Human chorionic gonadotropin and associated molecules

References

• Hirose T. Exogenous stimulation of corpus luteum formation in the rabbit: influence of extracts of human placenta, decidua, fetus, hydatid mole, and corpus luteum on the rabbit gonad. J. Jpn. Gynecol. Soc.16, 1055 (1920).
   Google Scholar
• Zondek B, Aschheim S. The Zondek-Ascheim Pregnancy Test. Can. Med. Assoc. J.22, 251–253 (1930).
   Google Scholar
• Aschheim S, Zondek B. Das Hormon des hypophysenvorderlappens: testobjekt zum Nachweis des hormons. Klin. Wochenschr.6, 248–252 (1927).
   Google Scholar
• Wide L, Gemzell CA. An immunological pregnancy test. Acta Endocrinol.35, 261–267 (1960).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rushworth AG, Orr AH, Bagshawe KD. The concentration of HCG in the plasma and spinal fluid of patients with trophoblastic tumours in the central nervous system. Br. J. Cancer22, 253–257 (1968).
   Google Scholar
• Lunenfeld B. Eshkol A. Immunology of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Vit. Hor.25, 137–190 (1967).
   Google Scholar
• Aono T, Goldstein DP, Taymor ML, Dolch K. A radioimmunoassay method for human pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropic (HCG) using 125I-labeled LH. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.98, 996–1001 (1967).
   Google Scholar
• Isojima S, Koyama K, Tanaka C, Adachi H. Radioimmunoassay of human urinary chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi43, 1097–1108 (1968).
   Google Scholar
• Vaitukaitis JL, Braunstein GD, Ross GT. A radioimmunoassay which specifically measures human chorionic gonadotropin in the presence of human luteinizing hormone. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.113, 751–758 (1972).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohler G, Milstein C, Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature256, 495–497 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggio ET, Nakamura RM, Biomedical advances: 1. Clinical assays employing enzymes in innovative ways. Ligand Rev.3, 16–24 (1981).
   Google Scholar
• Enzyme Immunoassay. Ishikawa E, Kawai T, Miyai K (Eds). Igaku-Shoin, Tokyo, 1–280 (1981).
   Google Scholar
• Bidart JM, Ozturk M, Bellet DH et al. Identification of epitopes associated with hCG and βhCG carboxyl-terminus by monoclonal antibodies produced against a synthetic peptide. J. Immunol.134, 457–464 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hussa RO, Hudson En. A two-site immunometric assay in evaluation of low levels of serum hCG. Am. Clin. Prod. Rev.3, 12–17 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Cole LA. Immunoassay of hCG, its free subunits and metabolites. Clin. Chem.43, 2233–2243 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovalevskaya G, Genbacev O, Fisher SJ, Cacere E, O’Connor JF. Trophoblast origin of hCG isoforms: cytotrophoblasts are the primary source of choriocarcinoma-like hCG. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.194, 147–155 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Dai D, Butler SA, Leslie KK, Kohorn EI. Gestational trophoblastic diseases: 1. Pathophysiology of hyperglycosylated hCG-regulated neoplasia. Gynecol. Oncol.102, 144–149 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Khanlian SA, Riley JM, Butler SA. Hyperglycosylated hCG in gestational implantation and in choriocarcinoma and testicular germ cell malignancy tumorigenesis. J. Reprod. Med.51, 919–915 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamade AL, Nakabayashi K, Sato A et al. Transfection of antisense chorionic gonadotropin β gene into choriocarcinoma cells suppresses the cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol.. Metab.90, 4873–4879 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Butler SA, Ikram MS, Mathieu S, Iles RK, The increase in bladder carcinoma cell population induced by the free β subunit of hCG is a result of an anti-apoptosis effect and not cell proliferation. Brit. J. Cancer82, 1553–1556 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Regelson W. Have we found the “definitive cancer biomarker”? The diagnostic and therapeutic implications of human chorionic gonadotropin-β statement as a key to malignancy. Cancer76, 1299–1301 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Iles RK. Ectopic hCGβ expression by epithelial cancer: malignant behavior metastasis and inhibition of tumor cell apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.260, 264–270 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler SA, Staite EM, Iles RK. Reduction of bladder cancer cell growth in response to hCG β CTP37 vaccinated mouse serum. Oncol. Res.14, 93–100 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iles RK. Human chorionic gonadotrophin and its fragments as markers of prognosis in bladder cancer. Tumor Marker Update7, 161–166 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Bahl OP, Carlsen RB, Bellisario R, Swaminathan N. Human chorionic gonadotrophin: amino acid sequences of the α and β subunits. J. Biol. Chem.250, 5247–5253 (1975).
   Google Scholar
• Morgan FJ, Birken S, Canfield RE. The amino acid sequence of human chorionic gonadotropin. The α subunit and the β-subunit. Endocrinology250, 5247–5258 (1975).
   Google Scholar
• Kessler MJ, Mise T, Ghai RD, Bahl OP, Structure and location of the O-glycosidic carbohydrate units of human chorionic gonadotropin. J. Biol. Chem.254, 7909–7914 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler MJ, Reddy MS, Shah RH, Bahl OP. Structures of the N-glycosidic carbohydrate units of human chorionic gonadotropin. J. Biol. Chem.254, 7901–7908 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizouchi T, Kobata A. Different asparagine-linked sugar chains on the two polypeptide chains of human chorionic gonadotropin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.97, 772–778 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Lei ZM, Reshef E, Rao CV. The expression of human chorionic gonadotropin/luteinizing hormone receptors in human endometrial and myometrial blood vessels. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.75, 651–659 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herr F, Baal N, Reisinger K et al. HCG in the regulation of placental angiogenesis. Results of an in vitrostudy. Placenta28(Suppl. A), S85–S93 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zygmunt M, Herr F, Munstedt K, Lang U, Liang OD. Angiogenesis and vasculogenesis in pregnancy. Euro. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol.110(Suppl. 1), S10–S18 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zygmunt M, Herr F, Keller-Schoenwetter S et al. Characterization of human chorionic gonadotropin as a novel angiogenic factor. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.87, 5290–5296 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi QJ, Lei ZM, Rao CV, Lin J. Novel role of human chorionic gonadotropin in differentiation of human cytotrophoblasts. Endocrinology132, 1387–1395 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao CV, Lei ZM. The past, present and future of nongonadal LH/hCG actions in reproductive biology and medicine. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol..269, 2–8 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Birken S, Perini F. The structures of the serine-linked sugar chains on human chorionic gonadotropin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.126, 333–339, (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Cole LA. The O-linked oligosaccharides are strikingly different on pregnancy and choriocarcinoma hCG. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.65, 811–813 (1987).
   Google Scholar
• Elliott MM, Kardana A, Lustbader JW, Cole LA. Carbohydrate and peptide structure of the α- and β-subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin from normal and aberrant pregnancy and choriocarcinoma. Endocrine7, 15–32 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amano J, Nishimura R, Mochizuki M, Kobata A. Comparative study of the mucin-type sugar chains of human chorionic gonadotropin present in the urine of patients with trophoblastic diseases and healthy pregnant women. J. Biol. Chem.263, 1157–1165 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Kobata A, Takeuchi M, Structure pathology and function of the N-linked sugar chains of hCG. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1455, 315–326 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Valmu L, Alfthan H, Hotakainen K, Birken S, Stenman UH. Site-specific glycan analysis of human chorionic gonadotropin β-subunit from malignancies and pregnancy by liquid chromatography – electrospray mass spectromtry. Glycobiology16, 1207–1218 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Butler SA. Hyperglycosylated hCG and its free β-subunit, tumor markers and tumor promoters: a review. J. Reprod. Med.53, 499–510 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki Y, Ladner DG, Cole LA. Hyperglycosylated hCG the source of pregnancy failures. Fertil. Steril.89, 1871–1786 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Kovalevskaya G, Birken S, Kakuma T et al. Differential expression of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) glycosylation isoforms in failing and continuing pregnancies: preliminary characterization of the hyperglycosylated hCG epitope. J. Endocrinol.172, 497–506 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Butler SA, Khanlian SA et al. Hyperglycosylated hCG as a reliable marker of active neoplasia. Gynecol. Oncol.102, 151–159 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Kelly LS, Birken S, Puett D. Determination of hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotropin produced by malignant gestational trophoblastic neoplasias and male germ cell tumors using a lectin-based immunoassay and surface plasmon resonance. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.260, 33–39 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Kovalevskaya G, Genbacev O, Fisher SJ, Caceres E, O’Connor JF. Trophoblast origin of free isoforms: cytotrophoblasts are the primary source of choriocarcinoma-like free. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.194, 147–155 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei ZM, Taylor DD, Gercel-Taylor C, Rao CV. Human chorionic gonadotropin promotes tumorigenesis of choriocarcinoma JAR cells. Troph. Res.13, 147–159 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Handshuh K, Guibourdenche J, Tsatsaris V et al. Human chorionic gonadotropin produced by the invasive trophoblast but not the villous trophoblast promotes cell invasion and is down-regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α. Endocrinology148, 5011–5019 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Nishimura R, Baba S, Hasegawa K et al. Characterization of immunoreactive hCG β-subunit in cultured fluids of the cell lines derived from gynecologic malignant tumors. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi42, 1471–1476 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Marcillac I, Cottu P ,Theodore C, TerrierLacombe MJ, Bellet D, Droz JP. Free hCG β subunit as tumour marker in urothelial cancer. Lancet341, 1354–1355 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Bepler G, Jaques G, Oie HK, GazdaR AF. Human chorionic gonadotropin and related glycoprotein hormones in lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Lett.58, 145–150 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cole LA. β-core fragment (β-core UGP or UGF). Tumor Marker Update6, 69–75 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Ozturk M, Bellet D, Isselbacher KJ, Wands J. Ectopic β-human chorionic gonadotropin production by a human hepatoma cell line (FOCUS): isolation and immunochemical characterization. Endocrinology120, 559–566 (1987).
   Google Scholar
• Rosen SW, Calvert I, Weintraub BD, Tseng JS, Rabson AS. Stimulation of N6O2’-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3’:5’-monophosphate of ectopic production of the free β subunit of chorionic gonadotropin by a human brain tumor cell line. Cancer Res.40, 4325–4328 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Ruddon RW, Bryan AH, Hanson CA, Perini F, Ceccorulli LM. Peters Characterization of the intracellular and secreted forms of the glycoprotein hormone chorionic gonadotropin produced by human malignant cells. J. Biol. Chem.256, 5189–5196 (1981).
   Google Scholar
• Acevedo HF, Tong JY, Hartsock RJ. Human chorionic gonadotropin-β subunit gene statement in cultured human fetal and cancer cells of different types and origins. Cancer76, 1467–1475 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler SA, Iles RK. Ectopic human chorionic gonadotrophin β secretion by epithelial tumors and human chorionic gonadotrophin β-induced apoptosis in Karposi’s sarcoma. Is there a connection? Clin. Cancer Res.9, 4666–4673 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carter WB, Sekharem M, Coppola D. Human chorionic gonadotropin induces apoptosis in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treatm.100, S243–S244 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Li D, Wen X, Ghali L et al. hCGβ expression by cervical squamous carcinoma – in vivo histological association with tumor invasion and apoptosis. Histopathology53(2), 147–155 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Bellet D, Lazar V, Bleche I, Paradis V, Giovangrandi Y, Paterliru P. Malignant transformation of nontrophoblastic cells in association with the expression of chorionic gonadotropin β genes normally transcribed in trophoblastic cells. Cancer Res.57, 516–523 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosgrove DE, Campain JA, Cox GS. Chorionic gonadotropin synthesis by human tumor cell lines: Examination of subunit accumulation steady-state levels of mRNA and gene structure. Biochem. Biophys. Acta1007, 44–54 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Gillott DJ, Iles RK, Chard T. The effects of human chorionic gonadotropin on AIDS related Karposis sarcoma. N. Engl. J. Med.335, 1261–1269 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Delves PJ, Iles RK, Roitt IM, Lund T. Designing a new generation of anti-hCG vaccines for cancer therapy. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.260, 276–281 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Iversen PL, Mourich DV, Moulton HM. Monoclonal antibodies to two epitopes of β-human chorionic gonadotropin for the treatment of cancer. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther.5, 156–160 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulton HM, Yoshihara PH, Mason DH, Iversen PL, Triozzi PL. Active specific immunotherapy with β-human chorionic gonadotropin peptide vaccine in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: antibody response is associated with improved survival. Clin. Cancer Res.8, 2044–2051 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi H, Rong Y, Yankai Z et al. Improved efficacy of DNA vaccination against breast cancer by boosting with the repeat β-hCG C-terminal peptide carried by mycobacterial heat-shock protein HSP65. Vaccine24, 2575–2584 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Kardana A, Andrade-Gordon P et al. The Heterogeneity of hCG: III. The occurrence, biological and immunological activities of nicked hCG. Endocrinology129, 1559–1567 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niespodzianski K, Kowalski D, Zagaa A, Kowalska K, Plutecki J. Radioimmunological analysis of the free α subunit of chorionic gonadotropin (α-HCG) in sera of women during normal pregnancy. Prz. Lek.43, 540–5422 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Blithe DL. Carbohydrate composition of the α-subunit of human choriogonadotropin (hCG α) and the free α molecules produced in pregnancy: most free α and some combined hCG α molecules are fucosylated. Endocrinology126, 2788–2799 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockett WP. Comparative development and evolution of the placenta in primates Contrib. Primatol.3, 42–234 (1974).
