Blood cardiac troponin in toxic myocardial injury: archetype of a translational safety biomarker

References

• O’Brien PJ, Smith DEC, Knechtel TJ et al. Cardiac troponin I is a sensitive, specific biomarker of cardiac injury in laboratory animals. Lab. Animals40, 153–171 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamcova M, Sterba M, Simunek T et al. Troponin as a marker of myocardiac damage in drug-induced cardiotoxicity. Expert Opin. Drug Saf.4, 457–469 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallace KB, Herman E, Holt GD. Serum troponins as biomarkers of drug-induced cardiac toxicity. Toxicol. Pathol.32, 106–121 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morissette P, Hreiche R, Turgeon J. Drug-induced long QT syndrome and torsade de pointes. Can. J. Cardiol.21, 857–864 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan L-B, Burniston JG, Clark WA, Ng YL, Goldspink DF. Characterisation of adrenoceptor involvement in skeletal and cardiac myotoxicity induced by sympathomimetic agents: toward a new bioassay for beta-blockers. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol.41, 518–525 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schimmel KJM, Richel DJ, van den Brink RBA, Guchelaar H-K. Cardiotoxicity of cytotoxic drugs. Cancer Treatment30, 181–191 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Burniston JG, Ellison GM, Clark WA, Goldspink DF, Tan LB. Relative toxicity of cardiotonic agents: some induce more cardiac and skeletal myocytes apoptosis and necrosis in vivo than others. Cardiovasc. Toxicol.5, 355–364 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Floyd JD, Nguyen DT, Lobins TL. Cardiotoxicity of cancer therapy. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 7685–7696 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrill DB, Dec W, Goff DC. Adverse cardiac effects associated with clozapine. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.25, 32–41 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson H, Betton G, Robinson D et al. Concordance of the toxicity of pharmaceuticals in humans and in animals. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol.32, 56–67 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparano JA, Brown DL, Wolff AC. Predicting cancer therapy-induced cardiotoxicity. The role of troponins and other markers. Drug Safety25, 301–311 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien PJ, Dameron GW, Beck ML et al. Cardiac troponin T is a sensitive and specific biomarker of cardiac injury in laboratory animals. Lab. Anim. Sci.47, 486–495 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhayana V, Henderson AR. Biochemical markers of myocardial damage. Clin. Biochem.28, 1–29 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babuin L, Jaffe AS. Troponin: the biomarker of choice for the detection of cardiac injury. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 173, 1191–1202 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman EH, Zhang J, Rifai N et al. The use of serum levels of cardiac troponin T to compare the protective activity of dexrazoxane against doxorubicin and mitoxantrone-induced cardiotoxicity. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.48, 297–304 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel VW, Ajmal R, Sherwood RAA, Sullivan A, Richardson PJ, Preedy VR. Cardioprotective effect of propranolol from alcohol-induced heart muscle damage as assessed by plasma cardiac troponin-T. Clin. Exp. Res.25, 882–889 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acikel M, Buyukokuroglu ME, Aksoy H, Erdogan F, Erol MK. Protective effects of melatonin against myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol in rats. J. Pineal Res.35, 75–79 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed HH, Mannaa F, Elmegeed GA, Doss SH. Cardioprotective activity of melatonin and its novel synthesized derivatives on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. J. Bioorg. Med. Chem.13, 1847–1857 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yavuz T, Altuntas I, Delibas N et al. Cardiotoxicity in rats induced by methidathion and ameliorating effect of vitamins E and C. Human Exp. Toxicol.23, 323–329 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan MA, Ketat AF. Sildenafil citrate increases myocardial cGMP content in rat heart, decreases its hypertrophic response to isoproterenol and decreases myocardial leak of creatine kinase and troponin T. BioMed. Central Pharmacol.5, 1–7 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slaughter MR, Campbell S, O’Brien PJ. Myocardial concentration of cardiac troponin T as an early discriminator of mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy. Comp. Clin. Pathol.13, 59–64 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Harada K, Morimoto S. Inherited cardiomyopathies as troponin diseases. Jpn. J. Physiol.54, 307–318 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Brien PJ. Deficiencies of myocardial troponin T and creatine kinase MB isozyme in dogs with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am. J. Vet. Res.58, 11–16 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Brien PJ, Landt Y, Ladenson JH. Differential reactivity of cardiac and skeletal muscle from various species in a cardiac troponin I immunoassay. Clin. Chem.43, 2333–2338 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarko J, Pollack CV. Cardiac troponins. J. Emergency Med.23, 57–65 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzger JM, Westfall MV. Covalent and noncovalent modification of thin filament action. The essential role of troponins in cardiac muscle