References
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. 3303.0 - Causes of Death, Australia. 2013. [cited 2015 Jun 25]. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/by%20Subject/3303.0~2013~Main%20Features~Leading%20Causes%20of%20Death~10001.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Health at a Glance 2013: OECD Indicators. 2013. [cited 2015Jun 15]. Available from: http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Health-at-a-Glance-2013.pdf.
- Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al., et al Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366(9493):1267–1278.
- Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Collins R, et al. Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2008;371(9607):117–125.
- Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, Berg K, et al., Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). 1994 Atheroscler Suppl. 2004;5(3):81–87.
- Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group, Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, et al. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9374):2005–2016.
- Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, et al., et al European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: fourth joint task force of the European society of cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J. 2007;28(19):2375–2414.
- Bennie M, Godman B, Bishop I, et al. Multiple initiatives continue to enhance the prescribing efficiency for the proton pump inhibitors and statins in Scotland. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2012;12(1):125–130.
- PBS Information Management Section Pharmaceutical Policy Branch. Expenditure and prescriptions twelve months to 30 June 2013. [cited 2014 Jun 9]. Available from: http://www.pbs.gov.au/statistics/2012-2013-files/expenditure-and-prescriptions-12-months-to-30-06-2013.pdf.
- Pharmaceutical Pricing Section Pharmaceutical Benefits Branch. Expenditure and prescriptions twelve months to 30 June 2013. [cited 2015 Mar 3]. Available from: http://www.pbs.gov.au/statistics/2002-2003-files/expenditure-and-prescriptions-2002-03.pdf.
- Committee for Economic Development of Australia, Healthcare: reform or ration. 2013: Melbourne. [cited 2015 Aug 8]. Available from: http://adminpanel.ceda.com.au/FOLDERS/Service/Files/Documents/15366~healthcarefinal1.pdf.
- Duckett SJ Australia’s bad drug deal: high pharmaceutical prices. 2013, Grattan Institute: Melbourne. [cited 2015 Aug 5]. Available from: http://grattan.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Australias_Bad_Drug_Deal_FINAL.pdf.
- Clarke PM, Fitzgerald EM. Expiry of patent protection on statins: effects on pharmaceutical expenditure in Australia. Med J Aust. 2010;192(11):633–636.
- Godman B, Shrank W, Andersen M, et al., et al. Comparing policies to enhance prescribing efficiency in Europe through increasing generic utilization: changes seen and global implications. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2010;10(6):707–722.
- Jackevicius CA, Chou MM, Ross JS, et al. Generic atorvastatin and health care costs. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(3):201–204.
- Godman B, Schwabe U, Selke G, et al. Update of recent reforms in Germany to enhance the quality and efficiency of prescribing of proton pump inhibitors and lipid-lowering drugs. Pharmacoeconomics. 2009;27(5):435–438.
- Woerkom M, Piepenbrink H, Godman B, et al. Ongoing measures to enhance the efficiency of prescribing of proton pump inhibitors and statins in The Netherlands: influence and future implications. J Comp Eff Res. 2012;1(6):527–538.
- Andersson K, Sonesson C, Petzold M, et al. What are the obstacles to generic substitution? An assessment of the behaviour of prescribers, patients and pharmacies during the first year of generic substitution in Sweden. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2005;14(5):341–348.
- Godman B, Wettermark B, Hoffmann M, et al. Multifaceted national and regional drug reforms and initiatives in ambulatory care in Sweden: global relevance. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2009;9(1):65–83.
- Pedersen TR, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ, et al., et al. High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 2005;294(19):2437–2445.
- Weng TC, Yang YH, Lin SJ, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the therapeutic equivalence of statins. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2010;35(2):139–151.
- Moon JC, Bogle RG. Switching statins. Bmj. 2006;332(7554):1344–1345.
- Gagne JJ, Choudhry NK, Kesselheim AS, et al. Comparative effectiveness of generic and brand-name statins on patient outcomes: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(6):400–407.
- Knott RJ, Petrie DJ, Heeley EL, et al. The effects of reduced copayments on discontinuation and adherence failure to statin medication in Australia. Health Policy. 2015;119(5):620–627.
