References
- Semenciw RM, Morrison HI, Mao Y et al Major risk factors for cardiovascular disease mortality in adults: results from the Nutrition Canada Survey cohort. Int. J. Epiclemiol 17(2), 317–324 (1988).
- Rabkin SW, Matthewson PAL, Tate RB. Predicting risk of ischemic heart disease from systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Ann. Intern Med. 88(3), 342–345 (1978).
- Hajjar I, Kotchen TA. Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the United States, 1988–2000. JA1VIA 290(2), 199–206 (2003).
- ••Recent results of a review of international hypertension prevalence data. Epidemiology suggests that hypertension maybe an even more serious problem worldwide than previously thought. The burden of disease is staggering for most healthcare systems.
- Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Banegas JR et al Hypertension prevalence and blood pressure levels in six European countries, Canada and the United States. JAIVIA 289(18), 2363–2369 (2003).
- Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial Collaborative Research Group. Diuretic versus a-blocker as first-step antihypertensive therapy: final results from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Hypertension 42(3), 239–246 (2003).
- ••Main findings from the the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial, a study which, for the first time, compared long-term clinical outcomes among various classes of antihypertensive medication.
- Resnick LM. Why we can't translate clinical trials into clinical practice in hypertension. Am. Hypertens. 16,421–425 (2003).
- Messerli PH, Beevers DG, Franklin SS et al p-blockers in hypertension — the emperor has no clothes: an open letter to present and prospective drafters of new guidelines for the treatment of hypertension. Am J. Hypertens. 16,870–873 (2003).
- McInnes GT. Size isn't everything — ALLHAT in perspective. J. Hypertens. 21, 459–461 (2003).
- Julius S. The ALLHAT study: if you believe in evidence-based medicine, stick to it! J. Hypertens. 21,453–454 (2003).
- Sander GE, Giles TD. ALLHAT and ANBP2; what have we learned from recent mega-trials? Am. J. Cerian Cardiol 12 (4), 267–271 (2003).
- Cushman WC. Are there benefits to specific antihypertensive drug therapy? Am. J. Hypertens. 16 (Suppl. 11), 31–35 (2003).
- Messerli PH, Weber MA. ALLHAT — all hit or all miss? Key questions still remain. Am. Catrliol 92,280–281 (2003).
- Moser M. Results of ALLHAT: is this the final answer regarding initial antihypertensive drug therapy? Ann Intern Med. 163(11), 1269–1273 (2003).
- Oparil S. Antihypertensive and lipid- lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). Practical implications. Hypertension 41,1–4 (2003) .
- Revicki DL, Frank L. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation in the real world. Effectiveness versus efficacy studies. PhatmacoEconomics15(5), 423–434 (1999).
- Andrade SE, Walker AM, Gottlieb LK et al. Discontinuation of antihyperlipidemic drugs — do rates reported in clinical trials reflect rates in primary care settings? N Engl. Med. 332(17), 1125–1131 (1995).
- Pepine CJ, Handberg-Thurmond E et al Rationale and design of the International Verapamil SR/Trandolapril Study (INVEST): an intemet-based randomized trial in coronary artery disease patients with hypertension. J. Am. Coll Catrliol 32 (5), 1228–1237 (1998).
- Pepine CJ. International Verapamil—Trandolaprin Study. American College of Catrliology 52nd Annual Scientific Session. March 30 — April 2,2003. Chicago, IL, USA. Late breaking Clinical Trials III (2003).
- Sever PS. The Anglo—Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial: morbidity—mortality outcome from lipid-lowering in a hypertensive population. American College of Cardiology 52nd Annual Scientific Session. March 30 — April 2,2003. Chicago, IL, USA. Late breaking Clinical Trials HI 421–423 (2003).
- Wright JT Jr, Bakris G, Greene T et al African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension Study Group. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAIVIA 288(19), 2421–2431 (2002).
- Wing LM, Reid CM, Ryan P et al Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study Group. A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly. N Engl J. Med. 348(7), 583–592 (2003).
