Cost implications of new evidence on prevention of cardiovascular disease

References

• American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics. (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN. Ineffective secondary prevention in survivors of cardiovascular events in the US population: report from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch. Intern. Med. 161, 1621–1628 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan RC, Psaty BM, Heckbert SR, Smith NL, Lemaitre RN. Blood pressure level and incidence of myocardial infarction among patients treated for hypertension. Am. J. Public Health 89, 1414–1417 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan RC, Bhalodkar NC, Brown EJ, White J, Brown DL. Race, ethnicity, and sociocultural characteristics predict noncompliance with lipid-lowering medications. Preventive Med. 39, 1249–1255 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson TA, Laurora I, Chu H, Kafonek S. The lipid treatment assessment project (L-TAP): a multicenter survey to evaluate the percentages of dyslipidemic patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy and achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. Arch. Intern. Med. 160, 459–467 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prosser LA, Stinnett AA, Goldman PA et al. Cost-effectiveness of cholesterol-lowering therapies according to selected patient characteristics. Ann. Intern. Med. 132, 769–779 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Kirmani JF, Divani AA. The relative impact of inadequate primary and secondary prevention on cardiovascular mortality in the United States. Stroke 35, 2346–2350 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 289, 2560–2572 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer MA, Avorn J. Economic implications of evidence-based prescribing for hypertension: can better care cost less? JAMA 291, 1850–1856 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu KT, Moloney M, Phillips S. Economics of suboptimal drug use: cost-savings of using JNC-recommended medications for management of uncomplicated essential hypertension. Am. J. Manag. Care 9, 529–536 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Manolio TA, Cutler JA, Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Whelton PK, Applegate WB. Trends in pharmacologic management of hypertension in the United States. Arch. Intern. Med. 155, 829–837 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psaty BM, Manolio TA, Smith NL et al. Time trends in high blood pressure control and the use of antihypertensive medications in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch. Intern. Med. 162, 2325–2332 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 288, 2981–2997 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs chlorthalidone: the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. JAMA 283, 1967–1975 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD et al. Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network meta-analysis. JAMA 289, 2534–2544 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fretheim A, Aaserud M, Oxman AD. The potential savings of using thiazides as the first choice antihypertensive drug: cost-minimisation analysis. BMC Health Serv. Res. 3, 18 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan RC, Psaty BM, Kriesel D et al. Replacing short-acting nifedipine with alternative medications at a large health maintenance organization. Am. J. Hypertens. 11, 471–477 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Grimshaw JM, Thomas RE, MacLennan G et al. Effectiveness and efficiency of guideline dissemination and implementation strategies. Health Technol. Assess. 8, 1–72 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckman JA, Creager MA, Libby P. Diabetes and atherosclerosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. JAMA 287, 2570–2581 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. NIH Publication No. 98–4080: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National High Blood Pressure Education Program. (1998).
   Google Scholar
• UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. Br. Med. J. 317, 703–713 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Cost effectiveness analysis of improved blood pressure control in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 40. Br. Med. J. 317, 720–726 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott WJ, Weir DR, Black HR. Cost-effectiveness of the lower treatment goal (of JNC VI) for diabetic hypertensive patients. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch. Intern. Med. 160, 1277–1283 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Jonsson B, Hansson L, Stalhammar NO. Health economics in the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) study: costs and cost-effectiveness of intensive blood pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension. J. Intern. Med. 253, 472–480 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet 351, 1755–1762 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44, 720–732 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD et al. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 285, 1711–1718 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz GG, Ganz P, Waters D, Arikian S. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of the effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes. Am. J. Cardiol. 92, 1109–1112 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsevat J, Kuntz KM, Orav EJ, Weinstein MC, Sacks FM, Goldman L. Cost-effectiveness of pravastatin therapy for survivors of myocardial infarction with average cholesterol levels. Am. Heart J. 141, 727–734 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law M, Tang JL. An analysis of the effectiveness of interventions intended to help people stop smoking. Arch. Intern. Med. 155, 1933–1941 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stapleton JA, Lowin A, Russell MA. Prescription of transdermal nicotine patches for smoking cessation in general practice: evaluation of cost-effectiveness. Lancet 354, 210–215 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lightwood JM, Glantz SA. Short-term economic and health benefits of smoking cessation: myocardial infarction and stroke. Circulation 96, 1089–1096 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cromwell J, Bartosch WJ, Fiore MC, Hasselblad V, Baker T. Cost-effectiveness of the clinical practice recommendations in the AHCPR guideline for smoking cessation. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. JAMA 278, 1759–1766 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold MR, Siegel JE, Russell LB, Weinstein MC. Cost-effectiveness in Health and Medicine. Oxford University Press, NY, USA (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Barendregt JJ, Bonneux L, van der Maas PJ. The health care costs of smoking. N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 1052–1057 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiore MC, Bailey WC, Cohen SC, Smoking Cessation: Clinical Practice Guidleine No 18. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, MD, USA, 96–0692 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Fiscella K, Franks P. Cost-effectiveness of the transdermal nicotine patch as an adjunct to physicians' smoking cessation counseling. JAMA275, 1247–1251 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javitz HS, Swan GE, Zbikowski SM et al. Cost-effectiveness of different combinations of bupropion SR dose and behavioral treatment for smoking cessation: a societal perspective. Am. J. Manag Care 10, 217–226 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curry SJ, Grothaus LC, McAfee T, Pabiniak C. Use and cost effectiveness of smoking-cessation services under four insurance plans in a health maintenance organization. N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 673–679 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danesh J, Wheeler JG, Hirschfield GM et al. C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 1387–1397 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 107, 499–511 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med.342, 836–843 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Glynn RJ, Hennekens CH. C-reactive protein adds to the predictive value of total and HDL cholesterol in determining risk of first myocardial infarction. Circulation 97, 2007–2011 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake GJ, Ridker PM, Kuntz KM. Potential cost-effectiveness of C-reactive protein screening followed by targeted statin therapy for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease among patients without overt hyperlipidemia. Am. J. Med. 114, 485–494 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nallamothu BK, Saint S, Bielak LF et al. Electron-beam computed tomography in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med.161, 833–838 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Detrano RC, Wong ND, Doherty TM et al. Coronary calcium does not accurately predict near-term future coronary events in high-risk adults. Circulation 99, 2633–2638 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw LJ, Raggi P, Berman DS, Callister TQ. Cost effectiveness of screening for cardiovascular disease with measures of coronary calcium. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 46, 171–184 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Rumberger JA, Behrenbeck T, Breen JF, Sheedy PF II. Coronary calcification by electron beam computed tomography and obstructive coronary artery disease: a model for costs and effectiveness of diagnosis as compared with conventional cardiac testing methods. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 33, 453–462 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Nasir K, Redberg RF, Budoff MJ, Hui E, Post WS, Blumenthal RS. Utility of stress testing and coronary calcification measurement for detection of coronary artery disease in women. Arch. Intern. Med. 164, 1610–1620 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Elgin EE, O'Malley PG, Feuerstein I, Taylor AJ. Frequency and severity of incidentalomas encountered during electron beam computed tomography for coronary calcium in middle-aged army personnel. Am. J. Cardiol. 90, 543–545 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Holloway RG, Benesch CG, Rahilly CR, Courtright CE. A systematic review of cost-effectiveness research of stroke evaluation and treatment. Stroke 30, 1340–1349 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee TT, Solomon NA, Heidenreich PA, Oehlert J, Garber AM. Cost-effectiveness of screening for carotid stenosis in asymptomatic persons. Ann. Intern. Med. 126, 337–346 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland P, Abrams J, Aurigemma GP et al. Prevention Conference V. Beyond secondary prevention: identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention: noninvasive tests of atherosclerotic burden. Writing Group III. Circulation 101, E16–E22 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orchard TJ, Strandness DE Jr. Assessment of peripheral vascular disease in diabetes. Report and recommendations of an international workshop sponsored by the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association 18–20 September 1992, New Orleans, Louisiana. Diabetes Care 16, 1199–1209 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Miller ER III, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ, Guallar E. Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann. Intern. Med. 142, 37–46 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 364, 1219–1228 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Dagenais G, Pogue J, Bosch J, Sleight P. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 154–160 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 280, 605–613 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291, 1701–1712 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288, 321–333 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yosefy C, Dicker D, Viskoper JR et al. The Ashkelon Hypertension Detection and Control Program (AHDC Program): a community approach to reducing cardiovascular mortality. Prev. Med. 37, 571–576 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wonderling D, Langham S, Buxton M, Normand C, McDermott C. What can be concluded from the Oxcheck and British family heart studies: commentary on cost effectiveness analyses. Br. Med. J. 312, 1274–1278 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wonderling D, McDermott C, Buxton M et al. Costs and cost effectiveness of cardiovascular screening and intervention: the British family heart study. Br. Med. J. 312, 1269–1273 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouse A, Adab P. Is population coronary heart disease risk screening justified? A discussion of the National Service Framework for coronary heart disease (Standard 4). Br. J. Gen. Pract. 51, 834–837 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Brunner E, Cohen D, Toon L. Cost effectiveness of cardiovascular disease prevention strategies: a perspective on EU food based dietary guidelines. Public Health Nut. 4, 711–715 (2001).
   Google Scholar