The efficacy and cost–effectiveness of valacyclovir in cytomegalovirus prevention in solid organ transplantation

References

• Kotton CN. Management of cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplantation. Nat Rev Nephrol 2011;6(12):711-21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman RB Jr. The ’indirect’ effects of cytomegalovirus infection. Am J Transplant 2009;9(11):2453-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reischig T. Cytomegalovirus-associated renal allograft rejection: new challenges for antiviral preventive strategies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010;8(8):903-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook CH, Bickerstaff AA, Wang JJ, et al. Disruption of murine cardiac allograft acceptance by latent cytomegalovirus. Am J Transplant 2009;9(1):42-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascher A, Proesch S, Pratschke J, et al. Rat cytomegalovirus infection interferes with anti-CD4 mAb-(RIB 5/2) mediated tolerance and induces chronic allograft damage. Am J Transplant 2006;6(9):2035-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagedal S, Nordal KP, Hartmann A, et al. The impact of cytomegalovirus infection and disease on rejection episodes in renal allograft recipients. Am J Transplant 2002;2(9):850-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reischig T, Jindra P, Svecova M, et al. The impact of cytomegalovirus disease and asymptomatic infection on acute renal allograft rejection. J Clin Virol 2006;36(2):146-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JM, Corey L, Bittner R, et al. Subclinical viremia increases risk for chronic allograft injury in pediatric renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21(9):1579-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reischig T, Jindra P, Hes O, et al. Effect of cytomegalovirus viremia on subclinical rejection or interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy in protocol biopsy at 3 months in renal allograft recipients managed by preemptive therapy or antiviral prophylaxis. Transplantation 2009;87(3):436-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helantera I, Koskinen P, Finne P, et al. Persistent cytomegalovirus infection in kidney allografts is associated with inferior graft function and survival. Transpl Int 2006;19(11):893-900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reischig T, Nemcova J, Vanecek T, et al. Intragraft cytomegalovirus infection: a randomized trial of valacyclovir prophylaxis versus pre-emptive therapy in renal transplant recipients. Antivir Ther 2010;15(1):23-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzabic M, Rahbar A, Yaiw KC, et al. Intragraft cytomegalovirus protein expression is associated with reduced renal allograft survival. Clin Infect Dis 2011;53(10):969-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagedal S, Hartmann A, Nordal KP, et al. Impact of early cytomegalovirus infection and disease on long-term recipient and kidney graft survival. Kidney Int 2004;66(1):329-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern M, Hirsch H, Cusini A, et al. Cytomegalovirus serology and replication remain associated with solid organ graft rejection and graft loss in the era of prophylactic treatment. Transplantation 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo HT, Ye X, Sampaio MS, et al. Cytomegalovirus serostatus pairing and deceased donor kidney transplant outcomes in adult recipients with antiviral prophylaxis. Transplantation 2010;90(10):1091-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humar A, Gillingham K, Payne WD, et al. Increased incidence of cardiac complications in kidney transplant recipients with cytomegalovirus disease. Transplantation 2000;70(2):310-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjelmesaeth J, Sagedal S, Hartmann A, et al. Asymptomatic cytomegalovirus infection is associated with increased risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus and impaired insulin release after renal transplantation. Diabetologia 2004;47(9):1550-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paya CV. Economic impact of cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2001;3(Suppl 2):14-19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM, et al. Updated international consensus guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus in solid-organ transplantation. Transplantation 2013;96(4):333-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowance D, Neumayer HH, Legendre CM, et al. Valacyclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplantation. International Valacyclovir Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis Transplantation Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999;340(19):1462-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humar A, Lebranchu Y, Vincenti F, et al. The efficacy and safety of 200 days valganciclovir cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in high-risk kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2010;10(5):1228-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florescu DF, Qiu F, Schmidt CM, Kalil AC. A direct and indirect comparison meta-analysis on the efficacy of cytomegalovirus preventive strategies in solid organ transplant. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58(6):785-803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthurs SK, Eid AJ, Pedersen RA, et al. Delayed-onset primary cytomegalovirus disease and the risk of allograft failure and mortality after kidney transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46(6):840-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reischig T, Hribova P, Jindra P, et al. Long-term outcomes of pre-emptive valganciclovir compared with valacyclovir prophylaxis for prevention of cytomegalovirus in renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;23(9):1588-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reischig T, Jindra P, Hes O, et al. Valacyclovir prophylaxis versus preemptive valganciclovir therapy to prevent cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008;8(1):69-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoury JA, Storch GA, Bohl DL, et al. Prophylactic versus preemptive oral valganciclovir for the management of cytomegalovirus infection in adult renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2006;6(9):2134-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinner ML, Saab G, Casabar E, et al. Impact of prophylactic versus preemptive valganciclovir on long-term renal allograft outcomes. Transplantation 2010;90(4):412-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kliem V, Fricke L, Wollbrink T, et al. Improvement in long-term renal graft survival due to CMV prophylaxis with oral ganciclovir: results of a randomized clinical trial. Am J Transplant 2008;8(5):975-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisboa LF, Preiksaitis JK, Humar A, Kumar D. Clinical utility of molecular surveillance for cytomegalovirus after antiviral prophylaxis in high-risk solid organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 2011;92(9):1063-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witzke O, Hauser IA, Bartels M, et al. Valganciclovir prophylaxis versus preemptive therapy in cytomegalovirus-positive renal allograft recipients: 1-year results of a randomized clinical trial. Transplantation 2012;93(1):61-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reischig T, Jindra P, Mares J, et al. Valacyclovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis reduces the risk of acute renal allograft rejection. Transplantation 2005;79(3):317-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potena L, Holweg CT, Chin C, et al. Acute rejection and cardiac allograft vascular disease is reduced by suppression of subclinical cytomegalovirus infection. Transplantation 2006;82(3):398-405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruttmann E, Geltner C, Bucher B, et al. Combined CMV prophylaxis improves outcome and reduces the risk for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) after lung transplantation. Transplantation 2006;81(10):1415-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funch DP, Walker AM, Schneider G, et al. Ganciclovir and acyclovir reduce the risk of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2005;5(12):2894-900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodson EM, Jones CA, Webster AC, et al. Antiviral medications to prevent cytomegalovirus disease and early death in recipients of solid-organ transplants: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2005;365(9477):2105-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalil AC, Levitsky J, Lyden E, et al. Meta-analysis: the efficacy of strategies to prevent organ disease by cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients. Ann Intern Med 2005;143(12):870-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manuel O, Kralidis G, Mueller NJ, et al. Impact of antiviral preventive strategies on the incidence and outcomes of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2013;13(9):2402-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flechner SM, Avery RK, Fisher R, et al. A randomized prospective controlled trial of oral acyclovir versus oral ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in high-risk kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 1998;66(12):1682-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paya C, Humar A, Dominguez E, et al. Efficacy and safety of valganciclovir vs. oral ganciclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2004;4(4):611-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humar A, Limaye AP, Blumberg EA, et al. Extended valganciclovir prophylaxis in D+/R- kidney transplant recipients is associated with long-term reduction in cytomegalovirus disease: two-year results of the IMPACT study. Transplantation 2010;90(12):1427-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marty FM, Winston DJ, Rowley SD, et al. CMX001 to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in hematopoietic-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med 2013;369(13):1227-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemaly RF, Ullmann AJ, Stoelben S, et al. Letermovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in hematopoietic-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med 2014;370(19):1781-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winston DJ, Saliba F, Blumberg E, et al. Efficacy and safety of maribavir dosed at 100 mg orally twice daily for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in liver transplant recipients: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter controlled trial. Am J Transplant 2012;12(11):3021-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormrod D, Goa K. Valaciclovir: a review of its use in the management of herpes zoster. Drugs 2000;59(6):1317-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalil AC, Freifeld AG, Lyden ER, Stoner JA. Valganciclovir for cytomegalovirus prevention in solid organ transplant patients: an evidence-based reassessment of safety and efficacy. PLoS One 2009;4(5):e5512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toussaint ND, Tan MB, Nicholls K, et al. Low-dose valaciclovir and cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in high-risk renal transplant recipients. Nephrology (Carlton) 2011;16(1):113-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sund F, Tufveson G, Dohler B, et al. Clinical outcome with low-dose valacyclovir in high-risk renal transplant recipients: a 10-year experience. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013;28(3):758-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDougall C, Guglielmo BJ. Pharmacokinetics of valaciclovir. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;53(6):899-901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gimenez F, Foeillet E, Bourdon O, et al. Evaluation of pharmacokinetic interactions after oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil and valaciclovir or aciclovir to healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004;43(10):685-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neyts J, Andrei G, De Clercq E. The novel immunosuppressive agent mycophenolate mofetil markedly potentiates the antiherpesvirus activities of acyclovir, ganciclovir, and penciclovir in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42(2):216-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reischig T, Opatrny K Jr, Bouda M, et al. A randomized prospective controlled trial of oral ganciclovir versus oral valacyclovir for prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplantation. Transpl Int 2002;15(12):615-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodson EM, Ladhani M, Webster AC, et al. Antiviral medications for preventing cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;2:CD003774
   Google Scholar
• Pavlopoulou ID, Syriopoulou VP, Chelioti H, et al. A comparative randomised study of valacyclovir vs. oral ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in renal transplant recipients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005;11(9):736-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reischig T, Opatrny K Jr, Treska V, et al. Prospective comparison of valacyclovir and oral ganciclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in high-risk renal transplant recipients. Kidney Blood Press Res 2005;28(4):218-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yango A, Morrissey P, Zanabli A, et al. Comparative study of prophylactic oral ganciclovir and valacyclovir in high-risk kidney transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003;18(4):809-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reischig T, Jindra P, Hes O, et al. Randomized comparison of valganciclovir and valacyclovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis. In: 16th Congress of the European Society for Organ Transplantation; 8 - 11 September 2013; Vienna, Austria
   Google Scholar
• Reischig T, Prucha M, Sedlackova L, et al. Valganciclovir prophylaxis against cytomegalovirus impairs lymphocyte proliferation and activation in renal transplant recipients. Antivir Ther 2011;16(8):1227-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battiwalla M, Wu Y, Bajwa RP, et al. Ganciclovir inhibits lymphocyte proliferation by impairing DNA synthesis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007;13(7):765-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das V, Peraldi MN, Legendre C. Adverse neuropsychiatric effects of cytomegalovirus prophylaxis with valaciclovir in renal transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21(5):1395-401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy JM, Karim MA, Krueger H, Keown PA. The cost impact of cytomegalovirus disease in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1993;55(6):1277-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luan FL, Stuckey LJ, Park JM, et al. Six-month prophylaxis is cost effective in transplant patients at high risk for cytomegalovirus infection. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20(11):2449-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luan FL, Kommareddi M, Ojo AO. Universal prophylaxis is cost effective in cytomegalovirus serology-positive kidney transplant patients. Transplantation 2011;91(2):237-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legendre C, Beard SM, Crochard A, et al. The cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis with valaciclovir in the management of cytomegalovirus after renal transplantation. Eur J Health Econ 2005;6(2):172-82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kielberger L, Bouda M, Jindra P, Reischig T. Pharmacoeconomic impact of different regimens to prevent cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant recipients. Kidney Blood Press Res 2012;35(6):407-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gheorghian A, Schnitzler MA, Axelrod DA, et al. The implications of acute rejection and reduced allograft function on health care expenditures in contemporary US kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2012;94(3):241-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legendre CM, Norman DJ, Keating MR, et al. Valaciclovir prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in renal transplantation: an economic evaluation. Transplantation 2000;70(10):1463-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilden DP, Chapman J, Davey PJ, et al. A decision-analytic economic evaluation of valaciclovir prophylaxis for the prevention of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 2004;18(3):312-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kacer M, Kielberger L, Bouda M, Reischig T. Pharmacoeconomic impact of valganciclovir versus valacyclovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in renal transplant recipients: a randomized controlled trial. In: World Transplant Congress; 26 - 31 July 2014; San Francicsco, CA, USA
   Google Scholar