   Google Scholar
• Martin RD. Scaling of the mammalian barrier: the maternal energy hypothesis. News Physiol. Sci.4, 149–154 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Cunnane SC, Herbige LS, Crawford MA. The importance of energy and nutrient supply in human brain evolution. Nutr. Health9, 19–35 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Robillard PY, Chaline J, Chaouat G. Preeclampsia/eclampsia and the evolution of the human brain. Curr. Anthropol.44, 130–135 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons A. Solving the brain’s energy crisis. Science280, 1345–1347 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiddes JC, Goodman HM. The cDNA for the β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin suggests evolution of a gene by read through into the 3'-untranslated region. Nature286, 684–687 (1980).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bambra CS. Purification and properties of baboon chorionic gonadotrophin. J. Reprod. Fertil.19, 421–430 (1987).
   Google Scholar
• Nisula BC, Wehmann RE. Distribution, metabolism, and excretion of human chorionic gonadotropin and its subunits in man. In: Chorionic Gonadotropin. Segal SJ (Ed.). Plenum Press, NY, USA, 199–212 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Maston GA, Ruvolo M. Chorionic gonadotropin has a recent origin within primates and an evolutionary history of selection Mol. Biol. Evol.19, 320–334 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diebel ND, Bogdsanove EM. Analysis of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone release kinetics during a dynamic secretory event, the postpartum preovulatory surge in the rat, based on quantitative changes in stored and circulating luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone and metabolic clearance data for these hormones Endocrinology103, 665–673 (1978).
   Google Scholar
• Butler SA, Khanlian SA, Cole LA. Detection of early pregnancy forms of hCG by home pregnancy test devices. Clin. Chem.47, 2131–2136 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Khanlian SA, Sutton JM, Davies S, Stephens N. Hyperglycosylated hCG (invasive trophoblast antigen, ITA) a key antigen for early pregnancy detection. Clin. Biochem.36, 647–655 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Sutton JM, Higgins TN, Cembrowski GS. Between-method variation in hCG test results. Clin. Chem.50, 874–882 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Shahabi S, Butler S et al. Utility of commonly used commercial hCG immunoassays in the diagnosis and management of trophoblastic diseases. Clin. Chem.47, 308–315 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell H, Seckl MJ. Discrepancies between commercially available immunoassays in the detection of tumour-derived hCG. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.260–262, 310–313 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storring PL, Gaines-Das RE, Bangham DR. International reference preparation of human chorionic gonadotrophin for immunoassay: potency estimates in various bioassay and protein binding assay systems; and international reference preparations of the α and β subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin for immunoassay. J. Endocrinol.84, 295–310 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins TN, Hanna AN, Hofer TL, Cembrowski GS. Measurement of inaccuracy and imprecision of hCG methods using dilutions of the WHO 4th IS-hCG standard and apregnant patient’s serum. Clin. Biochem.37, 152–154 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Sutton JM, Proportion of charge variants very different in urine from serum. Clin. Chem. Acta341, 199–203 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Birken S, Berger P, Bidart J-M et al. Preparation and characterization of new WHO reference reagent for human chorionic gonadotropin and metabolites, Clin. Chem.49, 144–154 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight AK, Bingemann T, Cole L, Cunningham-Rundles C. Frequent false positive β human chorionic gonadotropin in immunoglobulin A deficiency. Clin. Exp. Immunol.141, 333–337 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Phantom hCG and phantom choriocarcinoma. Gynecol. Oncol.71, 325–329 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Rotmensch S, Cole LA. False diagnosis and needless therapy of presumed malignant disease in women with false-positive human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations. Lancet355, 712–715 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussa RO, Rinke ML, Schweitzer PG. Discordant human chorionic gonadotropin results: causes and solutions. Obstet. Gyncol.65, 211–219 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett PE, Kutz SR, Hurd JK. False positive results for choriogonadotropin in serum. Clin. Chem.29, 1871–1873 (1983).
   Google Scholar
• Olsen TG, Hubert PR, Nycum LR. Falsely elevated human chorionic gonadotropin leading to unnecessary therapy. Obstet. Gynecol.98, 843–845 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Khanlian SA. Easy fix for clinical laboratories for the false positive defect with the Abbott AxSym total β-hCG test. Clin. Biochem.37, 344–349 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Khanlian SA, Giddings A et al. Butler SA, Muller CY, Hammond C, Kohorn EI. Gestational trophoblastic diseases: 4. Presentation with persistent low positive human chorionic gonadotropin. Gynecol. Oncol.102, 164–171 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Carayannopoulos MO, Grenache DG, Gronowski AM. Total β-human chorionic gonadotropin measured in urine by an automated method. Clin. Chem.48, 1796–1797 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Halldorsdottir A, Carayannopoulos MO, Scrivner M, Gronowski AM. Method evaluation for total β-hCG using urine and the ADVIA Centaur. Clin. Chem.49, 1421–1422 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Ajubi NE, Nijholt N, Wolthuis A. Quantitative automated human chorionic gonadotropin measurement in urine using the Modular Analytics E170 module (Roche). Clin. Chem. Lab. Med.43, 68–70 (2005).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flam F, Hambraeus-Jonzon K, Hansson L, Kjaeldgaard A. Hydatidiform mole with non-metastatic pulmonary complication and false low level of hCG, Euro. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol.77, 235–237 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cole LA, Khanlian SA, Sutton JM, Davies S, Rayburn WF. Accuracy of home pregnancy tests at the time of missed menses. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.190, 100–105 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Hyperglycosylated hCG. Placenta,28, 977–986 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Ladner DG, Byrn FW. The normal variabilities of the menstrual cycle. Fertil. Steril. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.11.073 (2008) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Dunson D, McChesney R, Weinberg CR. Natural limits of pregnancy testing in relation to the expected menstrual period. J. Am. Med. Assoc.286, 1759–1761 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Weinberg CR. Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy. N. Engl. J. Med.340, 1796–1799 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood CJ. Prediction of pregnancy loss. Lancet355, 1292–1294 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Cartwrigth P, DiPietro D. Ectopic pregnancy: changes in serum human chorionic gonadotropin concentration. Obstet. Gynecol.63, 76–80 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Pittaway D, Reisch R, Colston A. Doubling times of human chorionic gonadotropin increase in early viable intrauterine pregnancies. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.152, 299–302 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Kadar N, Caldwell B, Romero R. A method of screening for ectopic pregnancy and its indications. Obstet. Gynecol.58, 162–166 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braunstein G, Karwo W, Gentry W et al. First-trimester chorionic gonadotropin measurements as an aid in the diagnosis of early pregnancy disorders. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.131, 25–32 (1978).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadar N, Devore G, Romer Ro. Discriminatory HCG zone: its use in the sonographic evaluation for ectopic pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol.58, 156–161 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batzer F, Schlaff S, Goldfarb A, Corson S. Serial β-subunit human chorionic gonadotropin doubling time as a prognosticator of pregnancy outcome in an infertile population. Fertil. Steril.35, 307–312 (1981).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cacciatore B, Stenman UH, Ylostalo P. Early screening for ectopic pregnancy in high-risk symptom-free women. Lancet.343, 517–518 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brafman B, Coleman B, Ramchandani P et al. Emergency department screening for ectopic pregnancy: a prospective U.S. study. Radiology190, 797–802 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Liu HC, Davies O, Berkeley A, Graf M, Rosenwaks Z. Late luteal estradiol patterns are a better prognosticator of pregnancy outcome than serial β-human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations. Fertil. Steril.56, 421–426 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Cowan BD. Ectopic Pregnancy. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol.5, 328–332 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Davies S, Byrn F, Cole LA. Testing for early pregnancy viability and complications. Clin. Lab. Med.23, 257–264 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Kardana A, Seifer DB, Bohler HC. Urine hCG β-subunit core fragment, a sensitive test for ectopic pregnancy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.78, 497–499 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor JF, Ellish N, Kakuma T, Schlatterer J, Kovalevskaya G. Differential urinary gonadotrophin profiles in early pregnancy and early pregnancy loss. Prenat. Diagn.18, 1232–1240 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Sutton-Riley JM, Khanlian SA, Byrn FW, Cole LA. A single serum test for measuring early pregnancy outcome with high predictive value. Clin. Biochem.39, 682–687 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newberger DS. Down syndrome: prenatal risk assessment and diagnosis. Am. Fam. Physician62, 837–838 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Chard T, Lowings C, Kitau MJ. α-fetoprotein and chorionic gonadotropin levels in relation to Down’s syndrome. Lancet.29, 750–751 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Bogart MH, Pandian MR, Jones OW. Abnormal maternal serum chorionic gonadotropin levels in pregnancies with fetal chromosome abnormalities. Prenat. Diagn.7, 623–630 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wald NJ, Cuckle HS, Densem JW et al. Maternal serum unconjugated oestriol as an antenatal screening test for Down’s syndrome. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol.95, 334–341 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wald NJ, Densem JW, Muttukvishna S, Knight PG. Prenatal screening for Down syndrome using inhibin A as a serum marker. Prenat. Diagn.16, 143–153 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Shahabi S, Oz UA, Bahado-Singh RO, Mahoney MJ. Hyperglycosylated hCG (invasive trophoblast antigen) immunoassay: a new basis for gestational down syndrome screening. Clin. Chem.45, 2109–2119 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macri JN, Kasturi RV, Krantz DA et al. Maternal serum Down syndrome screening: free β protein is a more effective marker than human chorionic gonadotrophin. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.163, 1248–1253 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolaides KH, Azar G, Byrne D, Mansur C, Marks K. Fetal nuchal translucency: ultrasound screening for chromosomal defects in the first trimester of pregnancy. Br. Med. J.304, 867–889 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palomaki GE, Knight GJ, Roberson MM et al. Invasive trophoblast antigen (hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotropin) in second-trimester maternal urine as a marker for Down syndrome: preliminary results of an observational study on fresh samples. Clin. Chem.50, 182–189 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Muller CY. The quagmire of hCG and hCG testing in gynecologic oncology. Gynecol. Oncol. DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.09.030 (2008) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Khanlian SA, Muller CY, Giddings A, Kohorn EI, Berkowitz R. Gestational trophoblastic diseases: 3. Human chorionic gonadotropin free β-subunit a reliable marker of placental site trophoblastic tumors. Gynecol. Oncol.102, 159–163 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Khanlian SA, Muller CY. Blood test for placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) and for non-trophoblastic malignancy for evaluating patients with low positive hCG Results. J. Reprod. Med.53, 457–464 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Policastro PF, Daniels-McQueen S, Carle G, Boime I. A map of the hCG β-LH β gene cluster. J. Biol. Chem.13, 5907–5916 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Khanlian SA, Muller CY. Normal production of human chorionic gonadotropin in perimenopausal and menopausal women and following oophorectomy. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer (2008) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Khanlian SA, Muller CY. Detection of hCG peri- or post-menopause an unnecessary source of alarm. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.198, 275–279 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Cole LA, Sasaki Y, Muller CY. Normal production of hCG in menopause: a medical management dilemma. N. Engl. J. Med.356, 1184–1186 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar