin chez l’Homme. C R Acad Sci Paris. 1948;142:241–243.
- Koffler D, Agnello V, Winchester R, et al. The occurrence of single-stranded DNA in the serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and other diseases. J Clin Invest. 1973;52:198–204.
- Tan EM, Schur PH, Carr RI, et al. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and antibodies to DNA in the serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest. 1966;45:1732–1740.
- Ayala W, Moore L, Hess E. The purple color reaction given by diphenylamine reagent: I. With normal and rheumatic sera. J Clin Invest. 1951;30:1732–1740.
- Leon SA, Shapiro B, Sklaroff DM, et al. Free DNA in the serum of cancer patients and the effect of therapy. Cancer Res. 1977;37:646–650. [PMID: 837366].
- Stroun M, Anker P, Lyautey J, et al. Isolation and characterization of DNA from the plasma of cancer patients. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1987;23:707–712.
- Breitbach S, Tug S, Simon P. Circulating cell-free DNA: an up-coming molecular marker in exercise physiology. Sports Med. 2012;42:565–586.
- Velders M, Treff G, Machus K, et al. Exercise is a potent stimulus for enhancing circulating DNase activity. Clin Biochem. 2014;47:471–474.
- Invernizzi P, Biondi ML, Battezzati PM, et al. Presence of fetal DNA in maternal plasma decades after pregnancy. Hum Genet. 2002;110:587–591.
- Pinzani P, Salvianti F, Pazzagli M, et al. Circulating nucleic acids in cancer and pregnancy. Methods. 2010;50:302–307.
- Lee TH, Montalvo L, Chrebtow V, et al. Quantitation of genomic DNA in plasma and serum samples: higher concentrations of genomic DNA found in serum than in plasma. Transfusion. 2001;41:276–282.
- Chiu RW, Poon LL, Lau TK, et al. Effects of blood-processing protocols on fetal and total DNA quanti fi cation in maternal plasma. Clin Chem. 2001;47:1607–e1613.
- Jahr S, Hentze H, Englisch S, et al. DNA fragments in the blood plasma of cancer patients: quantitations and evidence for their origin from apoptotic and necrotic cells. Cancer Res. 2001;61:1659–1665.
•• This recent research paper shows the possibility that the major source of circulating DNA in cancer patients are from apoptotic and necrotic cells.
- Lecomte T, Berger A, Zinzindohoué F, et al. Detection of free-circulating tumor-associated DNA in plasma of colorectal cancer patients and its association with prognosis. Int J Cancer. 2002;100:542–548.
- Gormally E, Caboux E, Vineis P, et al. Circulating free DNA in plasma or serum as biomarker of carcinogenesis: practical aspects and biological significance. Mutat Res. 2007;635:105–117.
- Diehl F, Li M, Dressman D, et al. Detection and quantification of mutations in the plasma of patients with colorectal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:16368–16373.
•• This original paper describes the detection of mutations, such as mutant APC molecules in DNA from tissue and matched blood samples.
- Chen Z, Fadiel A, Naftolin F, et al. Circulation DNA: biological implications for cancer metastasisand immunology. Med Hypotheses. 2005;65:956–961.
- Anker P, Stroun M, Maurice PA. Spontaneous release of DNA by human blood lymphocytes as shown in an in vitro system. Cancer Res. 1975;35:2375–2382. [PMID: 1149042].
- Stroun M, Maurice P, Vasioukhin V, et al. The origin and mechanism of circulating DNA. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;906:161–168.
- Brinkmann V, Reichard U, Goosmann C, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. Science. 2004;303:1532–1535.
- Fuchs TA, Brill A, Duerschmied D, et al. Extracellular DNA traps promote thrombosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:15880–15885.
- Demers M, Krause DS, Schatzberg D, et al. Cancers predispose neutrophils to release extracellular DNA traps that contribute to cancer-associated thrombosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:13076–13081.
- Diaz LA Jr, Bardelli A. Liquid biopsies: genotyping circulating tumor DNA. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:579–586.
- Park JL, Kim HJ, Choi BY, et al. Quantitative analysis of cell-free DNA in the plasma of gastric cancer patients. Oncol Lett. 2012;3:921–926.
- Sozzi G, Conte D, Mariani L, et al. Analysis of circulating tumor DNA in plasma at diagnosis and during follow-up of lung cancer patients. Cancer Res. 2001;61:4675–4678.
- Tamkovich SN, Cherepanova AV, Kolesnikova EV, et al. Circulating DNA and DNase activity in human blood. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1075:191–196.
- Cherepanova AV, Tamkovich SN, Bryzgunova OE, et al. Deoxyribonuclease activity and circulating DNA concentration in blood plasma of patients with prostate tumors. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1137:218–221.
- Economidou-Karaoglou A, Lans M, Taper HS, et al. Variations in serum alkaline DNase activity. A new means for therapeutic monitoring of malignant lymphomas. Cancer. 1988;61:1838–1843.
- Funakoshi A, Wakasugi H, Ibayashi H. Clinical investigation of serum deoxyribonuclease: II. Clinical studies of serum deoxyribonuclease activity in pancreatic disease. Gastroenterol Jpn. 1979;14:436–440.
- Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell. 1990;61:759–767.
- Mansour H. Cell-free nucleic acids as noninvasive biomarkers for colorectal cancer detection. Front Genet. 2014;5:182.
- Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. The path to cancer –three strikes and you’re out. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:1895–1898.
- Anker P, Lefort F, Vasioukhin V, et al. K-ras mutations are found in DNA extracted from the plasma of patients with colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 1997;112:1114–1120.
- Fujita S, Sugano K, Fukayama N, et al. Detection of K-ras point mutations in mesenteric venous blood from colorectal cancer patients by enriched polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1996;26:417–421.
- Kopreski MS, Benko FA, Borys DJ, et al. Somatic mutation screening: identification of individuals harboring K-ras mutations with the use of plasma DNA. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:918–923.
- Kuo YB, Chen JS, Fan CW, et al. Comparison of KRAS mutation analysis of primary tumors and matched circulating cell-freeDNA in plasmas of patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Chim Acta. 2014;433:284–289.
- Taly V, Pekin D, Benhaim L, et al. Multiplex picodroplet digital PCR to detect KRAS mutations in circulating DNA from the plasma of colorectal cancer patients. Clin Chem. 2013;59:1722–1731.
- Kopreski MS, Benko FA, Kwee C, et al. Detection of mutant K-ras DNA in plasma or serum of patients with colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 1997;76:1293–1299.
- Borchers R, Heinzlmann M, Zahn R, et al. K-ras mutations in sera of patients with colorectal neoplasias and long-standinginflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2002;37:715–718.
- Thierry AR, Mouliere F, El Messaoudi S, et al. Clinical validation of the detection of KRAS and BRAF mutations from circulatingtumor DNA. Nat Med. 2014;20:430–435.
- Trevisiol C, Di Fabio F, Nascimbeni R, et al. Prognostic value of circulating KRAS2 gene mutations in colorectal cancer with distantmetastases. Int J Biol Markers. 2006;21:223–228.
- Ryan BM, Lefort F, McManus R, et al. A prospective study of circulating mutant KRAS2 in the serum of patients with colorectalneoplasia: strong prognostic indicator in postoperative follow up. Gut. 2003;52:101–108.
- Hammel P, Leroy-Viard K, Chaumette MT, et al. Correlations between p53-protein accumulation, serum antibodies and gene mutation in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 1999;81:712–718.
- Hibi K, Robinson CR, Booker S, et al. Molecular detection of genetic alterations in the serum of colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Res. 1998;58:1405–1407.
- Lauschke H, Caspari R, Friedl W, et al. Detection of APC and k-ras mutations in the serum of patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer Detect Prev. 2001;25:55–61.
- Ling E, Fich A, Man S, et al. Detection of tumor mutant APC DNA in plasma of patients with sporadic colorectal cancer. In Vivo. 2000;14:543–546.
- Wang JY, Hsieh JS, Chang MY, et al. Molecular detection of APC, K- ras, and p53 mutations in the serum of colorectal cancer patients as circulating biomarkers. World J Surg. 2004;28:721–726.
• The aim of this article was to evaluate the significance of APC, K-RAS and p53 gene mutations in colon tissues and their paired serum samples from cancer and healthy subjects.
- Lilleberg SL, Durocher J, Sanders C, et al. High sensitivity scanning of colorectal tumors and matched plasma DNA for mutations in APC, TP53, K-RAS, and BRAF genes with a novel DHPLC fluorescence detection platform. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1022:250–256.
- Hsieh JS, Lin SR, Chang MY, et al. APC, K-ras, and p53 gene mutations in colorectal cancer patients: correlation to clinicopathologic features and postoperative surveillance. Am Surg. 2005;71:336–343.
- Schwarzenbach H, Goekkurt E, Pantel K, et al Molecular analysis of the polymorphisms of thymidylate synthase on cell-free circulating DNA in blood of patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2010;127:881–888.