regulation. Circ. Res.94, 146–158 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes AV, Potter JD. Cellular and molecular aspects of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by mutations in the cardiac troponin I gene. Mol. Cell. Biochem.263, 99–114 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim S-H, Kim H-S, Lee M-M. Re-expression of fetal troponin isoforms in the post-infarction failing heart of the rat. Circ. J. 66, 959–964 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winder SJ, Walsh MP. Calponin: thin filament-linked regulation of smooth muscle. Cell Signal5, 677–686 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinet F, Poirier F, Fuchs S et al. Troponin T as a marker of differentiation revealed by proteomic analysis in renal arterioles. FASEB J.18(3), 585–586 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Hessel M, van der Valk L, Bax M, van der Linden I, van der Laarse A. Partial and delayed release of troponin-I compared with the release of lactate dehydrogenase from necrotic cardiomyocytes. Pflugers Arch.448, 146–152 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu AHB, Feng Y-J, Moore R et al. Characterisation of cardiac troponin subunit release into serum after acute myocardial infarction and comparison of assays for troponin T and I. Clin. Chem.44, 1198–1208 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta P, Foster K, Dasgupta A. Comparison of immunoreactivity of five human cardiac troponin I assays toward free and complexed forms of the antigen: implications for assay discordance. Clin. Chem.45, 2266–2269 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Antman EM. Decision making with cardiac troponin tests. N. Eng. J. Med.346, 2079–2082 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutour A, Rabinovich-Chable H, Kaletta C et al. Is troponin I gene therapy effective for osteosarcoma treatment? Study on a human-like orthotopic rat model. Anticancer Res.24, 3977–3982 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger A, Richterich R, Aebi H. The heterogeneity of creatine kinase. Biochem. Zeit.339, 305–314 (1964).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thorén-Tolling K, Jönsson L. Creatine kinase isoenzymes in serum of pigs having myocardial and skeletal muscle necrosis. Can. J. Comp. Med.47, 207–216 (1983).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cardinet GH. Skeletal muscle function. In: Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. Kaneko JJ (Ed.). Academic Press Inc., CA, USA, 462–495 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Alleyassine H, Tonks DB. Albumin-bound fluorescence: a potential source of error in fluorometric assay of creatine kinase BB isoenzyme. Clin. Chem.24, 1849–1850 (1978).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beck ML, Dameron GW, O’Brien PJ. Effects of storage, platelet lysis, and hemolysis on blood determinations of CK-MB, LDH-1, and cardiac troponin T in rats. Clin. Chem.43, S192 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Boyd JW. Serum enzymes in the diagnosis of disease in man and animals. J. Comp. Pathol.98, 381–404 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apple FS, Tesch PA. CK and LD isozymes in human single muscle fibers in trained athletes. J. Appl. Physiol.66, 2717–2720 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasuda J, Tateyama K, Syuto B et al. Lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes in tissues of laboratory animals. Jpn. J. Vet. Res.38, 19–29 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friedel R, Mattenheimer H. Release of metabolic enzymes from platelets during blood clotting of man, dog, rabbit and rat. Clinica Chimica Acta30, 37–46 (1970).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katus HA, Remppis A, Looser S, Hallermeier K, Scheffold T, Kubler W. Enzyme linked immunoassay of cardiac troponin T for the detection of acute myocardial infarction in patients. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol.21, 1349–1353 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodor GS, Porter S, Landt Y, Ladenson JH. Development of monoclonal antibodies for an assay of cardiac troponin-I and preliminary results in suspected cases of myocardial infarct. Clin. Chem.38, 2203–2214 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate JR, Badrick T, Koumantakis G, Potter JM, Hickman PE. Reporting of cardiac troponin concentrations. Clin. Chem.48, 2077–2080 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adamcova M, Gersl V, Machackova J et al. Troponins in experimental studies. Acta Medica.45, 29–32 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Christenson RH, Duh SH, Apple FS et al. Standardization of cardiac troponin I assays: round robin of ten candidate reference materials. Clin. Chem.47, 431–437 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remppis A, Ehlermann P, Giannitsis E et al. Cardiac troponin levels at 96 hours reflect myocardial infarct size: a pathoanatomical study. Cardiology93, 249–253 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voss EM, Sharkey SW, Gernert AE et al. Human and canine cardiac troponin T and creatine kinase-MB distribution in normal and diseased myocardium. Infarct sizing using serum profiles. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med.119, 799–806 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertinchant JP, Polge A, Juan JM et al. Evaluation of cardiac troponin I and T levels as markers of myocardial damage in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy rats, and their relationship with echocardiographic and histologic findings. Clinica Chimica Acta329, 39–51 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertinchant JP, Robert E, Polge A et al. Comparison of the diagnostic value of cardiac troponin I and T determinations for detecting early myocardial damage and the relationship with histological findings after isoprenaline-induced cardiac injury in rats. Clinica Chimica Acta298, 13–28 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzler B, Hammerer-Lercher A, Jehle J et al. Plasma cardiac troponin T closely correlates with infarct size in a mouse model of acute myocardial injury. Clinica Chimica Acta325, 87–90 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manikandan P, Sumitra M, Nayeem M et al. Time course studies on the functional evaluation of experimental chronic myocardial infarction in rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem.267, 47–58 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ricchiuti V, Sharkey SW, Murakami MA, Voss EM, Apple FS. Cardiac troponin I and T alternations in dog hearts with myocardial infarction. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.110, 241–247 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seino Y, Tomita Y, Nagae Y et al. Cardioprotective effects of ACE-inhibitor (Cilazapril) on adriamycin cardiotoxicity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circulation88, 1633 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Herman EH, Zhang J, Lipshultz S. Use of cardiac troponin T levels as an indicator of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Cancer Res.58, 195–197 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiansen S, Redman K, Scheld HH et al. Adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy in the dog – an appropriate model for research on partial left ventriculectomy. J. Heart Lung Transpl.21, 783–790 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertsch T, Bleuel H, Augenanger J, Rebel W. Comparison of cardiac troponin T and cardiac troponin I concentrations in peripheral blood during orciprenaline induced tachycardia in rats. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol.49, 467–468 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien PJ, Dameron GW, Beck ML, Brandt M. Specificity in different species and in cardiac versus skeletal muscle of two generations of cardiac troponin-T immunoassays. Res. Vet. Sci.65, 135–137 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malouf NN, McMahon D, Oakeley AE et al. A cardiac troponin T epitope conserved across phyla. J. Biol. Chem.267, 9269–9274 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moody AP, Smith DEC, De Giorgio-Miller A, Yerbury S, Graham P, O’Brien PJ. Operational & clinical validation of automated human immunoassays for application in laboratory animals. Comp. Clin. Path. (2006) (In press).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keffer JH. Myocardial markers of injury. Evolution and insights. Clin. Chem.105, 305–320 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Schober KE, Cornand C, Kirbach B, Aupperle H, Oechtering G. Serum cardiac troponin I and cardiac troponin T concentrations with gastric dilatation-volvulus. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.221, 381–388 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schober KE, Kirbach B, Oechtering G. Noninvasive assessment of myocardial cell injury in dogs with suspected cardiac contusion. J. Vet. Cardiol.1, 17–25 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hendon WE, Kittleson MD, Sanderson K et al. Cardiac troponin I in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Vet. Intern. Med.16, 558–564 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Brien PJ, Shen H, Bissonette D, Jeejeebhoy KN. Effects of hypocaloric feeding and refeeding on myocardial Ca and ATP cycling in the rat. Mol. Cell. Biochem.142, 151–161 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunnick JK, Lieuallen W, Moyer C, Orzech D, Nyska A. Cardiac damage in rodents after exposure to bis (2-chloroethoxy)methane. Toxicol. Pathol.32, 309–317 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bodor GS, Survant L, Voss EM, Smith S, Porterfield D, Apple FS. Cardiac troponin T composition in normal and regenerating human skeletal muscle. Clin. Chem.43, 121–127 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christenson RH, Duh S-H, Newby LK et al. Cardiac troponin T and cardiac troponin I: relative values in short-term risk stratification of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Clin. Chem.44, 494–501 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bleier J, Vorderwinkler KP, Falkensammer J et al. Different intracellular compartmentations of cardiac troponins and myosin heavy chains: a causal connection to their different early release after myocardial damage. Clin. Chem.44, 1912–1918 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnefoy E, Kirkorian G, Guidollet J, Roriz R, Robin J, Touboul P. Troponin I, troponin T, or creatine kinase-MB to detect perioperative myocardial damage after coronary artery bypass surgery. Chest114, 482–486 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien PJ, Shen H, Ianuzzo S, Cane M, McGrath LB, Ianuzzo CD. Enhancement of calcium cycling by atrial sarcoplasmic reticulum after cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegia during open heart surgery. Can. J. Phsyiol. Pharmacol.75, 143–152 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Brien PJ, Dameron GW, Mulligan LJ, Anolik G, Schloo BL, McGrath LB. Lower cardiac selectivity but earlier release detection with troponin T compared to troponin I immunoassays in coronary artery bypass grafting. (1996; unpublished studies).
   Google Scholar
• Dameron GW, Beck ML, Maurer JK, O’Brien PJ. Early clinical chemistry changes associated with short-term exposure to cobalt in rats. Clin. Chem.43, S192 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Payne R, Schmalz J, Viggiani M et al. Evaluation of the Advia Centaur TnI-Ultra assay. Clin. Chem. (2006) (In press).
   Google Scholar
• Weingand KW, Brown G, Hall R et al. Harmonization of animal clinical pathology testing in toxicity and safety studies. Fundamental Applied Toxicol.29, 198–201 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roongritong C, Warraich I, Bradley C. Common causes of troponin elevations in the absence of acute myocardial infarction. Incidence and clinical significance. Chest125, 1877–1884 (2004) .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guis S, Mattei J-P, Liote F. Drug-induced and toxic myopathies. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol.17, 877–907 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorichter S, Mair J, Koller A. Skeletal troponin I as a marker of exercise-induced muscle damage. J. Appl. Physiol.83, 1076–1082 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson JA, Van Eyk J, Iscoe S. Respiratory muscle injury, fatigue and serum skeletal troponin I in rat. J. Physiol.554, 891–903 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamm CW, Ravkilde J, Gerhardt W et al. The prognostic value of serum troponin T in unstable angina. N. Engl. J. Med.327, 146–150 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asayama J, Yamahara Y, Ohta B et al. Release kinetics of cardiac troponin-T in coronary effluent from isolated rat hearts during hypoxia and reoxygenation. Bas. Res. Cardiol.87, 428–436 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asayama J, Yamahara Y, Miyazaki H et al. Effects of release kinetics of troponin T, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase in coronary effluent from isolated rat hearts. Inter. J. Cardiol.44, 131–135 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins B, Cummins P. Cardiac specific troponin-I release in canine experimental myocardial infarction: development of a sensitive enzyme-linked immunoassay. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol.19, 999–1010 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walpoth BH, Tschopp A, Peheim E et al. Assessment of troponin-T for detection of cardiac rejection in a rat model. Transplantation Proc.27, 2084–2087 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bachmaier K, Mair J, Offner F et al. Serum cardiac troponin T and creatine kinase-MB elevations in murine autoimmune myocarditis. Circulation92, 1927–1932 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith SC, Ladenson JH, Moason JW et al. Elevations of cardiac troponin I associated with myocarditis, experimental and clinical correlates. Circulation95, 163–168 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelisse JC, Schott HC, Olivier NB et al. Concentration of cardiac troponin I in a horse with a ruptured aortic regurgitation jet lesion and ventricular tachycardia. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.217, 231–235 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oyama MA, Sisson DD. Cardiac troponin-I concentration in dogs with cardiac disease. J. Vet. Intern. Med.18, 831–839 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lobetti R, Dvir E, Pearson J. Cardiac troponins in canine babesios. J. Vet. Inter. Med.16, 63–68 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spies C, Haude V, Fitzner R et al. Serum cardiac troponin T as a prognostic marker in early sepsis. Chest113, 1055–1063 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arlati S, Brenna S, Prencipe L et al. Myocardial necrosis in ICU patients with acute non-cardiac disease: a prospective study. Intensive Care Med.26, 31–37 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slack JA, McGuirk SM, Erb HN et al. Biochemical markers of cardiac injury in normal, surviving septic, or nonsurviving septic neonatal foles. J. Vet. Inter. Med.19, 577–580 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sleeper MM, Clifford CA, Laster LL. Cardiac troponin I in the normal dog and cat. J. Vet. Inter. Med.15, 501–503 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Connolly DJ, Cannata J, Boswood A, Archer J, Grovew EA, Neiger R. Cardiac Troponin I in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Feline Med. Surg.3, 209–216 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Giannitsis E, Muller-Bardorff M, Volkhard K et al. Independent prognostic value of cardiac troponin T in patients with confirmed pulmonary embolism. Circulation102, 211–217 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnefoy E, Gordon P, Kirkorian G et al. Serum cardiac troponin I and ST-segment elevations in patients with