References
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorrlers. Fourth Edition. (DSM-1V, International Version). American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC, USA (1995).
- World Health Organisation. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland (1992).
- Fryers T Epidemiological thinking in mental retardation: issues in taxonomy and population frequency. Int. Rev Res. Mental Retard. 19, 97–133 (1993).
- Van Schrojenstein Lantman-De Valk HM. People with intellectual disability in general practice: case definition and case finding. Intellect. Disabil Res. 41, 373–379 (1997).
- Percy Lord. Report of the Royal Commission on the law relating to Mental Illness and Mental Deficiency 1954–1957. CMD 169. HMSO, London, UK, (1957).
- DHSS. Better services for the mentally handicapped. CM1VD 6233. HMSO, London, UK (1971).
- Department of Health. Valuing people: a new strategy for learning disability for the 21st century. Department of Health, London, UK (2001).
- •• Fundamentally clarifies the priorities andrequirements for learning disability services to meet from now on.
- Department of Health. Signposts for success in commissioning and providing health services for people with learning disabilities. Department of Health, London, UK (1998). Framework upon which valuing people was based.
- Department of Health. Facing the facts: services for people with learning disabilities: a policy impact study. Department of Health, London, UK (1999). Brings into focus the difficulties facing learning disability (ID) services and sets the scene for follow-on documents.
- Department of Health. Action for Health — Health Action Plans and Health Facilitation. Detailed Good Practice Guidance on Implementation for Learning Disability Partnership Boards. Department of Health, London, UK (2001). Sets out requirements to ensure cohesive health planning for all individuals with LD.
- Department of Health. National Service Framework for mental health: executive summary. Department of Health, London, UK (1999).
- ••Political frameworks prioritizing the expenditure decisions in psychiatric services including those with LD, in a targeted way.
- Van Minnen A, Hoogduin CAL, Broekman RG. Hospital versus outreach treatment of patients with mental retardation and psychiatric disorders: a controlled study. Acta Psych. Scan. 95,515-522 (1997).
- Holden P, Neff JA. Intensive outpatient treatment of persons with mental retardation and psychiatric disorder: a preliminary study. Mental Retard. 38(1), 27–32 (2000).
- Tyrer P, Hassiotis A, Ukoumunne O et al UK 700 Group. Intensive case management for patients with borderline intelligence. Lancet 354,999–1000 (1999).
- White S, Meux C. Workload implications of the proposed new Mental Health Act. Psych. Bull. 27,54–57 (2003).
- Kapell D, Nightingale B, Rodriguez A et al Prevalence of chronic medical conditions in adults with mental retardation: comparison with the general population. Mental Retard. 36(4), 269–279 (1998).
- Beange H, McElduff A, Baker W Medical disorders of adults with mental retardation: a population study. Am. j Mental Retard. 99(6), 595–604 (1995).
- Turner S, Moss S. The health needs of adults with learning disability and the health of the nation strategy. I Intellect. Disabil Res. 40(Pt 5), 438–50 (1996).
- Powrie E. Primary health provision for adults with a learning disability. j Adv. Nurs. 42(4), 413–423 (2003).
- Rutter M, Tizard J, Whitmore K. Education, Health and Behaviour Longman, London, UK (1970).
- Corbett J. Psychiatric morbidity and mental retardation. In: Psychiatric Illness and Mental Handicap. James FE, Snaith RP (Eds). Gaskell, London, UK, 11–25 (1979).
- Borthwick-Duffy SA. Epidemiology and prevalence of psychopathology in people with mental retardation. j Consult. Clin. fisychol 62(1), 17–27 (1994).
- Cooper SA. Psychiatry of elderly compared to younger adults with intellectual disabilities. I Appl. Res. Intellectual Disabil 10(4), 303–311 (1997).
- Smith K, Shah A, Wright K, Lewis G. The prevalence and costs of psychiatric disorders and learning disabilities. BE j Psychiatry 166(1), 9–18 (1995).
