Adding clopidogrel to aspirin improves outcome in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients receiving fibrinolytic therapy

References

• Braunwald E ZD, Libby P, Bonow R. In: Braunwald’s Heart Disease, Elsevier Saunders, PA, USA (2005).
   Google Scholar
• American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics –2005 Update, American Heart Association, TX, USA (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Wiviott SD, Morrow DA, Frederick PD et al. Performance of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction risk index in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction-3 and -4: a simple index that predicts mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44(4), 783–789 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huikuri HV, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias. N. Engl. J. Med.345(20), 1473–1482 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furman MI, Dauerman HL, Goldberg RJ et al. Twenty-two year (1975 to 1997) trends in the incidence, in-hospital and long-term case fatality rates from initial Q-wave and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: a multi-hospital, community-wide perspective. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37(6), 1571–1580 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidenreich PA, McClellan M. Trends in treatment and outcomes for acute myocardial infarction: 1975–1995. Am. J. Med. 110(3), 165–174 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ, Chesebro JH. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes (1). N. Engl. J. Med.326(4), 242–250 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies MJ. The pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes. Heart 83(3), 361–366 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk E, Shah PK, Fuster V. Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation 92(3), 657–671 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kullo IJ, Edwards WD, Schwartz RS. Vulnerable plaque: pathobiology and clinical implications. Ann Intern Med129(12), 1050–1060 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little WC, Constantinescu M, Applegate RJ et al. Can coronary angiography predict the site of a subsequent myocardial infarction in patients with mild-to-moderate coronary artery disease? Circulation 78(5 Pt 1), 1157–1166 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giroud D, Li JM, Urban P, Meier B, Rutishauer W. Relation of the site of acute myocardial infarction to the most severe coronary arterial stenosis at prior angiography. Am. J. Cardiol. 69(8), 729–732 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimer KA, Lowe JE, Rasmussen MM, Jennings RB. The wavefront phenomenon of ischemic cell death. 1. Myocardial infarct size vs. duration of coronary occlusion in dogs. Circulation 56(5), 786–794 (1977).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWood MA, Spores J, Notske R et al. Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med.303(16), 897–902 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWood MA, Spores J, Hensley GR et al. Coronary arteriographic findings in acute transmural myocardial infarction. Circulation 68(2 Pt 2), I39–I49 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerensky RA, Wade M, Deedwania P, Boden WE, Pepine CJ. Revisiting the culprit lesion in non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results from the VANQWISH trial angiographic core laboratory. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 39(9), 1456–1463 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burzotta F, Hamon M, Sabatier R, Prati F, Boccanelli A, Grollie G. Early effects of tissue-type plasminogen activator added to conventional therapy on the culprit coronary lesion in patients presenting with ischemic cardiac pain at rest. Results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Ischaemia (TIMI IIIA) Trial. Circulation 87(1), 38–52 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antman EM, Cohen M, Bernink PJ et al. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI: a method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making. JAMA 284(7), 835–842 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA et al. Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. N. Engl. J. Med.344(25), 1879–1887 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists’ (FTT) Collaborative Group. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomised trials of more than 1000 patients. Lancet 343(8893), 311–322 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction). Circulation 110(9), e82–e92 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GISS 1. Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI). Lancet 1(8478), 397–402 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISIS-2. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet 2(8607), 349–360 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TIMI Study Group. The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial. Phase I findings. N. Engl. J. Med.312(14), 932–936 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. The GUSTO investigators. N. Engl. J. Med.329(10), 673–682 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mark DB, Hlatky MA, Califf RM et al. Cost effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator as compared with streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med.332(21), 1418–1424 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkelmayer WC, Weinstein MC, Mittleman MA, Glynn RJ, Pliskin JS. Health economic evaluations: the special case of end stage renal disease treatment. Med. Decis. Making 22(5), 417–430 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A comparison of reteplase with alteplase for acute myocardial infarction. The Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO III) Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med.337(16), 1118–1123 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Single-bolus tenecteplase compared with front-loaded alteplase in acute myocardial infarction: the ASSENT-2 double-blind randomised trial. Assessment of the safety and efficacy of a new thrombolytic investigators. Lancet 354(9180), 716–722 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boersma E, Maas AC, Deckers JW, Simoons ML. Early thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction: reappraisal of the golden hour. Lancet 348(9030), 771–775 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta RH, Harjai KJ, Cox D et al. Clinical and angiographic correlates and outcomes of suboptimal coronary flow in-patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 42(10), 1739–1746 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet 361(9351), 13–20 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone GW, Grines CL, Rothbaum D et al. Analysis of the relative costs and effectiveness of primary angioplasty versus tissue-type plasminogen activator: the Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction (PAMI) trial. The PAMI Trial Investigators. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 29(5), 901–907 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The GUSTO Angiographic Investigators. The effects of tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase, or both on coronary-artery patency, ventricular function, and survival after acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med.329(22), 1615–1622 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antman EM, Giugliano RP, Gibson CM et al. Abciximab facilitates the rate and extent of thrombolysis: results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 14 trial. The TIMI 14 Investigators. Circulation 99(21), 2720–2732 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon CP, Gibson CM, McCabe CH et al. TNK-tissue plasminogen activator compared with front-loaded alteplase in acute myocardial infarction: results of the TIMI 10B trial. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 10B Investigators. Circulation 98(25), 2805–2814 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalen JE, Gore JM, Braunwald E et al. Six- and twelve-month follow-up of the Phase I Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial. Am. J. Cardiol. 62(4), 179–185 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohman EM, Califf RM, Topol EJ et al. Consequences of reocclusion after successful reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction. TAMI Study Group. Circulation 82(3), 781–791 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleich SD, Nichols TC, Schumacher RR et al. Effect of heparin on coronary arterial patency after thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 66(20), 1412–1417 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsia J, Hamilton WP, Kleiman N et al. A comparison between heparin and low-dose aspirin as adjunctive therapy with tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction. Heparin-Aspirin Reperfusion Trial (HART) Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med.323(21), 1433–1437 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bono DP, Simoons ML, Tijssen J et al. Effect of early intravenous heparin on coronary patency, infarct size, and bleeding complications after alteplase thrombolysis: results of a randomised double-blind European Co-operative Study Group trial. Br. Heart J. 67(2), 122–128 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ISIS-3(Third International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. ISIS-3: a randomised comparison of streptokinase vs. tissue plasminogen activator vs. anistreplase and of aspirin plus heparin vs. aspirin alone among 41,299 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 339(8796), 753–770 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico. GISSI-2: a factorial randomised trial of alteplase versus streptokinase and heparin versus no heparin among 12,490 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 336(8707), 65–71 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahaffey KW, Granger CB, Collins R et al. Overview of randomized trials of intravenous heparin in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy. Am. J. Cardiol. 77(8), 551–556 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antman EM. The search for replacements for unfractionated heparin. Circulation 103(18), 2310–2314 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antman EM. Hirudin in acute myocardial infarction. Thrombolysis and Thrombin Inhibition in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 9B trial. Circulation 94(5), 911–921 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUSTO IIb investigators. A comparison of recombinant hirudin with heparin for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. The global use of strategies to open occluded coronary arteries N. Engl. J. Med.335(11), 775–782 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Xie C et al. Effects of reviparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, on mortality, reinfarction, and strokes in patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting with ST-segment elevation. JAMA 293(4), 427–435 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antman EM, Morrow DA, McCabe CH et al. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin as antithrombin therapy in patients receiving fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Design and rationale for the Enoxaparin and Thrombolysis Reperfusion for Acute Myocardial Infarction Treatment-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction study 25 (ExTRACT-TIMI 25). Am. Heart J. 149(2), 217–226 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang IK, Gold HK, Ziskind AA et al. Differential sensitivity of erythrocyte-rich and platelet-rich arterial thrombi to lysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. A possible explanation for resistance to coronary thrombolysis. Circulation 79(4), 920–928 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasuda T, Gold HK, Leinbach RC et al. Lysis of plasminogen activator-resistant platelet-rich coronary artery thrombus with combined bolus injection of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator and antiplatelet GPIIb/IIIa antibody. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 16(7), 1728–1735 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald DJ, Catella F, Roy L, FitzGerald GA. Marked platelet activation in vivo after intravenous streptokinase in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 77(1), 142–150 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurbel PA, Serebruany VL, Shustov AR et al. Effects of reteplase and alteplase on platelet aggregation and major receptor expression during the first 24 h of acute myocardial infarction treatment. GUSTO-III Investigators. Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 31(7), 1466–1473 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gash AK, Spann JF, Sherry S et al. Factors influencing reocclusion after coronary thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 57(1), 175 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 324(7329), 71–86 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roux S, Christeller S, Ludin E. Effects of aspirin on coronary reocclusion and recurrent ischaemia after thrombolysis: a meta-analysis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 19(3), 671–677 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennekens CH, Jonas MA, Buring JE. The benefits of aspirin in acute myocardial infarction. Still a well-kept secret in the United States. Arch. Intern. Med. 154(1), 37–39 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Topol EJ. Reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction with fibrinolytic therapy or combination reduced fibrinolytic therapy and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition: the GUSTO V randomised trial. Lancet 357(9272), 1905–1914 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASSENT-3 investigators. Efficacy and safety of tenecteplase in combination with enoxaparin, abciximab, or unfractionated heparin: the ASSENT-3 randomised trial in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 358(9282), 605–613 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca G, Suryapranata H, Stone GW et al. Abciximab as adjunctive therapy to reperfusion in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA 293(14), 1759–1765 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew DP, Bhatt DL, Sapp S, Topol EJ. Increased mortality with oral platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists: a meta-analysis of Phase III multicenter randomized trials. Circulation 103(2), 201–206 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert JM, Dol F, Bernat A et al. The anti-aggregating and antithrombotic activity of clopidogrel is potentiated by aspirin in several experimental models in the rabbit. Thromb. Haemost. 80(3), 512–518 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell CL, Steinhubl SR. Variability in response to aspirin: do we understand the clinical relevance? J. Thromb. Haemost.3(4), 665–669 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macchi L, Christiaens L, Brabant S et al. Resistance to aspirin in vitro is associated with increased platelet sensitivity to adenosine diphosphate. Thromb. Res. 107(1–2), 45–49 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorsam RT, Kunapuli SP. Central role of the P2Y12 receptor in platelet activation. J. Clin. Invest. 113(3), 340–345 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertrand ME, Rupprecht HJ, Urban P, Gershlick AH, Investigators FT. Double-blind study of the safety of clopidogrel with and without a loading dose in combination with aspirin compared with ticlopidine in combination with aspirin after coronary stenting: the clopidogrel aspirin stent international co-operative study (CLASSICS). Circulation 102(6), 624–629 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt DL, Bertrand ME, Berger PB et al. Meta-analysis of randomized and registry comparisons of ticlopidine with clopidogrel after stenting. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 39(1), 9–14 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savcic M, Hauert J, Bachmann F et al. Clopidogrel loading dose regimens: kinetic profile of pharmacodynamic response in healthy subjects. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 25(Suppl. 2), 15–19 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thebault JJ, Kieffer G, Lowe GD, Nimmo WS, Cariou R. Repeated-dose pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel in healthy subjects. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 25(Suppl. 2), 9–14 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 348(9038), 1329–1339 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrono C, Bachmann F, Baigent C et al. Expert consensus document on the use of antiplatelet agents. The task force on the use of antiplatelet agents in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease of the European society of cardiology. Eur. Heart J. 25(2), 166–181 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith SC Jr, Dove JT, Jacobs AK et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for percutaneous coronary intervention (revision of the 1993 PTCA guidelines) – executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (Committee to revise the 1993 guidelines for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) endorsed by the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions. Circulation 103(24), 3019–3041 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schomig A, Neumann FJ, Kastrati A et al. A randomized comparison of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy after the placement of coronary-artery stents. N. Engl. J. Med.334(17), 1084–1089 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon MB, Baim DS, Popma JJ et al. A clinical trial comparing three antithrombotic-drug regimens after coronary-artery stenting. Stent Anticoagulation Restenosis Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med.339(23), 1665–1671 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Mann JT, III et al. Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288(19), 2411–2420 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR et al. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N. Engl. J. Med.345(7), 494–502 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budaj A, Yusuf S, Mehta SR et al. Benefit of clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST segment elevation in various risk groups. Circulation 106(13), 1622–1626 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Zhao F et al. Early and late effects of clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 107(7), 966–972 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW et al. ACC/AHA guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction 2002: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina). Circulation 106(14), 1893–1900 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weintraub WS, Mahoney EM, Lamy A et al. Long-term cost-effectiveness of clopidogrel given for up to one year in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45(6), 838–845 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon CP. Cost-effectiveness of clopidogrel. Pharmacoeconomics 22(Suppl. 4), 1–3 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips KA, Shlipak MG, Coxson P. Health and economic benefits of increased beta-blocker use following myocardial infarction. JAMA 284(21), 2748–2754 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabatine MS, Cannon CP, Gibson CM et al. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. N. Engl. J. Med.352(12), 1179–1189 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Second Chinese Cardiac Study (CCS-2) Collaborative Group. Rationale, design and organization of the Second Chinese Cardiac Study (CCS-2): a randomized trial of clopidogrel plus aspirin, and of metoprolol, among patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. J. Cardiovasc. Risk. 7(6), 435–441 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fox KA, Mehta SR, Peters R et al. Benefits and risks of the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin in patients undergoing surgical revascularization for non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: the Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent ischemic Events (CURE) Trial. Circulation 110(10), 1202–1208 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hongo RH, Ley J, Dick SE, Yee RR. The effect of clopidogrel in combination with aspirin when given before coronary artery bypass grafting. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 40(2), 231–237 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon CP, Mehta SR, Aranki SF. Balancing the benefit and risk of oral antiplatelet agents in coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 80(2), 768–779 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagle KA, Guyton RA, Davidoff R et al. ACC/AHA 2004 guideline update for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: summary article. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1999 Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44(5), 1377 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Harrington RA, Becker RC, Ezekowitz M et al. Antithrombotic therapy for coronary artery disease: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 126(3 Suppl.), 513S–548S (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters RJ, Mehta SR, Fox KA et al. Effects of aspirin dose when used alone or in combination with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) study. Circulation 108(14), 1682–1687 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell BD, Rihal CS, Bell MR, Zehr KJ, Holmes DR Jr. Anticipated impact of drug-eluting stents on referral patterns for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a population-based angiographic analysis. Mayo Clin. Proc. 79(6), 769–772 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt DL, Topol EJ. Clopidogrel added to aspirin versus aspirin alone in secondary prevention and high-risk primary prevention: rationale and design of the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance (CHARISMA) trial. Am. Heart J. 148(2), 263–268 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke TA, Waskell LA. The metabolism of clopidogrel is catalyzed by human cytochrome P450 3A and is inhibited by atorvastatin. Drug Metab. Dispos, 31(1), 53–59 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Lau WC, Waskell LA, Watkins PB et al. Atorvastatin reduces the ability of clopidogrel to inhibit platelet aggregation: a new drug–drug interaction. Circulation 107(1), 32–37 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med.350(15), 1495–1504 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen TA, Diodati JG, Pharand C. Resistance to clopidogrel: a review of the evidence. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45(8), 1157–1164 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiviott SD, Antman EM. Clopidogrel resistance: a new chapter in a fast-moving story. Circulation 109(25), 3064–3067 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Hiatt BL, O’Connor CM. Clopidogrel for coronary stenting: response variability, drug resistance, and the effect of pretreatment platelet reactivity. Circulation 107(23), 2908–2913 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serebruany VL, Steinhubl SR, Berger PB et al. Variability in platelet responsiveness to clopidogrel among 544 individuals. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45(2), 246–251 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matetzky S, Shenkman B, Guetta V et al. Clopidogrel resistance is associated with increased risk of recurrent atherothrombotic events in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 109(25), 3171–3175 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow DA, Antman EM, Giugliano RP et al. A simple risk index for rapid initial triage of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: an InTIME II substudy. Lancet 358(9293), 1571–1575 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antman EM, Van de Werf F. Pharmacoinvasive therapy: the future of treatment for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation 109(21), 2480–2486 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dauerman HL, Sobel BE. Synergistic treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with pharmacoinvasive recanalization. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 42(4), 646–651 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiviott SD, Antman EM, Winters KJ et al. Randomized comparison of prasugrel (CS-747, LY-640315), a novel thienopyridine P2Y12 antagonist, with clopidogrel in percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the Joint Utilization of Medications to Block Platelets Optimally (JUMBO)-TIMI 26 trial. Circulation 111(25), 3366–3373 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Giezen JJ, Humphries RG. Preclinical and clinical studies with selective reversible direct P2Y12 antagonists. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 31(2), 195–204 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugidachi A, Asai F, Ogawa T, Inoue T, Koike H. The in vivo pharmacological profile of CS-747, a novel antiplatelet agent with platelet ADP receptor antagonist properties. Br. J. Pharmacol. 129(7), 1439–1446 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar