References
- Cancer facts and figures 2005. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA (2005).
- Sahyoun JR, Lentzner H, Hoyert D, Robinson KN. Trends in causes of death among the elderly. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics (2005).
- Heffler S, Smith S, Keehan S et al. Health spending projections through 2013. Health Aff, Web Exclusive, W4–79–93 (2004).
- Ginsburg PG. Controlling health care costs. N. Engl. J. Med. 351(16), 1591–1593 (2004).
- Aday L, Begley CE, Lairson DR, Balkrishnan R. In: Evaluating the Healthcare System. Health Administration Press, IL, USA (2004).
- Drummond MF, O’Brien B, Stoddart GL, Torrance GW. Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK (1997).
- Drummond M, McGuire A. Economic Evaluation in Health Care. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK (2001).
- Gold MR, Siegel JE, Russell LB, Weinstein MC (Eds.). Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. Oxford University Press, NY, USA (1996).
- Smith MD, Berger ML, Bingefors K et al. (Eds). Health Care Cost, Quality, and Outcomes, ISPOR Book of Terms. International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research, USA (2003).
- Wood KA, Angus DC. Pharmacoeconomic implications of new therapies in sepsis. Pharmacoeconomics 22(14), 895–906 (2004).
- Wernerman J, Flaatten H. The problem with reporting the cost of intensive care. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 48, 933–934 (2004).
- Holt AE, Slonim AD. Caveats of evaluating costs in critical care. Crit. Care Med. 32(1), 299–300 (2004).
- Understanding costs and cost–effectiveness in critical care: report from the second American Thoracic Society workshop on outcomes research. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 165(4), 540–550 (2002).
- Coughlin MT, Angus DC. Economic evaluation of new therapies in critical illness. Crit. Care Med. 31(1 Suppl.), S7–S16 (2003).
- Jegers M, Edbrooke DL, Hibbert CL, Chalfin DB, Burchardi H. Definitions and methods of cost assessment: an intensivist’s guide. ESICM section on health research and outcome working group on cost effectiveness. Intensive Care Med. 28(6), 680–685 (2002).
- Pines JM, Fager SS, Milzman DP. A review of costing methodologies in critical care studies J. Crit. Care 17(3), 181–186 (2002).
- Shorr AF. An update on cost–effectiveness analysis in critical care. Curr. Opin. Crit. Care 8(4), 337–343 (2002).
- Wilson K, Cook DJ. Economics and the intensive care unit: a conflict of interests? J. Crit. Care 12(3), 147–151 (1997).
- Heyland DK. Economic evaluations in the critical care literature: do they help us improve the efficiency of our unit? Crit. Care Med. 24(9), 1591–1598 (1996).
- Gyldmark M. A review of cost studies of intensive care units: problems with the cost concept. Crit. Care Med. 23, 964–972 (1995).
- Edbrooke D, Hibbert C, Ridley S, Long T, Dickie H. The development of a method for comparative costing of individual intensive care units. Anaesthesia 54, 110–120 (1999).
- Edbrooke DL, Ridley SA, Hibbert CL, Corcoran M. Variations in expenditure between adult general intensive care units in the UK. Anaesthesia 56(3), 208–216 (2001).
- Parviainen I, Herranen A, Holm A, Uusaro A, Ruokonen E. Results and costs of intensive care in a tertiary university hospital from 1996–2000. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 48(1), 55–60 (2004).
- Flaatten H, Kvale R. Cost of intensive care in a Norwegian University hospital 1997–1999. Crit. Care 7(1), 72–78 (2003).
- Stricker K, Rothen HU, Takala J. Resource use in the ICU: short- vs. long-term patients. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 47(5), 508–515 (2003).
- Graf J, Graf C, Janssens U. Analysis of resource use and cost-generating factors in a German medical intensive care unit employing the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS-28). Intensive Care Med. 28(3), 324–331 (2002).
- Iapichino G, Radrizzani D, Simini B et al. Effectiveness and efficiency of intensive care medicine: variable costs in different diagnosis groups. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 48(7), 820–826 (2004).
- Chaix C, Durand-Zaleski I, Alberti C, Brun-Buisson C. A model to compute the medical cost of patients in intensive care. Pharmacoeconomics 15(6), 573–582 (1999).
- Graf J, Wagner J, Graf C, Koch K-C, Janssens U. Five-year survival, quality of life, and individual costs of 303 consecutive medical intensive care patients – a cost–utility analysis. Crit. Care Med. 33(3), 547–555 (2005).
- Moran JL, Peisach AR, Solomon PJ, Martin J. Cost calculation and prediction in adult intensive care: a ground-up utilization study. Anaesth. Intensive Care 32(6), 787–797 (2004).
- Edbrooke D, Stevens VG, Hibbert CI, Mann AJ, Wilsom AJ. A new method of accurately identifying costs of individual patients in intensive care: the initial results. Intensive Care Med. 23, 645–650 (1997).
- Neilson AR, Moerer O, Burchardi H, Schneider H. A new concept for DRG-based reimbursement of services in German intensive care units: results of a pilot study. Intensive Care Med. 30(6), 1220–1223 (2004).
- Rapoport J, Teres D, Zhao Y, Lemeshow S. Length of stay data as a guide to hospital economic performance for ICU patients. Med. Care 41(3), 386–397 (2003).
- Chelluri L, Mendelsohn AB, Belle SH et al. Hospital costs in patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation: does age have an impact? Crit. Care Med, 31(6), 1746–1751 (2003).
- Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit. Care Med. 29(7), 1303–1310 (2001).
- Parrillo JE, Parker MM, Natanson C et al. Septic shock in humans. Advances in the understanding of pathogenesis, cardiovascular dysfunction, and therapy. Ann. Intern. Med. 113(3), 227–242 (1990).
- American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit. Care Med. 20(6), 864–874 (1992).
- Chanock S. Evolving risk factors for infectious complications of cancer therapy. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 7(4), 771–793 (1993).
- Williams MD, Braun LA, Cooper LM et al. Hospitalized cancer patients with severe sepsis: analysis of incidence, mortality, and associated costs of care. Crit. Care 8(5), R291–R298 (2004).
- Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. [Erratum appears in Crit. Care Med. 32(6),1448 (2004). Note: Correction of dosage error in text]. Crit. Care Med. 32(3), 858–873 (2004).
- Ibrahim EH, Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting. Chest 118, 146–155 (2000).
- Leibovici L, Shraga I, Drucker M, Konigsberger H, Samra Z, Pitlik SD. The benefit of appropriate empirical antibiotic threatment in patients with bloodstream infection. J. Intern. Med. 244, 379–386 (1998).
- Kreger BE, Craven DE, McCabe WR. Gram-negative bacteremia. IV. Re-evaluation of clinical features and treatment in 612 patients. Am. J. Med. 68, 344–355 (1980).
- McCabe WR, Jackson GG. Gram-negative bacteremia. Arch. Intern. Med. 110, 92–100 (1962).
- Bodey GP. Infection in cancer patients: a continuing association. Am. J. Med. 81(Suppl. 1A), 11–26 (1986).
- Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP et al. 2002 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34, 730–751 (2002).
- Yadegarynia D, Tarrand J, Raad I, Rolston KVI. Current spectrum of bacterial infections in cancer patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37, 1144–1145 (2004).
- Raad I, Escalante C, Hachem R et al. Treatment of febrile neutropenic cancer patients requiring hospitalization: a prospective randomized study comparing imipenem and cefepime. Cancer 98, 1039–1047 (2003).
- Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 288(7), 862–871 (2002).
- Briegel J, Forst H, Haller M et al. Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center study. Crit. Care Med. 27(4), 723–732 (1999).
- Bollaert PE, Charpentier C, Levy B et al. Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic doses of hydrocortisone. Crit. Care Med. 26(4), 645–650 (1998).
- Winquist EW, Laskey J, Crump M, Khamsi F, Shepherd FA. Ketoconazole in the management of paraneoplastic Cushing’s syndrome secondary to ectopic adrenocorticotropin production. J. Clin. Oncol. 13(1), 157–164 (1995).
- Sharkey PK, Rinaldi MG, Dunn JF et al. High-dose itraconazole in the treatment of severe mycoses. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35(4), 707–713 (1991).
- Gradon JD, Sepkowitz DV. Fluconazole-associated acute adrenal insufficiency. Postgrad. Med. J. 67(794), 1084–1085 (1991).
- Albert SG, DeLeon MJ, Silverberg AB. Possible association between high-dose fluconazole and adrenal insufficiency in critically ill patients. Crit. Care Med. 29(3), 668–670 (2001).
- Azcona C, Sierrasesumaga L. Adrenal suppression in children with malignant solid tumors treated with megestrol acetate. J. Pediatr. 137(1), 141–142 (2000).
- Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N. Engl. J. Med. 344(10), 699–709 (2001).
- Personal communication. Data on File, Eli Lilly and Company (October 2005).
- Pastores SM, Shaw A, Williams MD et al. A safety evaluation of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients with severe sepsis: lessons in clinical research. Bone Marrow Transplant. 36(8), 721–724 (2005).
- van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 345(19), 1359–1367 (2001).
- Esmatjes E, Ricart MJ, Ferrer JP et al. Cyclosporine’s effect on insulin secretion in patients with kidney transplants. Transplantation 52(3), 500–503 (1991).
- Jain A, Reyes J, Kashyap R et al. What have we learned about primary liver transplantation under tacrolimus immunosuppression? Long-term follow-up of the first 1000 patients. Ann. Surg. 230(3), 441–448 (1999).
- Mehta RL, McDonald B, Gabbai FB et al. A randomized clinical trial of continuous versus intermittent dialysis for acute renal failure. Kidney International 60(3), 1154–1163 (2001).
- Kellum JA, Angus DC, Johnson JP et al. Continuous versus intermittent renal replacement therapy: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 28(1), 29–37 (2002).
- Kapoor M, Chan GZ. Malignancy and renal disease. Crit. Care Clin. 17(3), 571–598 (2001).
- Braun L, Riedel AA, Cooper LM. Severe sepsis in managed care: analysis of incidence, one-year mortality, and associated costs of care. J. Manage. Care Pharm. 10(6), 521–530 (2004).
- Schmid A, Pugin J, Chevrolet JC et al. Burden of illness imposed by severe sepsis in Switzerland. Swiss Med. Wkly 134(7–8), 97–102 (2004).
- Jacobson S, Johansson G, Winso O. Primary sepsis in a university hospital in northern Sweden: a retrospective study. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 48(8), 960–967 (2004).
- Lee H, Doig CJ, Ghali WA et al. Detailed cost analysis of care for survivors of severe sepsis. Crit. Care Med. 32(4), 981–985 (2004).
- Weycker D, Akhras KS, Edelsberg J, Angus DC, Oster G. Long-term mortality and medical care charges in patients with severe sepsis. Crit. Care Med. 31(9), 2316–2323 (2003).
- Brun-Buisson C, Roudot-Thoraval F, Girou E, Grenier-Sennelier C, Durand-Zaleski I. The costs of septic syndromes in the intensive care unit and influence of hospital-acquired sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 29(9), 1464–1471 (2003).
- Yu DT, Black E, Sands KE et al. Severe sepsis: variation in resource and therapeutic modality use among academic centers. Crit. Care 7(3), R24–R34 (2003).
- Letarte J, Longo CJ, Pelletier J, Nabonne B, Fisher HN. Patient characteristics and costs of severe sepsis and septic shock in Quebec. J. Crit. Care, 17(1), 39–49 (2002).
- Schmid A, Schneider H, Adlof A et al. Economic burden of illness imposed by severe sepsis in Austria. Wien Klin. Wochenschr. 114(15–16), 697–701 (2002).
- Schmid A, Burchardi H, Clouth J, Schneider H. Burden of illness imposed by severe sepsis in Germany. Eur. J. Health Econ. 3, 77–82 (2002).
- Moerer O, Schmid A, Hofmann M et al. Direct costs of severe sepsis in three German intensive care units based on retrospective electronic patient record analysis of resource use. Intensive Care Med. 28(10), 1440–1446 (2002).
- Edbrooke DL, Hibbert CL, Kingsley JM et al. The patient-related costs of care for sepsis patients in a United Kingdom adult general intensive care unit. Crit. Care Med. 27(9), 1760–1767 (1999).
- Williams MD, Braun L, Cooper LM et al. Hospitalized cancer patients with severe sepsis: analysis of incidence, mortality, and associated cots of care. Critical Care 8, R291–R298 (2004).
- Davies A, Ridley S, Hutton J et al. Cost effectiveness of drotrecogin alfa (activated) for the treatment of severe sepsis in the United Kingdom. Anaesthesia 60(2), 155–162 (2005).
- Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Clermont G et al. Cost-effectiveness of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in the treatment of severe sepsis. Crit. Care Med. 31(1), 1–11 (2003).
- Betancourt M, McKinnon PS, Massanari RM et al. An evaluation of the cost effectiveness of drotrecogin alfa (activated) relative to the number of organ system failures. Pharmacoeconomics 21(18), 1331–1340 (2003).
- Fowler RA, Hill-Popper M, Stasinos J et al. Cost-effectiveness of recombinant human activated protein C and the influence of severity of illness in the treatment of patients with severe sepsis. J. Crit. Care 18(3), 181–191 (2003).
- Neilson AR, Burchardi H, Chinn C et al. Cost-effectiveness of drotrecogin alfa (activated) for the treatment of severe sepsis in Germany. [Erratum appears in J. Crit. Care 19(1), 66 (2004).] J. Crit. Care 18(4), 217–227 (2003).
- Manns BJ, Lee H, Doig CJ, Johnson D, Donaldson C. An economic evaluation of activated protein C treatment for severe sepsis. N. Engl. J. Med. 347(13), 993–1000 (2002).