References
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- •Uses a nationally representative sample to examine the economic burden associated with persons with one of five chronic illnesses (i.e., mood disorders, diabetes, heart disease, asthma and hypertension) that combine to account for almost half of total healthcare costs in the USA in 1996. Although all conditions were expensive, the bulk of the expenditures were not for the illnesses directly, rather, most of the expenditures went toward coexistent illnesses.
- Weiss KB, Sullivan SD, Lyttle CS. Trends in the cost of illness for asthma in the United States: 1985–1994.1 Allergy Clin. Immunol 106,493–499 (2000).
- •Examines changes in direct and indirect cost and prevalence of asthma from 1984 to 1994. Although the total US costs of asthma increased by 54.1% during the 10-year period, per capita costs declined by 3.4%. The decline in per capita cost was largely driven by decreases in direct medical expenditures associated with shorter length of stay in hospitals. Both the indirect costs associated with work loss and medication costs increased.
- Atherly A. Medicare supplemental insurance: Medicare's accidental stepchild. Merl Cat e Res. Rev 58(2), 131–161 (2001).
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- ••Examines the changes in prescriptiondrug coverage during the late 1990s among Medicare beneficiaries. Overall, 62% of Medicare beneficiaries had prescription drug coverage, with the share having coverage increasing from 1996 to 1999. However, the increase was largely due to managed care plans, which reached their zenith in 1998 and have been declining since. Also, there were subgroups with low levels of coverage, such as the elderly and individuals living in rural areas.
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- Manning W, Mullahy J. Estimating log models: to transform or not to transform? Health Econ. 20(4), 461–494 (2001).
- Cox B, Iachan R. A comparison of household and provider reports of medical conditions. jAm Stat. Assoc. 82 (400), 1013–1018 (1987).
- Edward W Winn D, Kurlantzick V et al Evaluation of National Health Interview Survey Diagnostic Reporting. National Center for Health Statistics, Vital Health, MD, USA 2,120 (1994).
- Johnson A, Sanchez ME. Household and Medical Provider Reports on Medical Conditions: National Medical Expenditure Survey, 1987.1 Economic Soc. Meas. 19, 199–223 (1993).
- •Examines the relationship between household and medical provider reports on chronic illnesses. Overall, the authors found that when diseases were defined narrowly (by three digit International Classification of Disease-9 codes), the level of agreement was relatively low, ranging between 32 and 56% (excluding pregnancy, for which there was a higher rate of agreement). However, when diseases were collapsed into 20 major groups of diseases, the probability of agreement increased to between 58 and 91%.
- Miller RH, Luft HS. HMO plan performance update: an analysis of the literature, 1997–2001. Health Affairs 21 (4), 63–86 (2002).
- •A synthesis of the literature examining managed care from 1997 to 2001. Similarly to the previous reviews of this literature, no clear consensus emerges. Health Insurance Maintenance Organization are often found to be lower cost, but not always. Quality of care is found to be either better, worse or roughly comparable.
- Robinson JC. Renewed emphasis on consumer cost sharing in health insurance benefit design. Health Affaits.W139—W154 (2002).
- Congressional Budget Office Testimony. Statement of Douglas Holtz—Eakin, Director 'Estimating the Cost of the Medicare Modernization Act' before the Committee on Ways and Means US House of Representatives, Washinton DC, USA. March 24, (2004).
- Foote S. Population-based disease management under fee-for-service Medicare. Health Affairs. 3, W342—W356 (2003).
- •Reviews different possible approaches to adding a population-based disease management program to the existing fee-for-service Medicare structure. There have been a number of demonstration projects already completed, which are discussed. It also examines the likely populations to target with a population-based disease management program and obstacles that will need to be overcome.
Website
- National Center for Health Statistics. Asthma Prevalence, Healthcare Use and Mortality, 2000–2001. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.govinchs/products/pubs/pubd/ hestats/asthma/asthma.htm (Accessed July 2004)