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Review

Caution in the use of the apolipoprotein E e4 allele as a predictor of healthcare costs

Pages 569-573 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

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  • •Excellent overview of the financing of long-term care in the USA.
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  • Tsuang D, Larson EB, Bowen J etal. The utility of apolipoprotein E genotyping in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in a community based case series. Arch. Neural. 56,1489–1495 (1999).
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  • Leung CH, Poon WS, Yu WM, Wong GK, Ng HK. Apolipoprotein e genotype and outcome in aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Struke 33(3), 548–552 (2002).
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  • Evans D, Beckett L, Field T eta]. Apolipoprotein E e4 and incidence of Alzheimer's disease in a community population of older persons. JAIVIA 277, 822–824 (1997).
  • Yip AG, Brayne C, Easton D, Rubinsztein DC. Apolipoprotein E4 is only a weak predictor of dementia and cognitive decline in the general population. J. Med. Genet. 39(9), 639–643 (2002).
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  • Taylor DH Jr, Sloan FA. How much do person's with Alzheimer's disease cost medicare? jAm. Cellar. Soc. 48,639–646 (2000).
  • Taylor DH Jr, Schenkman M, Zhou J, Sloan FA. The effect of disability and comorbidity on the cost of alzheimer's disease and related dementias. j Gerontol Soc. Sci. 56(5), 285–293 (2001).
  • Taylor DH Jr, Whellan D, Sloan FA. Effects of admission to a teaching hospital on cost and quality of care: evidence from medicare. N Eng Med 318(340), 293–299 (1999).
  • Sloan FA, Taylor DH Jr., Picone G. Cost and outcomes of stroke and hip fracture: rising costs but better outcomes? Arn. Public Health 89(6), 935–937 (1999).
  • Frisoni GB, Bianchetti A, Trabucchi M. Apolipoprotein E and the cost of Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Cellar. Psych. 12,588–89 (1997).
  • •Provides some empirical evidence tegarding the association between e4 and healthcare costs, although the cost estimates were synthetically developed/gleaned from other work and amalgamated as opposed to being based on observation of a defined population of individuals.
  • Taylor DH Jr, Fillenbaum G, Burchett B, Blazer DG. Is the APOE e4 genotype associated with higher hospital costs? Am. Geriat. Psych. 11,75-82 (2003).
  • •Provides empirical evidence of the association between e4 and cost that is based on observing actual cost data for a specific group of patients. Furthermore, the patients were based on a representative sample of elderly persons in a five county part of north-central North Carolina, USA.
  • Sloan FA, Taylor DH Jr. Does ownership affect the cost of medicare? In: Medicare Reform: Issues ancl Answers. Andrew J Rettenmaier, Thomas R (Eds). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA, 99–130 (1999).
  • Macdonald A, Pritchard D. Genetics, Alzheimer's disease and long-term care insurance. N. Am. Act. 5(2), 54–78 (2001).
  • ••Crucial paper for those interested in theassociation between the e4 allele (and any other genetic marker) and long-term care insurance. Also has a very clear summary of the research literature concerning the association between the e4 allele and Alzheimer's disease.
  • Blazer DG, Fillenbaum G, Burchett B. APOE-E4 allele and the risk of functional decline in a community sample of African—American and white older Americans. J. Gemntol Med Sri. 56(12), M785—M789 (2001).
  • •Based on the same population-based sample as the cost paper in [14] . The information on e4 from this database is key since it is not based on a clinical sample that is more likely to be biased due to selection bias.
  • Fillenbaum GG, Blazer DG, Burchett BM, Saunders AM, Taylor DH Jr. Apolipoprotein E E4 and risk of mortality in African—American and white colder community residents. Gemntologist 42 (3), 381–386 (2002).
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  • Neugroschl J, Davis KL. Biological markers in Alzheimer's disease. Am. J.Geriat. Psych. 10(6), 660–677 (2002).

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