acute pericarditis. Eur. Heart J.21, 832–836 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaw SP, Rozanski EA, Rush JE. Cardiac troponins I & T in dogs with pericardial effusion. J. Vet. Intern. Med.18, 322–324 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maxwell MH, Robertson GW, Moseley D. Potential role of serum troponin T in cardiomyocyte injury in the broiler ascites syndrome. Br. Poultry Sci.35, 663–667 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato Y, Kita Y, Takatsu Y, Kimura T. Biochemical markers of myocyte injury in heart failure. Heart90, 1110–1113 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sato Y, Kataoka K, Matsumori A et al. Measuring serum aminoterminal type III procollagen peptide, 7S domain of type IV collagen, and cardiac troponin T in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and secondary cardiomyopathy. Heart78, 505–508 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeFrancesco TC, Atkins CE, Keene BW, Coats JR, Hauck ML. Prospective clinical evaluation of serum cardiac troponin T in dogs admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital. J. Vet. Intern. Med.16, 553–557 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwarzwald C, Hardy J, Buccellato M. High cardiac troponin I concentration in a horse with multiforme ventricular tachycardia and myocardial necrosis. J. Vet. Int. Med.17, 364–368 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frederics S, Murray JF, Carte ND et al. Cardiac troponin T and creatine kinase MB content in skeletal muscle of the uremic rat. Clin. Chem.48, 859–868 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gunes V, Erdogan HM, Citil M, Ozcan K. Assay of cardiac troponins in the diagnosis of myocardial degeneration due to foot-and-mouth disease in a calf. Vet. Rec.156, 714–715 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirbach B, Schober K, Oechtering G, Aupperle H. Diagnostic evaluation of myocardial cell injury with blunt thoracic trauma by circulating biochemical markers. Tieraerztl. Prax.28, 25–33 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Serfass RC, Mackey-Bojack SM, Kelly KL, Titus JL, Apple FS. Cardiac troponin T alternations in myocardium and serum of rats after stressful, prolonged intense exercise. J. Appl. Physiol.88, 1749–1755 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shave RE, Dawson E, Whyte PG et al. Evidence of exercise-induced cardiac dysfunction and elevated cTnT in separate cohorts competing in an ultra-endurance mountain marathon race. Int. J. Sports Med.23, 489–494 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koller A. Exercise-induced increases in cardiac troponins and prothrombotic markers. Med. Sci. Sports Exer.35, 444–448 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittstein IS, Thiemann TR, Lima JAC. Neurohumoral features of myocardial stunning due to sudden emotional stress. N. Eng. J. Med.352, 539–548 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crandell HJM, Ware WA. Cardiac toxicity from phenylpropanolamine overdose in a dog. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc.41, 413–420 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masuda T, Sato K, Yamamoto S-I. Sympathetic nervous activity and myocardial damage immediately after subarachnoid hemorrhage in a unique animal model. Stroke33, 1671–1676 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleuel H, Deschl U, Bertsch T, Bolz G, Rebel W. Diagnostic efficiency of troponin T measurements in rats with experimental myocardial cell damage. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol.47, 121–127 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertsch T, Bleuel H, Deschl U, Rebel W. A new sensitive cardiac troponin T rapid test (TROPT) for the detection of experimental myocardial damage in rats. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol.51, 565–569 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simunek T, Klimtova I, Kaplanova J et al. Rabbit model for in vivo study of anthracycline-induced heart failure and for the evaluation of protective agents. Eur. J. Heart Failure6, 377–387 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink FM, Genser N, Fink C et al. Cardiac troponin T and creatine kinase MB mass concentration in children receiving anthracycline chemotherapy. Med. Pediatr. Oncol.25, 185–189 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dowd NP, Scully M, Adderley SR, Cunningham AJ, Fitzgerald DJ. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 aggravates doxorubicin-mediated cardiac injury in vivo. J. Clin. Invest.108, 585–590 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cher CDN, Armugam A, Zhu Z, Jeyaseelan K. Molecular basis of cardiotoxicity upon cobra envenomation. Cell. Mol. Life Sci.62, 105–118 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar