Previstage™ GCC test for staging patients with colorectal cancer

References

• Bilchik AJ, Hoon DS, Saha S et al. Prognostic impact of micrometastases in colon cancer: interim results of a prospective multicenter trial. Ann. Surg.246(4), 568–575 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B et al. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology134(5), 1570–1595 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E et al. Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J. Clin.58(2), 71–96 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappell MS. Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of colon cancer. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am.37(1), 1–24 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyerhardt JA, Mayer RJ. Systemic therapy for colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.352(5), 476–487 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolpin BM, Mayer RJ. Systemic treatment of colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology134(5), 1296–1310 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iddings D, Ahmad A, Elashoff D, Bilchik A. The prognostic effect of micrometastases in previously staged lymph node negative (N0) colorectal carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Ann. Surg. Oncol.13(11), 1386–1392 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eschrich S, Yang I, Bloom G et al. Molecular staging for survival prediction of colorectal cancer patients. J. Clin. Oncol.23(15), 3526–3535 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen LS, Bilchik AJ, Beart RW Jr et al. New approaches to assessing and treating early-stage colon and rectal cancer: summary statement from 2007 Santa Monica Conference. Clin. Cancer Res.13(22 Pt 2), 6853S–6856S (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J. Clin.57(1), 43–66 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton CC, Greene FL. The staging of colorectal cancer: 2004 and beyond. CA Cancer J. Clin.54(6), 295–308 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frick GS, Pitari GM, Weinberg DS, Hyslop T, Schulz S, Waldman SA. Guanylyl cyclase C: a molecular marker for staging and postoperative surveillance of patients with colorectal cancer. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn.5(5), 701–713 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratto C, Sofo L, Ippoliti M et al. Accurate lymph-node detection in colorectal specimens resected for cancer is of prognostic significance. Dis. Colon Rectum42(2), 143–154 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Joint Committee on Cancer: AJCC Staging Manual (6th Edition). Greene FL, Page DL, Fleming ID et al. (Eds). Lippincott Raven Publishers, PA, USA (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Nicastri DG, Doucette JT, Godfrey TE, Hughes SJ. Is occult lymph node disease in colorectal cancer patients clinically significant? A review of the relevant literature. J. Mol. Diagn.9(5), 563–571 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nolan T, Hands RE, Bustin SA. Quantification of mRNA using real-time RT-PCR. Nat. Protoc.1(3), 1559–1582 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindblom A. Improved tumor staging in colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.339(4), 264–265 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Giralt J, Navalpotro B, Hermosilla E et al. Prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor and cyclooxygenase-2 in patients with rectal cancer treated with preoperative radiotherapy. Oncology71(5–6), 312–319 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galizia G, Lieto E, Ferraraccio F et al. Prognostic significance of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in colon cancer patients undergoing curative surgery. Ann. Surg. Oncol.13(6), 823–835 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lugli A, Zlobec I, Minoo P et al. Prognostic significance of the Wnt signaling pathway molecules APC, β-catenin and E-cadherin in colorectal cancer: a tissue microarray-based analysis. Histopathology50(4), 453–464 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie W, Rimm DL, Lin Y, Shih WJ, Reiss M. Loss of Smad signaling in human colorectal cancer is associated with advanced disease and poor prognosis. Cancer J.9(4), 302–312 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kouraklis G, Kakisis J, Theoharis S et al. Prognostic significance and correlation with survival of bcl-2 and TGF-β RII in colon cancer. Dig. Dis. Sci.48(12), 2284–2289 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Tsamandas AC, Kardamakis D, Ravazoula P et al. The potential role of TGFβ1, TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 protein expression in colorectal carcinomas. Correlation with classic histopathologic factors and patient survival. Strahlenther. Onkol.180(4), 201–208 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajo A, Natsugoe S, Ishigami S et al. Detection and prediction of micrometastasis in the lymph nodes of patients with pN0 gastric cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol.8(2), 158–162 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Greenson JK, Isenhart CE, Rice R, Mojzisik C, Houchens D, Martin EW Jr. Identification of occult micrometastases in pericolic lymph nodes of Duke’s B colorectal cancer patients using monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratin and CC49. Correlation with long-term survival. Cancer73(3), 563–569 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffers MD, O’Dowd GM, Mulcahy H, Stagg M, O’Donoghue DP, Toner M. The prognostic significance of immunohistochemically detected lymph node micrometastases in colorectal carcinoma. J. Pathol.172(2), 183–187 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adell G, Boeryd B, Franlund B, Sjodahl R, Hakansson L. Occurrence and prognostic importance of micrometastases in regional lymph nodes in Dukes’ B colorectal carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study. Eur. J. Surg.62(8), 637–642 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Broll R, Schauer V, Schimmelpenning H et al. Prognostic relevance of occult tumor cells in lymph nodes of colorectal carcinomas: an immunohistochemical study. Dis. Colon Rectum40(12), 1465–1471 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberg A, Stenling R, Tavelin B, Lindmark G. Are lymph node micrometastases of any clinical significance in Dukes Stages A and B colorectal cancer? Dis. Colon Rectum41(10), 1244–1249 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noura S, Yamamoto H, Ohnishi T et al. Comparative detection of lymph node micrometastases of stage II colorectal cancer by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. J. Clin. Oncol.20(20), 4232–4241 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg R, Friederichs J, Gertler R et al. Prognostic evaluation and review of immunohistochemically detected disseminated tumor cells in peritumoral lymph nodes of patients with pN0 colorectal cancer. Int. J. Colorectal Dis.19(5), 430–437 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gardner B, Feldman J. Are positive axillary nodes in breast cancer markers for incurable disease? Ann. Surg.218(3), 270–275 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turner RR, Li C, Compton CC. Newer pathologic assessment techniques for colorectal carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res.13(22 Pt 2), 6871S–6876S (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Liefers GJ, Cleton-Jansen AM, van de Velde CJ et al. Micrometastases and survival in stage II colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.339(4), 223–228 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bostick PJ, Chatterjee S, Chi DD et al. Limitations of specific reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction markers in the detection of metastases in the lymph nodes and blood of breast cancer patients. J. Clin. Oncol.16(8), 2632–2640 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsavellas G, Patel H, Allen-Mersh TG. Detection and clinical significance of occult tumor cells in colorectal cancer. Br. J. Surg.88(10), 1307–1320 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg R, Hoos A, Mueller J et al. Prognostic significance of cytokeratin-20 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in lymph nodes of node-negative colorectal cancer patients. J. Clin. Oncol.20(4), 1049–1055 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassmann S, Bauer M, Rosenberg R et al. Identification of occult tumor cells in node negative lymph nodes of colorectal cancer patients by cytokeratin 20 gene and protein expression. Int. J. Colorectal Dis.19(2), 87–94 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Merrie AE, van Rij AM, Dennett ER, Phillips LV, Yun K, McCall JL. Prognostic significance of occult metastases in colon cancer. Dis. Colon Rectum46(2), 221–231 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustin SA, Siddiqi S, Ahmed S, Hands R, Dorudi S. Quantification of cytokeratin 20, carcinoembryonic antigen and guanylyl cyclase C mRNA levels in lymph nodes may not predict treatment failure in colorectal cancer patients. Int. J. Cancer108(3), 412–417 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas KA, Pitari GM, Kazerounian S et al. Guanylyl cyclases and signaling by cyclic GMP. Pharmacol. Rev.52(3), 375–414 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitari GM, Li P, Lin JE et al. The paracrine hormone hypothesis of colorectal cancer. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.82(4), 441–447 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagir B, Gelmann A, Park J et al. Guanylyl cyclase C messenger RNA is a biomarker for recurrent stage II colorectal cancer. Ann. Intern. Med.131(11), 805–812 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldman SA, Cagir B, Rakinic J et al. Use of guanylyl cyclase C for detecting micrometastases in lymph nodes of patients with colon cancer. Dis. Colon Rectum41(3), 310–315 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrithers SL, Barber MT, Biswas S et al. Guanylyl cyclase C is a selective marker for metastatic colorectal tumors in human extraintestinal tissues. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA93(25), 14827–14832 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witek ME, Nielsen K, Walters R et al. The putative tumor suppressor Cdx2 is overexpressed by human colorectal adenocarcinomas. Clin. Cancer Res.11(24 Pt 1), 8549–8556 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fava TA, Desnoyers R, Schulz S et al. Ectopic expression of guanylyl cyclase C in CD34+ progenitor cells in peripheral blood. J. Clin. Oncol.19(19), 3951–3959 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustin SA, Gyselman VG, Williams NS, Dorudi S. Detection of cytokeratins 19/20 and guanylyl cyclase C in peripheral blood of colorectal cancer patients. Br. J. Cancer79(11–12), 1813–1820 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen G, McIver CM, Texler M et al. Detection of occult metastasis in lymph nodes from colorectal cancer patients: a multiple-marker reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction study. Dis. Colon Rectum47(5), 679–686 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerhard M, Juhl H, Kalthoff H, Schreiber HW, Wagener C, Neumaier M. Specific detection of carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing tumor cells in bone marrow aspirates by polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Oncol.12(4), 725–729 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz S, Hyslop T, Haaf J et al. A validated quantitative assay to detect occult micrometastases by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of guanylyl cyclase C in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.12(15), 4545–4552 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mocellin S, Rossi CR, Pilati P, Nitti D, Marincola FM. Quantitative real-time PCR: a powerful ally in cancer research. Trends Mol. Med.9(5), 189–195 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birbe R, Palazzo JP, Walters R, Weinberg D, Schulz S, Waldman SA. Guanylyl cyclase C is a marker of intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Hum. Pathol.36(2), 170–179 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldman SA, Hyslop T, Schulz S et al. A prospective multicenter study of guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), quantified by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), as a prognostic marker of occult metastases in lymph nodes of pN0 colorectal cancer patients. J. Clin. Oncol.26(Suppl.) (2008) (Abstract 11011).
   Google Scholar