Sex-specific differences in treatment outcomes for patients with HIV and AIDS

References

• Hammer SM, Saag MS, Schechter M et al. Treatment for adult HIV infection: 2006 recommendations of the International AIDS Society–USA panel. JAMA296(7), 827–843 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNaghten AD, Hanson DL, Jones JL, Dworkin MS, Ward JW. Effects of antiretroviral therapy and opportunistic illness primary chemoprophylaxis on survival after AIDS diagnosis. Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of Disease Group. AIDS13(13), 1687–1695 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farzadegan H, Hoover DR, Astemborski J et al. Sex differences in HIV-1 viral load and progression to AIDS. Lancet352(9139), 1510–1514 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling TR, Vlahov D, Astemborski J, Hoover DR, Margolick JB, Quinn TC. Initial plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and progression to AIDS in women and men. N. Engl. J. Med.344(10), 720–725 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junghans C, Low N, Chan P, Witschi A, Vernazza P, Egger M. Uniform risk of clinical progression despite differences in utilization of highly active antiretroviral therapy: Swiss HIV Cohort Study. AIDS13(18), 2547–2554 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murri R, Lepri AC, Phillips AN et al. Access to antiretroviral treatment, incidence of sustained therapy interruptions, and risk of clinical events according to sex: evidence from the I.Co.N.A. study. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.34(2), 184–190 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napravnik S, Poole C, Thomas JC, Eron JJ Jr. Gender difference in HIV RNA levels: a meta-analysis of published studies. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.31(1), 11–19 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzenstein DA, Hammer SM, Hughes MD et al. The relation of virologic and immunologic markers to clinical outcomes after nucleoside therapy in HIV-infected adults with 200 to 500 CD4 cells per cubic millimeter. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 175 Virology Study Team. N. Engl. J. Med.335(15), 1091–1098 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen R, Bozzette S, Shapiro M et al. Access of vulnerable groups to antiretroviral therapy among persons in care for HIV disease in the United States. HCSUS Consortium. HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study. Health Serv. Res.35(2), 389–416 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham WE, Markson LE, Andersen RM et al. Prevalence and predictors of highly active antiretroviral therapy use in patients with HIV infection in the united states. HCSUS Consortium. HIV Cost and Services Utilization. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.25(2), 115–123 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNaghten AD, Hanson DL, Dworkin MS, Jones JL. Differences in prescription of antiretroviral therapy in a large cohort of HIV-infected patients. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.32(5), 499–505 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocroft A, Gill MJ, Davidson W, Phillips AN. Are there gender differences in starting protease inhibitors, HAART, and disease progression despite equal access to care? J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.24(5), 475–482 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fardet L, Mary-Krause M, Heard I, Partisani M, Costagliola D. Influence of gender and HIV transmission groups on initial highly active antiretroviral therapy prescription and treatment response. HIV Med.7(8), 520–529 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reif S, Whetten K, Thielman N. Association of race and gender with use of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected individuals in the southeastern United States. South. Med. J.100(8), 775–781 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebo KA, Fleishman JA, Conviser R et al. Racial and gender disparities in receipt of highly active antiretroviral therapy persist in a multistate sample of HIV patients in 2001. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.38(1), 96–103 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giordano TP, White AC Jr, Sajja P et al. Factors associated with the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients newly entering care in an urban clinic. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.32(4), 399–405 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muula AS, Ngulube TJ, Siziya S et al. Gender distribution of adult patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Southern Africa: a systematic review. BMC Public Health7, 63 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez F, Zvandaziva C, Engelsmann B, Dabis F. Acceptability of routine HIV testing (‘opt-out’) in antenatal services in two rural districts of Zimbabwe. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.41(4), 514–520 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzi M, Zachariah R, Teck R et al. High acceptability of voluntary counseling and HIV-testing but unacceptable loss to follow up in a prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programme in rural Malawi: scaling-up requires a different way of acting. Trop. Med. Int. Health10(12), 1242–1250 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rankin WW, Brennan S, Schell E, Laviwa J, Rankin SH. The stigma of being HIV-positive in Africa. PLoS Med.2(8), E247 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicastri E, Angeletti C, Palmisano L et al. Gender differences in clinical progression of HIV-1-infected individuals during long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS19(6), 577–583 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore AL, Kirk O, Johnson AM et al. Virologic, immunologic, and clinical response to highly active antiretroviral therapy: the gender issue revisited. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.32(4), 452–461 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Hoyos S, Rodriguez-Arenas MA, Garcia de la Hera M et al. Progression to AIDS and death and response to HAART in men and women from a multicenter hospital-based cohort. J. Women’s Health16(7), 1052–1061 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore AL, Sabin CA, Johnson MA, Phillips AN. Gender and clinical outcomes after starting highly active antiretroviral treatment: a cohort study. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.29(2), 197–202 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar PN, Rodriguez-French A, Thompson MA et al. A prospective, 96-week study of the impact of Trizivir, Combivir/nelfinavir, and lamivudine/stavudine/nelfinavir on lipids, metabolic parameters and efficacy in antiretroviral-naive patients: effect of sex and ethnicity. HIV Med.7(2), 85–98 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulgan T, Shepherd BE, Raffanti SP et al. Absolute count and percentage of CD4+ lymphocytes are independent predictors of disease progression in HIV-infected persons initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy. J. Infect. Dis.195(3), 425–431 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger M, May M, Chene G et al. Prognosis of HIV-1-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative analysis of prospective studies. Lancet360(9327), 119–129 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter K, Babiker A, Bhaskaran K et al. Determinants of survival following HIV-1 seroconversion after the introduction of HAART. Lancet362(9392), 1267–1274 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connell JM, Braitstein P, Hogg RS et al. Age, adherence and injection drug use predict virological suppression among men and women enrolled in a population-based antiretroviral drug treatment programme. Antivir. Ther.8(6), 569–576 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collazos J, Asensi V, Carton JA. Sex differences in the clinical, immunological and virological parameters of HIV-infected patients treated with HAART. AIDS21(7), 835–843 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt PW, Deeks SG, Rodriguez B et al. Continued CD4 cell count increases in HIV-infected adults experiencing 4 years of viral suppression on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS17(13), 1907–1915 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuyper LM, Wood E, Montaner JS, Yip B, O’Connell JM, Hogg RS. Gender differences in HIV-1 RNA rebound attributed to incomplete antiretroviral adherence among HIV-Infected patients in a population-based cohort. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.37(4), 1470–1476 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abgrall S, Yeni PG, Bouchaud O, Costagliola D. Switch from a first virologically effective protease inhibitor-containing regimen to a regimen containing efavirenz, nevirapine or abacavir. AIDS20(16), 2099–2106 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoen B, Fournier I, Lacabaratz C et al. Structured treatment interruptions in primary HIV-1 infection: the ANRS 100 PRIMSTOP trial. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.40(3), 307–316 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedimo R, Chen RY, Westfall AO, Raper JL, Allison JJ, Saag MS. Sustained HIV viral suppression following treatment interruption: an observational study. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses22(1), 40–44 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sadr WM, Lundgren JD, Neaton JD et al. CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. N. Engl. J. Med.355(22), 2283–2296 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilaru KR, Kumar A, Sippy N, Carter AO, Roach TC. Immunological and virological responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy in a non-clinical trial setting in a developing Caribbean country. HIV Med.7(2), 99–104 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferradini L, Jeannin A, Pinoges L et al. Scaling up of highly active antiretroviral therapy in a rural district of Malawi: an effectiveness assessment. Lancet367(9519), 1335–1342 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calmy A, Pinoges L, Szumilin E, Zachariah R, Ford N, Ferradini L. Generic fixed-dose combination antiretroviral treatment in resource-poor settings: multicentric observational cohort. AIDS20(8), 1163–1169 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DART Virology Group and Trial Team. Virological response to a triple nucleoside/nucleotide analogue regimen over 48 weeks in HIV-1-infected adults in Africa. AIDS20(10), 1391–1399 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braga P, Cardoso MR, Segurado AC. Gender differences in survival in an HIV/AIDS cohort from Sao Paulo, Brazil. AIDS Patient Care STDS21(5), 321–328 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammassari A, Trotta MP, Murri R et al. Correlates and predictors of adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy: overview of published literature. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.31(Suppl. 3), S123–S127 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner BJ, Laine C, Cosler L, Hauck WW. Relationship of gender, depression, and health care delivery with antiretroviral adherence in HIV-infected drug users. J. Gen. Intern. Med.18(4), 248–257 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg KM, Demas PA, Howard AA, Schoenbaum EE, Gourevitch MN, Arnsten JH. Gender differences in factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral therapy. J. Gen. Intern. Med.19(11), 1111–1117 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard AA, Arnsten JH, Lo Y et al. A prospective study of adherence and viral load in a large multi-center cohort of HIV-infected women. AIDS16(16), 2175–2182 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayles JN, Wong MD, Cunningham WE. The inability to take medications openly at home: does it help explain gender disparities in HAART use? J. Womens Health (Larchmt)15(2), 173–181 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah B, Walshe L, Saple DG et al. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy and virologic suppression among HIV-infected persons receiving care in private clinics in Mumbai, India. Clin. Infect. Dis.44(9), 1235–1244 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haug NA, Sorensen JL, Lollo ND, Gruber VA, Delucchi KL, Hall SM. Gender differences among HIV-positive methadone maintenance patients enrolled in a medication adherence trial. AIDS Care17(8), 1022–1029 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TW, Palepu A, Cheng DM, Libman H, Saitz R, Samet JH. Factors associated with discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with alcohol problems. AIDS Care19(8), 1039–1047 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood E, Montaner JS, Yip B et al. Adherence and plasma HIV RNA responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-1 infected injection drug users. CMAJ169(7), 656–661 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss AR, Hahn JA, Perry S et al. Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy in the homeless population in San Francisco: a prospective study. Clin. Infect. Dis.39(8), 1190–1198 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palepu A, Tyndall MW, Chan K, Wood E, Montaner JS, Hogg RS. Initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy and continuity of HIV care: the impact of incarceration and prison release on adherence and HIV treatment outcomes. Antivir. Ther.9(5), 713–719 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d’Arminio Monforte A, Cozzi-Lepri A, Phillips A et al. Interruption of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV clinical practice: results from the Italian cohort of antiretroviral-naive patients. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.38(4), 407–416 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touloumi G, Pantazis N, Antoniou A, Stirnadel HA, Walker SA, Porter K. Highly active antiretroviral therapy interruption: predictors and virological and immunologic consequences. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.42(5), 554–561 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnsten JH, Demas PA, Grant RW et al. Impact of active drug use on antiretroviral therapy adherence and viral suppression in HIV-infected drug users. J. Gen. Intern. Med.17(5), 377–381 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson PL, Kakuda TN, Kawle S, Fletcher CV. Antiviral dynamics and sex differences of zidovudine and lamivudine triphosphate concentrations in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS17(15), 2159–2168 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stretcher BN, Pesce AJ, Frame PT, Stein DS. Pharmacokinetics of zidovudine phosphorylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.38(7), 1541–1547 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolhaar MG, Karstaedt AS. A high incidence of lactic acidosis and symptomatic hyperlactatemia in women receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy in Soweto, South Africa. Clin. Infect. Dis.45(2), 