References
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet: general information and national estimates on diabetes in the United States 2000. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, GA, USA (2002).
- American Diabetes Association. Economic consequences of diabetes mellitus in the United States in 1997. Diabetes Cate 21, 296–309 (1998).
- Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA etal Diabetes trends in the US: 1990-1998. Diabetes Care 23,1278–1283 (2000).
- Harrington C, Zagari M, Corea J, Klitenic J. A cost analysis of diabetic lower-extremity ulcers. Diabetes Cate 23,1333–1338 (2000).
- •Determined the prevalence and costs of diabetic lower extremity ulcers by analyzing Medicare claims data from 1995 to 1996. Lower extremity ulcers were believed to cost the Medicare system $1.5 billion in 1995. Most (73.7%) of the costs were due to providing inpatient care.
- Abbott CA, Vileikyte L, Williamson S, Carrington A, Boulton A. Multicenter study of the incidence of and predictive risk factors for diabetic neuropathic foot ulceration. Diabetes Cate 21,1071–1975 (1998).
- •Reports the results of a double-blind multicenter study of the incidence and prognostic factors for foot ulceration in a total of 1035 patients with diabetes.
- Muller SI, Grauw WJC, Van Gerwen WHEM, Bartelink ML,Van den Hoogen HJM, Ruffen GHN4. Foot ulceration and lower limb amputation in Type 2 diabetic patients in Dutch Primary Health Care. Diabetes Care 25,570–574 (2002).
- Wrobel JS, Mayfield JA, Reiber GE. Geographic variation of lower extremity major amputation in individuals with and without diabetes in the Medicare Population. Diabetes Care 24,860–864 (2001).
- American Diabetes Association. Consensus development conference on diabetic foot wound care. Diabetes Care 22,1354–1360 (1999).
- •Provides an excellent overview of the ADA position in relation to wound care of the diabetic foot. Questions related to the value of treating a diabetic foot wound, the biology of wound healing, the wound healing difference among patients with diabetes, classification of diabetic foot wounds, treatments of diabetic foot wounds and their evaluation as well as prevention of recurrent foot wounds are answered based on best evidence.
- Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BEK. The 14-year incidence of lower-extremity amputation in a diabetic population. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes Care 22,951–959 (1999).
- Brod M. Quality of life issues in patients with diabetes and lower extremity ulcers: patients and care givers. Quality Life Res. 7, 365–372 (1998).
- Reiber GE, Vileikyte L, Boyko EJ eta]. Causal pathway for incident lower-extremity ulcers in patients with diabetes from two settings. Diabetes Cate 22,157–162 (1999).
- Mayfield JA, Reiber GE, Sanders LJ, Janisse D, Pogach LM. Preventive foot care in people with diabetes. Diabetes Care 21(12), 2161–2177 (1998).
- •Extremely thorough technical review of original research into the risk-factors and preventive strategies for diabetic foot ulcers and lower-extremity amputations.
- Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Stensel V, Forsberg RC, Davignon DR, Smith DG. A prospective study of risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer. The Seattle diabetic foot study. Diabetes Care 22,1036–1042 (1999).
- •Study of the effect of diabetes characteristics, foot deformity, behavioral factors and neurovascular function on foot ulcer risk among 749 diabetic veterans with 1483 lower limbs. They found that foot insensitivity, past history of amputation or foot ulcer, insulin use, Charcot deformity, obesity poor vision and orthostatic hypotension were independently related to foot ulcer risk.
- Manes CH, Papazoglou N, Sossidou E et al. Prevalence of diabetic neuropathy and foot ulceration: identification of potential risk factors — a population based study. Munch 14(1), 11–15 (2002).
- Bus SA, Yang QX, Wang JH, Smith MB, Wunderlich R, Cavanagh PR. Intrinsic muscle atrophy and toe deformity in the diabetic neuropathic foot. Diabetes Cate 25, 1444–1450 (2002).
- Peters EJG, Lavery LA. Effectiveness of the diabetic foot risk classification system of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. Diabetes Care 24,1442–1447 (2001).
- American Diabetes Association. Preventive foot care in people with diabetes. Diabetes Care 21(12), 2178–2179 (1998).
- •Position statement by the ADA regarding risk identification, foot exams, prevention and management of high-risk conditions and patient and provider education.
- Saaddline JB, Englegau M, Beckles GL, Gregg EW, Thompson TJ, Narayan KMV. A diabetes report card for the United States: quality of care in the 1990s. Ann. Intern. Med 136,565–574 (2002).
- Reiber GE, Smith DG, Wallace C etal Effect of therapeutic footwear on foot reulceration in patients with diabetes. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 287(19), 2552–2558 (2002).
- O'Brien JA, Jacobs LM, Pierce D. Clinical practice guidelines and the cost of care. A growing alliance. Int. J. 7echnol. Assess. Healthcare 16(4), 1077–1091 (2000).
- Eyler N, Gilman J, Dehart L etal Treating and preventing recurrent diabetic foot complications in the hospital: a need to improve preventive therapy? 62nd Scientific Session: American Diabetes Association, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1108-P, June 14–18 (2002).
- Valsania, P, Gastwirth CM, Weitzman M, Allen BL. Academic detailing by volunteer podiatrists to improve foot care in the physician office. 62nd Scientific Session: American Diabetes Association, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2051-PO, June 14–18 (2002).
- Pinzur MS, Kernan-Schroeder D, Emanuele NV, Emanuele M. Development of a nurse provided health system strategy for diabetic foot care. Foot Ankle Int. 22(9), 744–746 (2001).
- Diabetes Guidelines Work Group for the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Massachusetts Guidelines for Adult Diabetes Care. Massachusetts Health Promotion Clearing House, Boston, MA, USA (2001).
- Mason J, O'Keeffe C, McIntosh A, Hutchinson A, Booth A, Young RJ. A systematic review of foot ulcer in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevention. Diabet. Med. 16,801-812 (1999).
- •Interesting review, in that it summarizes the studies and also comments on the problems of designing studies to assess the impact of preventive care on long-term outcomes.
- Wunderlich RP, Tredwell JL, Lavery LA. Reducing diabetes related lower extremity hospitalimtions in a disease management model. 61st Scientific Session: American Diabetes Association, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 68-0R, June 22–26 (2001).
- O'Meara S, Cullum N, Majid M, Sheldon T Systematic reviews of wound care management: (4) diabetic foot ulceration. Health Technol Assess. 4(21), 1–237 (2000).
- Armstrong DG, Nguyen HC, Lavery LA etal. Offloading the diabetic foot wound: a randomized clinical trial. 61st Scientific Session: American Diabetes Association, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 304-PP, June 22–26 (2001).
- Margolis DJ, Kantor J, Berlin JA. Healing of diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers receiving standard treatment. Diabetes Care 22 (5), 692–695 (1999).
- Margolis DJ, Kantor J, Santanna J, Strom BL, Berlin JA. Risk factors for delayed healing of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. Alrh. Dermatol 136,1531–1535 (2000).
- Zimny S, Voigt A, Schatz H, Pfohl M. Prediction of wound radius reductions and healing times in neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. 62nd Scientific Session: American Diabetes Association. San Francisco, CA, USA, 1042-P, June 14–18 (2002).
- Sheehan P, Caselli A, Pham H, Veves A. Change in foot ulcer area over a 4-week period can predict complete healing in a prospective clinical trial. 62nd Scientific Session: American Diabetes Association. San Francisco, CA, USA, 76-0R, June 14–18 (2002).
- Beusterien K, Plante K, Norclin J et al. The cost-effectiveness of Graftsldn vs. standard care for diabetic foot ulcers. 61st Scientific Session: American Diabetes Association, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2082-PO, June 22–26 (2001).
- Kantor J, Margolis D. Treatment options for diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers: a cost effectiveness analysis. Dennatol Surg. 4, 347–351 (2001).
- Ramsey SD, Newton K, Blough D etal. Incidence, outcomes and costs of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 22,382–387 (1999).
- •Study of a cohort of patients with diabetes identified from the 1993 claims databases of a large staff model health maintenance organization (Group Health Co-operative of Puget Sound, WA, USA). Costs were inflated and reported as 1995 US$. The attributed cost was estimated as the difference between average expenditures in the year of diagnosis and the following year compared with expenditures in the year before diagnosis.
- Ramsey SD, Newton K, Blough D, McCulloch DK, Sandhu N, Wagner EH. Patient-level estimates of the cost of complications in diabetes in a managed care population. PharmacoEconomics6(3), 285–295 (1999).
- O'Brien JA, Shomphe L, Kavanagh P, Raggio G, Caro JJ. Direct medical costs of complications resulting from Type 2 diabetes in the US. Diabetes Care 21(7), 1122–1128 (1998).
- •Provides an estimate of the annual cost per patient of managing both macrovascular and microvascular complications. The annual cost of managing foot ulcers was estimated at $2732 (1996 US$) per patient.
- Holzer SE, Camerota A, Martens L, Cuerdon T, Crystal-Peters J, Zagari M. Costs and duration of care for lower extremity ulcers in patients with diabetes. Clin. Ther. 20(1), 169–181 (1998).
- •Investigation of the impact of diabetic foot ulcer severity on direct medical costs. The authors analyzed claims for lower extremity ulcers for patients with diabetes in the MarketScan database between 1991–1992. Costs were inflated and reported in 1992 US$. All the patients are in private health insurance plans and less than 65 years old.
- O'Brien JA, Patrick AR, Caro JJ. Five year pattern of readmission for diabetic foot ulcers and lower extremity amputations. 62nd Scientific Session: American Diabetes Association. San Francisco, CA, USA, 1131-P, June 14–18 (2002).
- O'Brien JA, Patrick AR, Caro JJ. Diabetic foot ulcers: the economic consequences of in-patient admissions over five years. 7th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. Arlington, VA, USA, May 19–22 (2002).
- UK Prospective Diabetes Study (LTKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with Type 2 diabetes (LTKPDS 34). Lancet352, 854–865 (1998).
- UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with Type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet352, 837–853 (1998).
- The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J. Med. 329,977–986 (1993).
- Klonoff DC, Schwartz DM. An economic analysis of interventions for diabetes. Diabetes Care 23,390–404 (2000).
Websites
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Statistics Diabetes Surveillance, 1999. www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/ surv199/chapl/amputation.htm
- Health Promotion Initiatives and Campaigns, Diabetes Benefits and Medical NutritionTherapy. http://cms.hhs.gov/partnerships/outreach/ health campaigm/diabetes.asp
- Facts on diabetes and the foot. Information from the American Podiatric Medical Association. www.apma.org/dm_faqs_printable.htm