NMR-based metabolomics of prostate cancer: a protagonist in clinical diagnostics

References

• Siegel R, Millar K, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66:7–30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon L. Genetic epidemiology of prostate cancer in Utah Morman genealogy. J Cancer Surviv. 1982;1:47–70.
   Google Scholar
• Albright F, Teerlink C, Werner TL, et al. Significant evidence for a heritable contribution to cancer predisposition: a review of cancer familiality by site. BMC Cancer. 2012;12:138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart SB, Freedland SJ. Influence of obesity on the incidence and treatment of genitourinary malignancies. Urol Oncol. 2011;29:476–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonn GA, Aronson W, Litwin MS. Impact of diet on prostate cancer: a review. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2005;8:304–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy-Lahad E, Friedman E. Cancer risks among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Br J Cancer. 2007;96:11–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agalliu I, Leanza SM, Smith L, et al. Contribution of HPC1 (RNASEL) and HPCX variants to prostate cancer in a founder population. Prostate. 2010;70:1716–1727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgentaler A, Rhoden EL. Prevalence of prostate cancer among hypogonadal men with prostate specific antigen levels of 4.0 ng/mL or less. Urology. 2006;68:1263–1267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikuerowo SO, Omisanjo OA, Bioku MJ, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of prostate cancer among participants of a community-based screening in Nigeria using serum prostate specific antigen and digital rectal examination. Pan Afr Med J. 2013;15:129–136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gleason D. Histologic grading and clinical staging of prostatic carcinoma. In: Tannenbaum M, editor. Urologic pathology: the prostate. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger; 1977. p. 171–198.
   Google Scholar
• Langer DL, Van Der Kwast TH, Evans AJ, et al. Prostate cancer detection with multi-parametric MRI: logistic regression analysis of quantitative T2, diffusion-weighted imaging, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009;30:327–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panebianco V, Barchetti F, Sciarra A, et al. Multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging vs. standard care in men being evaluated for prostate cancer: a randomized study. Urol Oncol. 2015;33(1):17.e1–e7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui MM, Rais-Bahrami S, Truong H, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging/ultrasound–fusion biopsy significantly upgrades prostate cancer versus systematic 12-core transrectal ultrasound biopsy. Eur Urol. 2013;64:713–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeenge M, Barentsz J, Cosgrove D, et al. Role of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) in focal therapy of prostate cancer: report from a consensus panel. BJU Int. 2009;110:942–948.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson IM, Ankerst DP, Chi C, et al. Assessing prostate cancer risk: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:529–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal RP, Maitra NU, Mellon JK, et al. Defining prostate cancer risk before prostate biopsy. Urol Oncol. 2013;31:1408–1418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ukimura O, Coleman JA, de la Taille A, et al. Contemporary role of systematic prostate biopsies: indications, techniques, and implications for patient care. Eur Urol. 2013;63:214–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schröder FH, Carter HB, Wolters T, et al. Early detection of prostate cancer in 2007. Part 1: PSA and PSA kinetics. Eur Urol. 2008;53:468–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalona WL, Richie JP, Ahmann FR, et al. Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6,630 men. J Urol. 1994;151:1283–1290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velonas VM, Woo HH, Remedios CG, et al. Current status of biomarkers for prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14:11034–11060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelbrecht MR, Jager GJ, Laheij RJ, et al. Local staging of prostate cancer using magnetic resonance imaging: a meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:2294–2302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlowski P, Chang SD, Jones EC, et al. Combined diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for prostate cancer diagnosis—correlation with biopsy and histopathology. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006;24:108–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbull LW, Buckley DL, Turnbull LS, et al. Differentiation of prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia: correlation between dynamic Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging and histopathology. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;9:311–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barentsz JO, Engelbrecht M, Jager GJ, et al. Fast dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging of urinary bladder and prostate cancer. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;10:295–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padhani AR, Gapinski CJ, Macvicar DA, et al. Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI of prostate cancer: correlation with morphology and tumor stage, histological grade and PSA. Clin Radiol. 2000;55:99–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muramoto S, Uematsu H, Kimura H, et al. Differentiation of prostate cancer from benign prostate hypertrophy using dual-echo dynamic contrast MR imaging. Eur J Radiol. 2002;44:52–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noworolski SM, Henry RG, Vigneron DB, et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in normal and abnormal prostate tissues as defined by biopsy, MRI, and 3D MRSI. Magn Reson Med. 2005;53:249–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Feo EM, Wu CL, McDougal WS, et al. A decade in prostate cancer: from NMR to metabolomics. Nat Rev Urol. 2011;8:301–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggleston JC, Saryan LA, Hollis DP. Nuclear magnetic resonance investigations of human neoplastic and abnormal nonneoplastic tissues. Cancer Res. 1975;35:1326–1332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrew E, Bradbury A, Eades R. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra from a crystal rotated at high speed. Nature. 1958;182:1695.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng LL, Lean CL, Bogdanova A, et al. Enhanced resolution of proton NMR spectra of malignant lymph nodes using magic-angle spinning. Magn Reson Med. 1996;36:653–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng LL, Ma MJ, Becerra L, et al. Quantitative neuropathology by high resolution magic angle spinning proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:6408–6413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson MG, Zektzer AS, Tabatabai ZL, et al. Quantitative analysis of prostate metabolites analysis of prostate using 1H HR-MAS spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med. 2006;55:1257–1264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng LL, Wu C, Smith MR, et al. Non-destructive quantitation of spermine in human prostate tissue samples using HR-MAS 1H NMR spectroscopy at 9.4 T. FEBS Lett. 2001;494:112–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng LL, Pohl U. The handbook of metabonomics and metabolomics (Lindon JC, Nicholls JK, Holmes E, editors). Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2007. p. 345–374.
   Google Scholar
• Schiebler ML, White M, Maygarden SJ, et al. In vitro high resolution 1H-spectroscopy of the human prostate: benign prostatic hyperplasia, normal peripheral zone and adenocarcinoma. Magn Reson Med. 1993;29:285–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson SJ, Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, et al. Metabolic imaging of patients with prostate cancer using hyperpolarized [1-C13] pyruvate. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5(198ra):108.
   Google Scholar
• Albers MJ, Bok R, Chen AP, et al. Hyperpolarized 13C lactate, pyruvate, and alanine: non-invasive biomarkers for prostate cancer detection and grading. Cancer Res. 2008;68:8607–8861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas MA, Nagarajan RK, Huda A, et al. Multidimensional MR spectroscopic imaging of prostate cancer in vivo. NMR Biomed. 2014;27:53–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schick F, Bogers H, Kurz S, et al. Localized proton MR spectroscopy of citrate in vitro and of the human prostate in vivo at 1.5 T. Magn Reson Med. 1993;29:38–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch MJ, Nicholson JK. Proton MRS of human prostatic fluid: correlations between citrate, spermine, and myo-inositol levels and changes with disease. Prostate. 1997;30:248–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas MA, Narayan P, Kurhanewicz J, et al. 1HMR spectroscopy of normal and malignant human prostates in vivo. J Magn Reson. 1990;87:610–619.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Nelson SJ, et al. Citrate as an in vivo marker to discriminate prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia and normal prostate peripheral zone: detection via localized proton spectroscopy. Urology. 1995;3:459–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Bansal N, Houstaon B. Metabolomics of urinary tract infection: a new uroscope in town. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2012;12:361–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krojanski HG, Lambert J, Garikalan Y, et al. Microslot NMR probe for metabolomics studies. Anal Chem. 2008;80:8668–8672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wensink H, Lopez FB, Hermes DC, et al. Measuring reaction kinetics in a lab-on-chip by micro-coil. NMR Lab Chip. 2005;5:280–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bart J, Kolkman AJ, Oosthoek-de Vries AJ, et al. A microfluidic high-resolution NMR flow probe. J Am Chem Soc. 2009;131:5014–5015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardenkjaer-Larson JH, Friedlund B, Gram A, et al. Increase in signal to noise ratio of >10,000 times in liquid state NMR. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:10158–10163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rider OJ, Tyler DJ. Clinical implications of cardiac hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2013;15:93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robey IF, Baggett BK, Kirkpatrick ND, et al. Bicarbonate increases tumor pH and inhibits spontaneous metastases. Cancer Res. 2009;69:2260–2268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nath K, Nelson DS, Ho AM, et al. 31P and 1H MRS of DB-1 melanoma xenografts: lonidamine selectively decreases tumor intracellular pH and energy status and sensitizes tumors to melphalan. NMR Biomed. 2013;26:98–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nath K, Nelson DS, Heitian DF, et al. Lonidamine induces intracellular tumor acidification and ATP depletion in breast, prostate and ovarian cancer xenografts and potentiates response to doxorubicin. NMR Biomed. 2015;28:281–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Kim SH, Altieri A, et al. Lonidamine: a hyperthermic sensitizer of HeLa cells in culture and of the Meth-A tumor in vivo. Oncology. 1984;41:30–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Alfieri AA, Kim SH, et al. Potentiation of radiation effects on 2 murine tumors by lonidamine. Cancer Res. 1986;46:1120–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello LC, Franklin RB. Prostatic fluid electrolyte composition for the screening of prostate cancer: a potential solution to a major problem. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2009;12:17–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch MJ, Masters J, Pryor JP, et al. Ultra high field NMR spectroscopic studies on human seminal fluid, seminal vesicles and prostatic secretions. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1994;12:5–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teahan O, Bevan CL, Waxman J, et al. Metabolic signatures of malignant progression in prostate epithelium cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2011;43:1002–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liney GP, Turnbull LW, Martin L, et al. In vivo quantification of citrate concentration and water T2 relaxation time of the pathogenic prostate gland using 1H MRS and MRI. Magn Reson Imaging. 1997;15:1177–1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello LC, Feng P, Milon B, et al. Role of zinc in the pathogenesis and treatment of prostate cancer: critical issues to resolve. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2004;7:111–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello LC, Franklin RB, Feng P. Mitochondrial function, zinc, and intermediary metabolism relationships in normal prostate and prostate cancer. Mitochondrion. 2005;5:143–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin RB, Costello LC. Zinc as an anti-tumor agent in prostate cancer and in other cancers. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007;463:211–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franz MC, Anderle P, Burzle M, et al. Zinc transporters in prostate cancer. Mol Aspects Med. 2013;34:735–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dakubo GD, Parr RL, Costello LC, et al. Altered metabolism and mitochondrial genome in prostate cancer. J Clin Pathol. 2006;59:10–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert MJ, Schirra HJ, Lavin MF, et al. Metabolomics; a novel approach to early and noninvasive prostate cancer detection. Korean J Urol. 2011;52:79–89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yacoe ME, Sommer G, Peehl D. In vitro proton spectroscopy of normal and abnormal prostate. Magn Reson Med. 1991;19:429–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn P, Smith IC, Leboldus L, et al. The classification of benign and malignant human prostate tissue by multivariate analysis of 1H magnetic resonance spectra. Cancer Res. 1997;57:3398–3401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliday KR, Fenoglio-Preiser C, Sillerud LO. Differentiation of human tumors from nonmalignant tissue by natural-abundance 13C NMR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med. 1988;7:384–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sillerud LO, Halliday KR, Griffey RH, et al. In vivo 13C NMR spectroscopy of the human prostate. Magn Reson Med. 1988;8:224–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler AH, Pappas AA, Holder JC, et al. Differentiation of human prostate cancer from benign hypertrophy by in vitro 1H NMR. Magn Reson Med. 1992;25:140–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiebler ML, Miyamoto KK, White M, et al. In vitro high resolution 1H-spectroscopy of the human prostate: benign prostatic hyperplasia, normal peripheral zone and adenocarcinoma. Magn Reson Med. 1993;29:285–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornel EB, Smits GA, Oosterhof GO, et al. Characterization of human prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia and normal prostate by in vitro 1H and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Urol. 1993;150:2019–2024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vander GM, Schipper RG, Oosterhof GON, et al. Proton MR spectroscopy of prostatic tissue focused on the detection of spermine, a possible biomarker of malignant behavior in prostate cancer. Magn Reson Mater Phys. 2000;10:153–159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swindle P, McCredie S, Russell P, et al. Pathologic characterization of human prostate tissue with proton MR spectroscopy. Radiology. 2003;228:144–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swindle P, Ramadan S, Stanwel P, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the central, transition and peripheral zones of the prostate: assignments and correlation with histopathology. Magn Reson Mater Phys. 2008;21:423–434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komoroski RA, Holder JC, Pappas AA, et al. 31P NMR of phospholipid metabolites in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Magn Reson Med. 2011;65:911–913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tessem MB, Swanson MG, Keshari KR, et al. Evaluation of lactate and alanine as metabolic biomarkers of prostate cancer using 1H HR-MAS spectroscopy of biopsy tissues. Magn Reson Med. 2008;60:510–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Averna TA, Kline EE, Smith AY, et al. A decrease in 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopically determined citrate in human seminal fluid accompanies the development of prostate adenocarcinoma. J Urol. 2005;173:433–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline EE, Treat EG, Averna TA, et al. Citrate concentrations in human seminal fluid and expressed prostatic fluid determined via 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy outperform prostate specific antigen in prostate cancer detection. J Urol. 2006;176:2274–2279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serkova NJ, Gamito EJ, Jones RH, et al. The metabolites citrate, myo-Inositol, and spermine are potential age-independent markers of prostate cancer in human expressed prostatic secretions. Prostate. 2008;68:620–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar D, Gupta A, Mandhani A, et al. Metabolomics-derived prostate cancer biomarkers: fact or fiction? J. Proteome Res. 2015;14:1455–1464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotzerke J, Gschwend JE, Neumaier B. PET for prostate cancer imaging: still a quandary or the ultimate solution? J Nucl Med. 2002;43:200–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaheer A, Cho SY, Pomper MG. New agents and techniques for imaging prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:1387–1390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farsad M, Schiavina R, Franceschelli A, et al. Positron-emission tomography in imaging and staging prostate cancer. Cancer Biomark. 2008;4:277–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apolo AB, Pandit-Taskar N, Morris MJ. Novel tracers and their development for the imaging of metastatic prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:2031–2041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox JJ, Schoder H, Larson SM. Molecular imaging of prostate cancer. Curr Opin Urol. 2012;22:320–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadvar H. Molecular imaging of prostate cancer: PET radiotracers. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;199:278–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutje S, Boerman OC, Van Rij CM, et al. Prospects in radionuclide imaging of prostate cancer. Prostate. 2012;72:1262–1272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyama N, Miller TR, Dehdashti F, et al. 11C-acetate PET imaging of prostate cancer: detection of recurrent disease at PSA relapse. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:549–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiepers C, Hoh CK, Nuyts J, et al. 11C-acetate kinetics of prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:206–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picchio M, Treiber U, Beer AJ, et al. Value of11C-choline PET and contrast-enhanced CT for staging of bladder cancer: correlation with histopathologic findings. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:938–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reske SN, Blumstein NM, Neumaier B, et al. Imaging prostate cancer with11C-choline PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:1249–1254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara T, Kosaka N, Kishi H. Development of 18F-fluoroethylcholine for cancer imaging with PET: synthesis, biochemistry, and prostate cancer imaging. J Nucl Med. 2002;43:187–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degrado TR, Coleman RE, Wang S, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of 18F-labeled choline as an oncologic tracer for positron emission tomography: initial findings in prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2000;61:110–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadvar H. Prostate cancer: PET with 18F-FDG, 18F- or 11C-acetate, and 18F- or 11C-choline. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:81–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A, Strauss LG. PET imaging of prostate cancer with 11C-acetate. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:556–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster DM, Savir-Baruch D, Nieh P, et al. Detection of recurrent prostate carcinoma with anti-3-18F-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid PET/CT and 111In-capromab pendetide SPECT/CT. Radiology. 2011;259:852–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiavina R, Brunocilla E, Martorana G. The new promise of FACBC position emission tomography/computed tomography in the localization of disease relapse after radical treatment for prostate cancer: are we turning to the right radiotracer? Eur Urol. 2014;65:255–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanni C, Schiavina R, Boschi S, et al. Comparison of 18F-FACBC and 11C-choline PET/CT in patients with radically treated prostate cancer and biochemical relapse: preliminary results. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40(Suppl. 1):11–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Even-Sapir E, Metser U, Mishani E, et al. The detection of bone metastases in patients with high-risk prostate cancer: 99mTc-MDP planar bone scintigraphy, single- and multi-field-of-view SPECT, 18F-fluoride PET, and 18F-fluoride PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:287–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadvar H. PSMA PET in prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. 2015;56:1131–1132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum RP, Kulkarni H, Weineisen M, et al. Advancing personalized nuclear medicine by theranostics of prostate cancer using Ga-68 and Lu-177 labeled PSMA small molecules. J Nucl Med. 2015;56(Suppl. 1):22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland JP, Divilov V, Bander NH, et al. 89Zr-DFO-J591 for immunoPET of prostate-specific membrane antigen expression in vivo. J Nucl Med. 2010;51:1293–1300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afshar-Oromieh A, Malcher A, Eder M, et al. PET imaging with a [68Ga]gallium-labelled PSMA ligand for the diagnosis of prostate cancer: biodistribution in humans and first evaluation of tumour lesions. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40:486–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mease RC, Dusich CL, Foss CA, et al. N-[N-[(S)-1,3-dicarboxypropyl]carbamoyl]-4-[18F]fluorobenzyl-L-cysteine, [18F]DCFBC: a new imaging probe for prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:3036–3043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulmert D, Evans MJ, Holland JP, et al. Imaging androgen receptor signaling with a radiotracer targeting free prostate-specific antigen. Cancer Discov. 2012;2:320–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu AM. Antibodies and antimatter: the resurgence of immuno-PET. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:2–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu AM. Engineered antibodies for molecular imaging of cancer. Methods. 2014;65:139–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy G, Haider M, Ghai S, et al. The expanding role of MRI in prostate cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;201:1229–1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turkbey B, Mani H, Shah V, et al. Multiparametric 3T prostate magnetic resonance imaging to detect cancer: histopathological correlation using prostatectomy specimens processed in customizedmagnetic resonance imaging based molds. J Urol. 2011;186:1818–1824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isebaert S, Bergh LV, Haustermans K, et al. Multiparametric MRI for prostate cancer localization in correlation to whole-mount histopathology. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013;37:1392–1401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui MM, Rais-Bahrami S, Turkbey B, et al. Comparison of MR/ultrasound fusion-guided biopsy with ultrasound-guided biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. JAMA. 2015;313(4):390–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valerio M, Ahmed HU, Emberton M, et al. The role of focal therapy in the management of localised prostate cancer: a systematic review. Eur Urol. 2014;66(4):732–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sankineni S, Wood BJ, Rais-Bahrami S, et al. Image guided focal therapy for prostate cancer. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2014;20(6):492–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park BH, Jeon HG, Choo SH, et al. Role of multiparametric 3.0-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in patients with prostate cancer eligible for active surveillance. BJU Int. 2014;113(6):864–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barchetti F, Panebianco V. Multiparametric MRI for recurrent prostate cancer post radical prostatectomy and postradiation therapy. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:1–23.
   Google Scholar