- Hodgson TA, Cai L. Medical care expenditures for hypertension, its complications, and its comorbidities. Med. Care 39(6), 599–615 (2001).
- Pardell H, Tresserras R, Armario P et al Pharmacoeconomic considerations in the management of hypertension. Drugs 59 (Suppl. 2), 13–20 (2000).
- Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. 161/1//A 289(19), 2560–2572 (2003).
- McAlister FA, Teo K.K, Lewanczuk RZ et al Contemporary practice patterns in the management of newly diagnosed hypertension. CM4J157, 23–30 (1997).
- Caro JJ, Salas M, Speckman JL et al Persistence with treatment for hypertension in actual practice. CM4J160,31–37 (1999).
- McAlister FA, Laupacis A, Teo K.K et al A survey of clinician attitudes and management practices in hypertension. J. Hum. Hypertens. 11,413–419(1997).
- McAlister FA, Teo K.K, Laupacis A. A survey of management practices for isolated systolic hypertension. J Am. Ceriatr. Soc.45, 1219–1222 (1997).
- Arroll B, Jenkins S, North D et al. Management of hypertension and the core services guidelines: results from interviews with 100 Auckland general practitioners. NZ Med 108,55–57 (1995).
- Onder G, Gambassi G, Landi F et al. Trends in antihypertensive drugs in the elderly: the decline of thiazides. J Hum. Hypertens. 15, 291–297 (2001).
- Ambrosioni E. Pharmacoeconomics of hypertension management: the place of combination therapy. PharmacoEconomics19(4), 337–347 (2001).
- Hansson L. Medical and cost-economy aspects of modem antihypertensive therapy — with special reference to 2 years of clinical experience with Losartan. Blood Press. 6\(Suppl. 1), 52–55 (1997).
- Hilleman DE, Mohiuddin SM, Lucas BD Jr et al. Cost-minimization analysis of initial antihypertensive therapy in patients with mild-to-moderate essential diastolic hypertension. Clin. Ther. 16(1), 88–102 (1994).
- ••Retrospective chart review cost-minimization analysis of newer and older drugs used by 673 hypertension patients. The authors conclude that acquisition costs alone are not sufficient to estimate total treatment costs. They demonstrated that despite lower acquisition costs, other associated treatment costs for these agents were higher as were the costs for managing side effects.
- Rizzo JA, Simons VVR. Variations in compliance among hypertensive patients by drug class: implications for health care costs. Clin. Ther. 19(6), 1446–1457 (1997).
- Caro JJ. The effectiveness of hypertension management: economic and human implications. The European Society of Hypertension. Milan, Italy, June (1997).
- Caro JJ, Speckman JL, Raggio G, Salas M Does stepped care for hypertension work? Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the International Sodety of Technology Assemment in kkalth Care. Barcelona, Spain, May (1997).
- Caro JJ for the WOSCOPS Economic Analysis Subcommittee, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland. Costs and effectiveness of pravastatin use in hypercholesterolemia. Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the International Society of Technology Assessment in Health Care. Barcelona, Spain, May (1997).
- Elliot WJ. Costs associated with changing antihypertensive drug monotherapy: 'preferred' versus 'alternative' therapy. Am. Hypertens. 8(4), 80 (1995).
- Hughes D, McGuire A. The direct costs to the NHS of discontinuing and switching prescriptions for hypertension. J Hum. Hypertens. 12,533–537 (1998).
- Christensen DB, Williams B, Goldberg HI et al. Assessing compliance to antihypertensive medications using computer-based pharmacy records. Merl Care 19, 1446–1457 (1997).
- Caro JJ, Speckman JL, Salas M et al. Effect of initial drug choice on persistence with antihypertensive therapy: the importance of actual practice data. CM4J160, 41–46 (1999).
- •• Reports results from the largest database analysis of its kind. Authors demonstrate that adherence patterns in greater than 22,000 patients are more favorable for patients initiating therapy with ace inhibitors versus older agents such as diuretics and p-blockers.
- Okano GJ, Raskati KL, Wilson JP et al. Patterns of antihypertensive use among patients in the US Department of Defense database initially prescribed on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker. Clin. Ther. 19(6), 1433–1445 (1999).
- Wilson M, Patwell J, Soheiber O et al The clinical and economic implications of drug utilization patterns in the treatment of hypertension with ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers in a managed care setting. I Manag. Care Pharm. 4(2), 194–202 (1998).
- Sasane R, Brixner D. Antihypertensive drug utilization review — a step approach. J. Manag. Care Pharm. 3,299 (1997).
- Jones JK, Gorkin L, Lian JP et al. Discontinuation of and changes in treatment after start of new courses of antihypertensive drugs: a study of a United Kingdom population. BE Merl J. 311, 293–295 (1995).
- Payne KA, Esmonde-White S. Observational studies of antihypertensive medication use and compliance: is drug choice a factor in treatment adherence? Cum Hypertens. Rep. 2, 515–524 (2000).
- ••Comprehensive international review of observational studies of adherence patterns to various classes of first-line antihypertensives in patients with chronic and newly diagnosed hypertension. In the newly diagnosed, results are remarkably consistent, favoring the newer therapies.
- Caro JJ, Payne K, Getsios D et al. Modeling the cost-effectiveness of initial antihypertensive choices. Presented at the Canadian Health Economics Research Association. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. (1999).
- Johannesson M. The cost-effectiveness of the switch towards more expensive antihypertensive drugs. Health Policy28, 1–13 (1994).
- Salman M, Bergman M et al The effect of drug cost on hypertension treatment decision. Public Health 113(5), 243–246 (1999).
- Jönsson B, Johannesson M. Cost benefit of treating hypertension. Clin. Exp. Hypertens.21(5–6), 987–997 (1999).
- McMurray J. The health economics of the treatment of hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 12, S99—S104 (1999).
- Small RE, Freeman-Arnold SB, Goode JV et al. Evaluation of the total cost of treating elderly hypertensive patients with ACE inhibitors: a comparison of older and newer agents. Pharmacotherapy17 (5), 1011–1016 (1997).
- Rack JM, Nocikov SV, Ferrario CM. Benefits of adherence to antihypertensive drug therapy. Eur. Heart 17(Suppl. A), 16–20 (1996).
- Croog SH, Levine S, Testa MA et al The effects of antihypertensive therapy on the quality of life. N. Engl Med 314, 1657–1664 (1986).
- Nelson EC, Stason WB, Neutra RR et al. Identification of the noncompliant hypertensive patient. Prey. Merl 9, 504–517 (1980).
- Toyoshima H, Taka Lasshi K, Akera T The impact of side effects on hypertension management. A Japanese survey. Clin. Ther.19,1458–1469 (1997).
- Williams GH. Assessing patient wellness: new perspectives on quality of life and compliance. Am. J. Hypertens. 1,1865–1915 (1998).
- Borrild NJ. Patients' experiences of antihypertensive drugs in routine use: results of a Danish general practice survey. Blood Press. 6\(Suppl. 1), 23–25 (1997).
- Dasing R, Weisser B, Mengden T et al. Changes in antihypertensive therapy — the role of adverse effects and compliance. Blood Pirss. 7,313–315 (1998).
- Meltzer JI. A Specialist in clinical hypertension critiques ALLHAT. Am. J. Hypertens. 16,416–420 (2003).
- O'Brien JA, Patrick AR, Caro JJ. Direct medical costs of complications resulting from Type 2 diabetes in Canada. BMC Health Serv Res. 3,7 (2003).
- Caro JJ, Ward AJ, O'Brien JA. Lifetime costs of complications resulting from Type 2 diabetes in the US. Diabetes Cate 25(3), 476–481 (2002).
- McCombs JS, Nichol MB, Newman CM et al The costs of interrupting antihypertensive drug therapy in a MEDICAID population. Med. Cate 32, 214–226 (1994).
- Monane M, Bohn RL, Burwitz JM et al The effects of initial drug choice and comorbidity on antihypertensive therapy compliance. Results from a population-based study in the elderly. Am. J. Hypertens. 10,697–704 (1997).