- Clarke PM. The pricing of statins and implications for Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme expenditure. The Medical Journal of Australia. 2013;198(5):260.
- Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Pharmaceutical benefits scheme explanatory notes. 2013. [ cited 2015 May 12]. Available from: http://pbs.gov.au/info/healthpro/explanatory-notes/section1/Section_1_4_Explanatory_Notes.
- Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Browse by Therapeutic Group. 2013. [cited 2015 Jul 12]. Available from: http://www.pbs.gov.au/browse/therapeutic-group.
- Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, The Impact of PBS Reform. 2010: Canberra. [cited 2015 Jul 12]. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/pbs-reform-report.
- National Prescribing Service, NPS News 76. Generic medicines: informing patients about multiple brands. 2011. Sydney. [cited 2015 Jul 28]. Available from: http://www.nps.org.au/publications/health-professional/nps-news/2011/generic-medicines-informing-patients.
- Wettermark B, Godman B, Jacobsson B, et al. Soft regulations in pharmaceutical policy making: an overview of current approaches and their consequences. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2009;7(3):137–147.
- Garuoliene K, Alonderis T, Marcinkevičius M. Pharmaceutical policy and the effects of the economic crisis: Lithuania. EuroHealth. 2011;17:1–4.
- Vončina L, Strizrep T, Godman B, et al. Influence of demand-side measures to enhance renin-angiotensin prescribing efficiency in Europe: implications for the future. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2011;11(4):469–479.
- Godman B, Malmström RE, Diogene E, et al., et al Dabigatran - a continuing exemplar case history demonstrating the need for comprehensive models to optimize the utilization of new drugs. Front Pharmacol. 2014;5:109.
- Godman B, Bishop I, Finlayson AE, et al. Reforms and initiatives in Scotland in recent years to encourage the prescribing of generic drugs, their influence and implications for other countries. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2013;13(4):469–482.
- Moon JC, Godman B, Petzold M, et al., et al. Different initiatives across Europe to enhance losartan utilization post generics: impact and implications. Front Pharmacol. 2014;5:219.
- Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Review of Statin Therapies. 2012. [cited 2015 Jul 12]. Available from: http://www.pbs.gov.au/info/industry/listing/elements/pbac-meetings/psd/2012-07/review-of-statin-therapies.
- Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Public Summary Documents by Product Rosuvastatin Calcium, tablets, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, Crestor®. [cited 2006 July]. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/pbac-psd-rosuvastatin-july06.
- Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Schedule of pharmaceutical benefits for approved pharmacists and medical practitioners. 2005. [cited 2015 Aug 15]. Available from: http://www.pbs.gov.au/publication/schedule/2005/2005-12-01-general-schedule.pdf.
- Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Schedule of Pharmaceutical Benefits. 2012. [cited 2015 Jan 15]. Available from: http://www.pbs.gov.au/publication/schedule/2012/04/2012-04-01-general-schedule.pdf.
- Australian Government Department of Human Services. Pharmaceutical benefits schedule item reports. 2015. [cited 2015 Jan 11]. Available from: http://medicarestatistics.humanservices.gov.au/statistics/pbs_item.jsp.
- Australian Government Department of Human Services. Pharmaceutical benefits schedule item reports. 2014. [cited 2014 Mar 6]. Available from: https://www.medicareaustralia.gov.au/statistics/pbs_item.shtml.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6401.0 - Consumer Price Index, Australia . [cited 2014 Aug 2]. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/6401.0Main+Features1Dec%202013?OpenDocument.
- Patented medicine prices review board, the drivers of prescription drug expenditure - a methodological report. 2013: Ottowa (ON). [cited 2015 Jul 12]. Available from: http://www.pmprb-cepmb.gc.ca/CMFiles/NPDUIS/NPDUIS_Drivers_Prescription_Drug_Expenditures_2013-12-13_EN.pdf.
- Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, Australian Statistics on Medicines 2010. Canberra. [cited 2015 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.pbs.gov.au/info/statistics/asm/asm-2010.