- Feinberg AP, Vogelstein B. Alterations in DNA methylation in human colon neoplasia. Semin Surg Oncol. 1987;3:149–151.
- Goelz SE, Vogelstein B, Hamilton SR, et al. Hypomethylation of DNA from benign and malignant human colon neoplasms. Science. 1985;228:187–190.
- Gama-Sosa MA, Slagel VA, Trewyn RW. Oxenhandler Ret al. The 5-methylcytosine content of DNA from human tumors. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983;11:6883–6894.
- Irahara N, Nosho K, Baba Y, et al. Precision of pyrosequencing assay to measure LINE-1 methylation in colon cancer, normal colonic mucosa, and peripheral blood cells. J Mol Diagn. 2010;12:177–183.
- Grady WM, Rajput A, Lutterbaugh JD, et al. Detection of aberrantly methylated hMLH1 promoter DNA in the serum of patients with microsatellite unstable colon cancer. Cancer Res. 2001;61:900–902.
- Leung WK, To KF, Man EP, et al. Quantitative detection of promoter hypermethylation in multiple genes in the serum of patients with colorectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:10274–10279.
- Coppedè F, Migheli F, Lopomo A, et al. Gene promoter methylation in colorectal cancer and healthy adjacent mucosa specimens: correlation with physiological and pathological characteristics, and with biomarkers of one-carbon metabolism. Epigenetics. 2014;9:621–633.
- Philipp AB, Stieber P, Nagel D, et al. Prognostic role of methylated free circulating DNA in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 2012;131:2308–2319.
- Lee BB, Lee EJ, Jung EH, et al. Aberrant methylation of APC, MGMT, RASSF2A, and Wif-1 genes in plasma as a biomarker forearly detection of colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:6185–6191.
- Lofton-Day C, Model F, Devos T, et al. DNA methylation biomarkers for blood-based colorectal cancer screening. Clin Chem. 2008;54:414–423.
• In this original paper Lofton-Day et al. describes methylation marker identification using restriction enzyme-based discovery.
- Grützmann R, Molnar B, Pilarsky C, et al. Sensitive detection of colorectal cancer in peripheral blood by septin 9 DNA methylation assay. PLoS One. 2008;3:e3759.
- Devos T, Tetzner R, Model F, et al. Circulating methylated SEPT9 DNA in plasma is a biomarker for colorectal cancer. Clin Chem. 2009;55:1337–1346.
- Tänzer M, Balluff B, Distler J, et al. Performance of epigenetic markers SEPT9 and ALX4 in plasma for detection ofcolorectal precancerous lesions. PLoS One. 2010;5:e9061.
- Church TR, Wandell M, Lofton-Day C, et al. Prospective evaluation of methylated SEPT9 in plasma for detection of asymptomatic colorectal cancer. Gut. 2014;63:317–325.
• In this study circulating methylated SEPT9 was examined as screening marker for colorectal cancer in nearly 8000 samples inculding cancer and adenoma subjects.
- Tóth K, Sipos F, Kalmár A, et al. Detection of methylated SEPT9 in plasma is a reliable screening method for both left- and right-sided colon cancers. PLoS One. 2012;7:e46000.
- Tóth K, Wasserkort R, Sipos F, et al. Detection of methylated septin 9 in tissue and plasma of colorectal patients with neoplasia and the relationship to the amount of circulating cell-free DNA. PLoS One. 2014;9:e115415.
- Early detection of colorectal cancer made easy with a blood test. Epi proColon 2.0 CE: 2nd generation septin 9 test. [cited 2015 Aug 11]. Available from: www.epiprocolon.com/fileadmin/site_files/02_epi_procolon/02_medical-professionals/PDF/MKT0012GB__rev2_Flyer_Information_Physicians_Epi_proColon_2.0_CE.pdf.
- Warren JD, Xiong W, Bunker AM, et al. Septin 9 methylated DNA is a sensitive and specific blood test for colorectal cancer. BMC Med. 2011;9:133.
- Johnson DA, Barclay RL, Mergener K, et al. Plasma Septin9 versus fecal immunochemical testing for colorectal cancer screening: aprospective multicenter study. PLoS One. 2014;9:e98238.
- Potter NT, Hurban P, White MN, et al. Validation of a real-time PCR-based qualitative assay for the detection of methylated SEPT9 DNA in human plasma. Clin Chem. 2014;60:1183–1191.
- Jin P, Kang Q, Wang X, et al. Performance of a second-generation methylated SEPT9 test in detecting colorectal neoplasm. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;30:830–833.
- Sugai T, Habano W, Jiao YF, et al. Analysis of molecular alterations in left-and right-sided colorectal carcinomas reveals distinctpathways of carcinogenesis: proposal for new molecular profile of colorectal carcinomas. J Mol Diagn. 2006;8:193–201.
- Patai AV, Molnár B, Kalmár A, et al. Role of DNA methylation in colorectal carcinogenesis. Dig Dis. 2012;30:310–315.
- Pedersen SK, Symonds EL, Baker RT, et al. Evaluation of an assay for methylated BCAT1 and IKZF1 in plasma for detection ofcolorectal neoplasia. BMC Cancer. 2015;15:654.
- Oh T, Kim N, Moon Y, et al. Genome-wide identification and validation of a novel methylation biomarker, SDC2, for blood-based detection of colorectal cancer. J Mol Diagn. 2013;15:498–507.
- Kawasaki H, Wadhwa R, Taira K. World of small RNAs: from ribozymes to siRNA and miRNA. Differentiation. 2004;72:58–64.
- Calin GA, Croce CM. MicroRNA signatures in human cancers. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6:857–866.
- Lodes MJ, Caraballo M, Suciu D, et al. Detection of cancer with serum miRNAs on an oligonucleotide microarray. PLoS One. 2009;4:e6229.
- Weber JA, Baxter DH, Zhang S, et al. The microRNA spectrum in 12 body fluids. Clin Chem. 2010;56:1733–1741.
- Taft RJ, Pang KC, Mercer TR, et al. Non-coding RNAs: regulators of disease. J Pathol. 2010;220:126–139.
- Chen X, Ba Y, Ma L, et al. Characterization of microRNAs in serum: a novel class of biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. Cell Res. 2008;18:997–06.
- Ng EK, Chong WW, Jin H, et al. Differential expression of microRNAs in plasma of patients with colorectal cancer: a potential marker for colorectal cancer screening. Gut. 2009;58:1375–1381.
•• In this original paper, Ng et al. introduced a potential non-invasive screening method for CRC with the significantly elevated miR-92.
- Kanaan Z, Rai SN, Eichenberger MR, et al. Plasma miR-21: a potential diagnostic marker of colorectal cancer. Ann Surg. 2012;256:544–551.
- Pu XX, Huang GL, Guo HQ, et al. Circulating miR-221 directly amplified from plasma is a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker of colorectal cancer and is correlated with p53 expression. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25:1674–1680.
- Cheng H, Zhang L, Cogdell DE, et al. Circulating plasma MiR-141 is a novel biomarker for metastatic colon cancer and predicts poor prognosis. PLoS One. 2011;6:e17745.
- Kanaan Z, Roberts H, Eichenberger MR, et al. A plasma microRNA panel for detection of colorectal adenomas: a step toward more precise screening for colorectal cancer. Ann Surg. 2013;258:400–408.
- Zanutto S, Pizzamiglio S, Ghilotti M, et al. Circulating miR-378 in plasma: a reliable, haemolysis-independent biomarker for colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2014;110:1001–1007.
- Ogata-Kawata H, Izumiya M, Kurioka D, et al. Circulating exosomal microRNAs as biomarkers of colon cancer. PLoS One. 2014;9:e92921.
- Wang S, Xiang J, Li Z, et al. A plasma microRNA panel for early detection of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 2015;136:152–161.
- Panzitt K, Tschernatsch MM, Guelly C, et al. Characterization of HULC, a novel gene with striking up-regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma, as noncoding RNA. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:330–342.
- Bourdoumis A, Papatsoris AG, Chrisofos M, et al. The novel prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) biomarker. Int Braz J Urol. 2010;36:665–668.
- Li Q, Shao Y, Zhang X, et al. Plasma long noncoding RNA protected by exosomes as a potential stable biomarker for gastric cancer. Tumour Biol. 2015;36:2007–2012.
- Kogo R, Shimamura T, Mimori K, et al. Long noncoding RNA HOTAIR regulates polycomb-dependent chromatin modification and is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancers. Cancer Res. 2011;71:6320–6326.
- Graham LD, Pedersen SK, Brown GS, et al. Colorectal Neoplasia Differentially Expressed (CRNDE), a novel gene with elevated expression in colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Genes Cancer. 2011;2:829–840.
- Nissan A, Stojadinovic A, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S, et al. Colon cancer associated transcript-1: a novel RNA expressed in malignant and pre-malignant human tissues. Int J Cancer. 2012;130:1598–1606.
- Arita T, Ichikawa D, Konishi H, et al. Circulating long non-coding RNAs in plasma of patients with gastric cancer. Anticancer Res. 2013;33:3185–3193.
- Crea F, Watahiki A, Quagliata L, et al. Identification of a long non-coding RNA as a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target for metastatic prostate cancer. Oncotarget. 2014;5:764–774.
- Tong YS, Wang XW, Zhou XL, et al. Identification of the long non-coding RNA POU3F3 in plasma as a novel biomarker for diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Cancer. 2015;14:3.
- Funaki NO, Tanaka J, Itami A, et al. Detection of colorectal carcinoma cells in circulating peripheral blood by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction targeting cytokeratin-20 mRNA. Life Sci. 1997;60:643–652.
- Funaki NO, Tanaka J, Ohshio G, et al. Cytokeratin 20 mRNA in peripheral venous blood of colorectal carcinoma patients. Br J Cancer. 1998;77:1327–1332.
- Fujita S, Kudo N, Akasu T, et al. Detection of cytokeratin 19 and 20 mRNA in peripheral and mesenteric blood from colorectal cancer patients and their prognosis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2001;16:141–146.
- Castells A, Boix L, Bessa X, et al. Detection of colonic cells in peripheral blood of colorectal cancer patients by means of reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction. Br J Cancer. 1998;78:1368–1372.
- De Luca A, Pignata S, Casamassimi A, et al. Detection of circulating tumor cells in carcinoma patients by a novel epidermal growth factor receptor reverse transcription-PCR assay. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6:1439–1444.
- Yeh CS, Wang JY, Wu CH, et al. Molecular detection of circulating cancer cells in the peripheral blood of patients withcolorectal cancer by using membrane array with a multiple mRNA marker panel. Int J Oncol. 2006;28:411–420.
• In this study, Yeh et al. have shown an innovative membrane array technique for early colorectal cancer diagnosis with a multiple mRNA marker panel.
- Galamb O, Sipos F, Solymosi N, et al. Diagnostic mRNA expression patterns of inflamed, benign, and malignant colorectal biopsy specimen and their correlation with peripheral blood results. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17:2835–2845.
- Gessi S, Cattabriga E, Avitabile A, et al. Elevated expression of A3 adenosine receptors in human colorectal cancer is reflected in peripheral blood cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:5895–5901.
- Liu AY, Liu DG, Du YJ, et al. Relationship between tumor and peripheral blood NPRL2 mRNA levels in patients with colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2014;15:489–495.
- Maruyama R, Suzuki H. Long noncoding RNA involvement in cancer. BMB Rep. 2012;45:604–611.
- Gutschner T, Diederichs S. The hallmarks of cancer: a long non-coding RNA point of view. RNA Biol. 2012;9:703–719.
- Xu MD, Qi P, Du X. Long non-coding RNAs in colorectal cancer: implications for pathogenesis and clinical application. Modern Pathology. 2014;27:1310–1320.
•• In this paper, the authors provide an overview of the function of CRC-associated lncRNAs with an introduction of their célinical and therapic role.
- Yang F, Bi J, Xue X, et al. Up-regulated long non-coding RNA H19 contributes to proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Febs J. 2012;279:3159–3165.
- Holdenrieder S, Stieber P. Clinical use of circulating nucleosomes. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2009;46:1–24.
- Lichtenstein AV, Melkonyan HS, Tomei LD, et al. Circulating nucleic acids and apoptosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;945:239–249.
- Holdenrieder S, Stieber P, Förg T, et al. Apoptosis in serum of patients with solid tumours. Anticancer Res. 1999;19:2721–2724.
- Kuroi K, Tanaka C, Toi M. Plasma nucleosome levels in node-negative breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer. 1999;6:361–364.
- Holdenrieder S, Stieber P, Bodenmüller H, et al. Nucleosomes in serum of patients with benign and malignant diseases. Int J Cancer. 2001;95:114–120.
- Trejo-Becerril C, Pérez-Cárdenas E, Treviño-Cuevas H, et al. Circulating nucleosomes and response to chemotherapy: an in vitro, in vivo and clinical study on cervical cancer patients. Int J Cancer. 2003;104:663–668.
- Holdenrieder S, Nagel D, Schalhorn A, et al. Clinical relevance of circulating nucleosomes in cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1137:180–189.
- Kremer A, Holdenrieder S, Stieber P, et al. Nucleosomes in colorectal cancer patients during radiochemotherapy. Tumour Biol. 2006;27:235–242.
- Fahmueller YN, Nagel D, Hoffmann RT, et al. Predictive and prognostic value of circulating nucleosomes and serum biomarkers in patients with metastasized colorectal cancer undergoing selective internal radiation therapy. BMC Cancer. 2012;12:5.