- Bloom BS. Continuation of initial antihypertensive medication after one year of therapy. Clin. Ther. 20,671–681 (1998).
- Marentette MA, Gerth WC, Billings DKJ et al Antihypertensive persistence and drug class. Cn.j Canliol. 18(6), 649–656 (2002).
- Hershey JC, Morton BG, Davis JB et al Patient compliance with antihypertensive medication. Am. J. Public Health 70, 1081–1089 (1980).
- Lacher TF, Vetter H, Siegenthaler W et al Compliance in hypertension. Facts and concepts. J. Hypertens. 3,3–9 (1985).
- Bittar N. Maintaining long-term control of blood pressure: the role of improved compliance. Cl/n. Canliol. 18,312–316 (1995).
- Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG et al. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomized trial. Lancet 351,1755–1762 (1998).
- Flack JM, Doyle J, Casciano R et al The health economic impact of failure to reach blood pressure goals. Am J. Hypertens. 13, 17–19 (2000).
- Hansson L, Lloyd A, Anderson P et al Excess morbidity and cost of failure to achieve targets for blood pressure control in Europe. Blood Press. 11,35–45 (2002).
- Ali F, Scott DA, Lloyd A. Cost of uncontrolled hypertension in Canada. Value Health 5,481 (2002).
- Lichtenstein M, Steele M, Hoehn T et al. Visit frequency for essential hypertension: observed associations. J. Fain. Pract. 28, 667–677 (1989).
- Berlowitz DR, Ash AS, Mickey EC et al. Inadequate management of blood pressure in a hypertensive population. N Engl. J. Med. 339(27), 1957–1963 (1998).
- La Puerta P, Simon T, Smitten A, Caro JJ, for the CHOICE Study Group. Assessment of the association between blood pressure control and health care resource use. Clin. Ther. 23(10), 1773–1782 (2001).
- Paramore LC, Halpern MT, Lapuerta P et al. Impact of poorly controlled hypertension on health care resource utilization and cost. Am. J. Manag Care 7, 389–398 (2001).
- Esposti ED, Sturani A, Esposti LD et al Pharmacoutilization of antihypertensive drugs: a model of analysis. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol Tiler 39(6), 251–258 (2001).
- Sclar D, Skaer T, Robison L et al Effect of antihypertensive formulation health services expenditures. Clin. Auton. Res. 3, 363–368 (1993).
- Skaer T, Sclar D, Robison L et al Effect of pharmaceutical formulation for antihypertensive therapy on health service utilization. Clin. Ther. 15,715–725 (1993).
- Caro JJ, Payne K. Real-world effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs. CM4J25, 162, 190 (2000).
- Wright JM, Lee C, Chambers GK Real- world effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs. CM4J162, 190–191 (2000).
- Caro JJ, Payne K. The value of industry- sponsored studies of initial antihypertensive therapies. CM4J164, 1832 (2001).
- Wright JM. The value of industry- sponsored studies of initial antihypertensive therapies. CM4J164, 1832–1833 (2001).
- Wright JM. Choosing a first-line drug in the management of elevated blood pressure: what is the evidence? Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors. CMAJ 163(3), 293–296 (2000).
- ••One of three in a series which reports evidence from the randomized clinical trial environment to support stepped-care therapy in the management of hypertension. Author concludes that diuretics should be considered as first-line antihypertensive therapy.
- McInnes GT. Integrated approaches to management of hypertension: promoting treatment acceptance. Aim Heartj 138, S252—S255 (1999).
- Guidelines Committe. 2003 European Society of Hypertension — European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension. J. Hypertens. 21,1011-1053 (2003). Websites
Websites
- American Heart Association. International Cardiovascular Disease Statistics. Biostatistical fact sheet — population. http://americanheart.org (Accessed March 2004)
- Brookes L. The application and implications of ALLHAT. Medscape Conference Coverage: American Society of Hypertension 18th Annual Meeting (2003). http://www.medscape.comiviewprogram/ 2369_pnt(Accessed March 2004)