- Bird J. Epilepsy and learning disabilities. In: Seminars in the Psychiatry of Learning Disabilities. Russell O (Ed.). Gaskell, London, UK, 223–244 (1997).
- Hallam A, Knapp M, Jarbrink K et al Quality and costs of residential supports for people with learning disabilities: a comparative analysis of quality and costs in village communities, residential campuses and dispersed housing schemes. j Intellect. Dhabi'. Res. 46\(Pt 5), 394–404 (2002). A seminal piece of work in actual cost analysis in this area.
- Netten A, Dennett J, Knoght J. Unit Costs Of Health And Social Cam. Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK (1999).
- Gerard K. Economic evaluation of respite care for children with mental handicaps: a preliminary analysis of problems. j Mental Handicap 18 (1990).
- Beecham J, Knapp M, McGilloway S et al The cost-effectiveness of community care for adults with Learning Disabilities leaving long-stay hospital in Northern Ireland. Intellect. Disabil Res. 41(1), 30–41 (1997).
- Rhoades JA, Altman BM. Personal characteristics and contextual factors associated with residential expenditures for individuals with mental retardation. Ment. Retard. 39(2), 114–129 (2001).
- Robertson J, Emerson E, Lowe K et al Quality and costs of community based residential supports for people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour. Proceedings of the International Association for the Scientific Study of Developmental Disabiliiy University College, Dublin, Ireland (2002). First piece of work making actual cost comparisons of provisions for people with LDs and challenging behavior.
- Department of Health. Services for People with Learning Disabilities and Challenging Behaviour or Mental Health Needs. HMSO, London, UK (1993).
- Jones C, Wright K. Programme budgeting revisited: special reference to people with learning disabilities. Health Serv. Management Res. 10,255–265 (1998).
- Department of Health. Annual Financial Returns of NHS Trusts: TFR2C — Patients Using a Bed (including day cases) Maincode: 059 Cost per patient day [058/ 0561. Department of Health, London, UK (2001/2002).
- Department of Health. Annual Financial Returns of Primary Care Trusts: PFR2C — Patients Using a Bed (including day cases) Maincode: 059 Cost per patient day [058/ 0561. Department of Health, London, UK (2001/2002).
- Emerson E. Challenging Behaviour: Analysis and intervention in People with Learning Disabilities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1995).
- Jones RSP, Eayrs C. Challenging behaviour and intellectual disability: a psychological perspective. BILD Publications, Clevedon, UK (1993).
- Kohen D. Psychiatric emergencies in people with a mental handicap. Psych. Bull 17,587–589 (1993).
- Dockrell JE, Gaskell GD, Normand C, Rehman H. An economic analysis of the resettlement of people with mild learning disabilities and challenging behaviour. Soc. Sci. Med. 40(7), 895–901 (1995).
- Zigman W, Schupf N, Haveman M et al The epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease in mental retardation: results and recommendations from an international conference. I Intellect. Disabil Res. 41(1), 76–80 (1997).
- Turk V, Dodd K, Christmas M. Down's syndrome and dementia: briefing for comissioners. Foundation for people with learning disabilities. Mental Health Foundation, London, UK (2001).
- Mann DMA. Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome. Ifistopathology13, 125–137 (1988).
- Holland AJ. Ageing and learning disability. Br. fisychiatry 176,26–31 (2000).
- Judge K, Mays N. Allocating resources for health and social care in England. BE Med. 1. 308,1363–1366 (1994).
- Bindman J, Glover G, Goldberg D et al Expenditure on mental healthcare by English Health Authorities: a potential source of inequity. Brj Bychiatry177, 267–274 (2000).
- Forsyth B, Winterbottom P Beds, budgets and burdens: learning disability expenditure v. workload across English Health Authorities. A comparative review. Br. fiychiatry181,200-207 (2002). First economic analysis of this kind for learning disability services, highlighting national inequalities.