- WHO. Introduction to drug utilisation research. WHO International working group for drug statistics methodology, WHO collaborating centre for drug statistics methodology, WHO collaborating centre for drug utilization research and clinical pharmacological services. [cited 2015 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/safety_efficacy/Drug%20utilization%20research.pdf.
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. ATC/DDD Index 2014. [cited 2014 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/.
- Ronning M. A historical overview of the ATC/DDD methodology. WHO Drug Information. 2002;16(3):233–234.
- Vlahovic-Palcevski V, Gantumur M, Radosević N, et al. Coping with changes in the Defined Daily Dose in a longitudinal drug consumption database. Pharmacy World Science: PWS. 2010;32(2):125–129.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. 3101.0 - Australian Demographic Statistics 2013. [cited 2014 May 5]. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/allprimarymainfeatures/FA627CA7C5708380CA257D5D0015EB95?opendocument.
- Cochrane effective practice and organisation of care review group. Interrupted time series (ITS) analyses. 2013. [cited 2014 Oct 10]. Available from: http://epoc.cochrane.org/sites/epoc.cochrane.org/files/uploads/21%20Interrupted%20time%20series%20analyses%202013%2008%2012_1.pdf.
- Grimshaw J, Campbell M, Eccles M, et al. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for evaluating guideline implementation strategies. Fam Pract. 2000;17(Suppl 1): S11–6.
- Harris AD, McGregor JC, Perencevich EN, et al. The use and interpretation of quasi-experimental studies in medical informatics. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2006;13(1):16–23.
- Ramsay CR, Matowe L, Grilli R, et al. Interrupted time series designs in health technology assessment: lessons from two systematic reviews of behavior change strategies. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2003;19(4):613–623.
- Eccles M, Grimshaw J, Campbell M, et al. Research designs for studies evaluating the effectiveness of change and improvement strategies. Qual Saf Health Care. 2003;12(1):47–52.
- Jandoc R, Burden AM, Mamdani M, et al. Interrupted time series analysis in drug utilization research is increasing: systematic review and recommendations. J Clin Epidemiol. 2015;68(8):950–956.
- Penfold RB, Zhang F. Use of interrupted time series analysis in evaluating health care quality improvements. Acad Pediatr. 2013;13(6 Suppl):S38–44.
- Kapur NK, Musunuru K. Clinical efficacy and safety of statins in managing cardiovascular risk. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(2):341–353.
- Zeng W, Xi H, Godman B, et al. Ongoing initiatives to improve prescribing efficiency in China; statins as a case history. Generics Biosimilars Initiat J. 2014;3(3):122–132.
- Fraeyman J, Van Hal G, Godman B, et al. The potential influence of various initiatives to improve rational prescribing for proton pump inhibitors and statins in Belgium. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2013;13(1):141–151.
- Kwon HY, Hong JM, Godman B, et al. Price cuts and drug spending in South Korea: the case of antihyperlipidemic agents. Health Policy. 2013;112(3):217–226.
- Smith J. Appropriate primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: does this mean more or less statin use?. Australian Prescriber. 2011;34(6):169–172.
- Lazar LD, Pletcher MJ, Coxson PG, et al. Cost-effectiveness of statin therapy for primary prevention in a low-cost statin era. Circulation. 2011;124(2):146–153.
- Ward S, Lloyd Jones M, Pandor A, et al. A systematic review and economic evaluation of statins for the prevention of coronary events. Health Technol Assess. 2007 Apr;11(14):1–160.
- Australian Government Department of Health, Report to Parliament on the Collection of PBS/RPBS Under Co-payment Prescription Data 2012-13. [cited 2015 Feb 15]. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/14DEA08914F167C0CA257BF0001C96FC/$File/report-on-collection-pbs-under-co-payments-2012-13.pdf.
- Australian Government Department of Health. Report on the Collection of Under Co-payment Data 2013–2014. 2015. [Cited 15 February 2015]. Available from: http://www.pbs.gov.au/info/statistics/under-co-payment/ucp-data-report.
- Sweeny K The Impact of Further PBS Reforms Report to Medicines Australia. 2013. [cited 2015 Jul 12]. Available from: https://medicinesaustralia.com.au/files/2010/01/20130515-rep-The-Impact-of-Further-PBS-Reforms-Final-report-from-CSES.pdf.
- Sermet C, Andrieu V, Godman B, et al. Ongoing pharmaceutical reforms in France: implications for key stakeholder groups. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2010;8(1):7–24.
- Godman B, Burkhardt T, Bucsics A, et al. Impact of recent reforms in Austria on utilization and expenditure of PPIs and lipid-lowering drugs: implications for the future. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2009;9(5):475–484.
- Godman B, Persson M, Miranda J, et al. Changes in the utilization of venlafaxine after the introduction of generics in Sweden. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2013;11(4):383–393.
- Godman B, Bennie M, Baumgärtel C, et al., et al Essential to increase the use of generics in Europe to maintain comprehensive healthcare?. Farmeconomia: Health Econ Ther Pathways. 2012;13(Suppl 3):5–20.
- Searles A, Jefferys S, Doran E, et al. Reference pricing, generic drugs and proposed changes to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. Med J Aust. 2007;187(4):236–239.
- Australian Government Department of Health. Simplified Price Disclosure. 2013. [cited 2014 Apr 12]. Available from: http://pbs.gov.au/industry/pricing/price-disclosure-spd/spd-presentation-slides-13-12-2013.pdf.
- Hynd A, Roughead EE, Preen DB, et al. The impact of co-payment increases on dispensings of government-subsidised medicines in Australia. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2008;17(11):1091–1099.
- Shrank WH, Hoang T, Ettner SL, et al. The implications of choice: prescribing generic or preferred pharmaceuticals improves medication adherence for chronic conditions. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(3):332–337.
- Barbui C, Conti V. Adherence to generic v. In: brand antidepressant treatment and the key role of health system factors. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2015;24(1):23–26.
- Soran H, Durrington P. Rosuvastatin: efficacy, safety and clinical effectiveness. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9(12):2145–2160.
- Morrissey RP, Diamond GA, Kaul S. Statins in acute coronary syndromes: do the guideline recommendations match the evidence?. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(15):1425–1433.
- Neumann A, Maura G, Weill A, et al. Comparative effectiveness of rosuvastatin versus simvastatin in primary prevention among new users: a cohort study in the French national health insurance database. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2014;23(3):240–250.
- National Heart Foundation of Australia; Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Lipid management guidelines–2001. National Heart Foundation of Australia, The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Med J Aust. 2001;175(Suppl): S57–85.
- Tonkin A, Barter P, Best J, et al., et al. National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand: position statement on lipid management–2005. Heart Lung Circ. 2005;14(4):275–291.
- Therapeutic Guidelines Ltd. eTG complete. 2014. Available from: http://online.tg.org.au/ip/desktop/tgc.htm cited 3 March 2014]
- Breen KJ. The medical profession and the pharmaceutical industry: when will we open our eyes?. Med J Aust. 2004;180(8):409–410.
- Minhas R. Statin utilisation–recognising the role of the invisible hand. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(1):3–6.
- Cappuccio FP. Commentary: controversies in NICE guidance on lipid modification for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Bmj. 2008;336(7655):1248–1249.
- Beecroft G. Generic drug policy in Australia: a community pharmacy perspective. Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2007;4:7.
- Kiviniemi V, Peura P, Helin-Salmivaara A, et al. Suboptimal use of statins at treatment initiation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;67(9):971–973.
- Feely J, Bennett K. Epidemiology and economics of statin use. Ir Med J. 2008;101(6):188–191.
- Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, Klungel OH, Schalekamp T, et al. Suboptimal choices and dosing of statins at start of therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;60(1):83–89.
- Hartz I, Sakshaug S, Furu K, et al. Aspects of statin prescribing in Norwegian counties with high, average and low statin consumption - an individual-level prescription database study. BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2007;7:14.
- Godman B, Bishop I, Campbell SM, et al. Quality and efficiency of statin prescribing across countries with a special focus on South Africa; findings and future implications. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2015;15:323–330.
- McGinn D, Godman B, Lonsdale J, et al. Initiatives to enhance the quality and efficiency of statin and PPI prescribing in the UK: impact and implications. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2010;10(1):73–85.