- Morgan CL, Ahmed Z, Kerr MP. Healthcare provision for people with a learning disability. Record-linkage study of epidemiology and factors contributing to hospital care uptake. BE I PTchiatry176, 37–41 (2000).
- Greaves D. Changing priorities in residential, medical and social services. 'Med Ethics 23,77–81 (1997).
- Russell O, Foster R, Lauruol J et al Quantifying needs and looking towards the future: a survey of the health and social care needs of people with learning disabilities living in bristol and district. Norah Fry Research Centre, Bristol, UK (1994).
- Parrott R, Emerson E, Hatton C et al Future demand for residential provision for people with learning disabilities. Hester Adrian Research Centre, Manchester, UK (1997).
- Royal College of Psychiatrists. OP 53: Annual Census of Psychiatric Staffing. Gaskell, London, UK (2000).
- Poxton R, Grieg R, Saunders AG. Best value reviews of learning disability services for adults: a framework for applying person centred principles. Community Care Development Centre, Institute for Applied Health and Social Policy. Department of Health, London, UK (2001).
- Hervey N, Ramsey J. Carers as partners in care. Adv PTchiatc 7i-eat. 10,81-84 (2004).
- Wadsworth J, Harper D. Training healthcare professionals to communicate with patients with mental retardation. Academic Medicine. 66,495–496 (1991).
- Harper D, Wadsworth J. Improving health communication for persons with mental retardation. Public Health Rep. 107, 297–302 (1992).
- Hallam A, Trieman N. The cost- effectiveness of specialised facilities for service users with persistent challenging behaviours. Health Soc. Cam Corn. 9(6), 429–435 (2001).
- House of Lords/House of Commons Joint Committee on the Draft Mental Incapacity Bill. First Report. The Stationery Office, London, UK (2003).
- Hassiotis A. Mental health services for people with learning disability. BE Med. J. 321,583–584 (2000).
- Shearn J, Beyer S, Felce D. The cost- effectiveness of supported employment for people with severe intellectual disabilities and high support needs: a pilot study. Appl. Res. Intellectual Disabil 13,29–37 (2000).
- Department of Health. Patient Care in the Community: NHS Community Learning Disability Nursing Summary Information for 2002-2003 England. Department of Health, London, UK (2003).
Websites
- Learning Disability Task Force www.valuingpeople.org.uk (Accessed July 2004)
- Learning Disability Development Fund www.doh.gov.uldlearningdisabilities/ lddf.htm (Accessed July 2004)
- Learning Disability Development Fund — capital allocation www.doh.gov.uldlearningdisabilities/ lddfcap.htm (Accessed July 2004)
- Joint Investment Plans www.doh.gov.uldlearningdisabilities/ jipworkbook.htm (Accessed July 2004)
- National service frameworks www.doh.gov.uk.NSF (Accessed July 2004)
- Mental health national service framework www.doh.govinsf/mhnsf2a.htm (Accessed July 2004)
- Workforce Development Confederation guidance on implementation www.doh.gov.uldworkdevcon/ guidance.htm (Accessed July 2004)
- Lancaster University www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/ihr/ld (Accessed July 2004)
- Down's syndrome and dementia: briefing for commissioners www.learningdisabilities.org.uk/html/ content/dembrief.cfm (Accessed July 2004)
- Norah Fry Research Centre www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/NorahFry (Accessed July 2004)
- Hester Adrian Research Centre www.papworth.org.uk (Accessed July 2004)
- Direct payments information www.valuingpeople.gov.uk (Accessed July 2004)
- County Durham Social Care Teams www.durham.gov.uk (Accessed July 2004)
- College Report: meeting the mental health needs of people with learning disability www.rcpsych.ac.uldpublications/cr/ cR56.htm (Accessed July 2004)
- Informing the elderly and disabled living at home and their carers www.uk-care.com/community-care-magazine.html (Accessed July 2004) Affiliations