254–260 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddes R, Knight S, Moosa MY, Reddi A, Uebel K, Sunpath H. A high incidence of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-induced lactic acidosis in HIV-infected patients in a South African context. S. Afr. Med. J.96(8), 722–724 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bersoff-Matcha SJ, Miller WC, Aberg JA et al. Sex differences in nevirapine rash. Clin. Infect. Dis.32(1), 124–129 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ofotokun I, Chuck SK, Hitti JE. Antiretroviral pharmacokinetic profile: a review of sex differences. Gend. Med.4(2), 106–119 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Leth F, Andrews S, Grinsztejn B et al. The effect of baseline CD4 cell count and HIV-1 viral load on the efficacy and safety of nevirapine or efavirenz-based first-line HAART. AIDS19(5), 463–471 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CJ, Sabin CA, Youle MS et al. Response to efavirenz-containing regimens in previously antiretroviral-naive HIV-positive patients: the role of gender. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.46(1), 62–67 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friis-Moller N, Sabin CA, Weber R et al. Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med.349(21), 1993–2003 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friis-Moller N, Reiss P, Sabin CA et al. Class of antiretroviral drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med.356(17), 1723–1735 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter A, Pladevall M, Manjunath R et al. Patient characteristics and costs associated with dyslipidaemia and related conditions in HIV-infected patients: a retrospective cohort study. HIV Med.6(2), 79–90 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galli M, Cozzi-Lepri A, Ridolfo AL et al. Incidence of adipose tissue alterations in first-line antiretroviral therapy: the LipoICoNa Study. Arch. Intern. Med.162(22), 2621–2628 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonfanti P, Gulisano C, Ricci E et al. Risk factors for lipodystrophy in the CISAI cohort. Biomed. Pharmacother.57(9), 422–427 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath KV, Chan KJ, Singer J, O’Shaughnessy MV, Montaner JS, Hogg RS. Incidence of morphological and lipid abnormalities: gender and treatment differentials after initiation of first antiretroviral therapy. Int. J. Epidemiol.31(5), 1016–1020 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos CP, Felipe YX, Braga PE, Ramos D, Lima RO, Segurado AC. Self-perception of body changes in persons living with HIV/AIDS: prevalence and associated factors. AIDS19(Suppl. 4), S14–S21 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galli M, Veglia F, Angarano G et al. Gender differences in antiretroviral drug-related adipose tissue alterations. Women are at higher risk than men and develop particular lipodystrophy patterns. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.34(1), 58–61 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakotoambinina B, Medioni J, Rabian C, Jubault V, Jais JP, Viard JP. Lipodystrophic syndromes and hyperlipidemia in a cohort of HIV-1-infected patients receiving triple combination antiretroviral therapy with a protease inhibitor. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.27(5), 443–449 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boufassa F, Dulioust A, Lascaux AS et al. Lipodystrophy in 685 HIV-1-treated patients: influence of antiretroviral treatment and immunovirological response. HIV Clin. Trials2(4), 339–345 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iwamoto M, Wenning LA, Petry AS et al. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of raltegravir after single and multiple doses in healthy subjects. Mol. Ther.83(2), 293–299 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Markowitz M, Nguyen BY, Gotuzzo E et al. Rapid and durable antiretroviral effect of the HIV-1 integrase inhibitor raltegravir as part of combination therapy in treatment-naive patients with HIV-1 infection: results of a 48-week controlled study. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.46(2), 125–133 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grinsztejn B, Nguyen BY, Katlama C et al. Safety and efficacy of the HIV-1 integrase inhibitor raltegravir (MK-0518) in treatment-experienced patients with multidrug-resistant virus: a Phase II randomised controlled trial. Lancet369(9569), 1261–1269 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saag M, Ive P, Heera J, Tawadrous M, DeJesus E. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, comparative trial of a novel CCR5 antagonist, maraviroc versus efavirenz, both in combination with Combivir (zidovudine [ZDV]/lamivudine [3TC]), for the treatment of antiretroviral naive patients infected with R5 HIV 1: week 48 results of the MERIT study. Presented at: International AIDS Society. Sydney, Australia (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Lalezari J, Goodrich J, DeJesus E, Lampiris H. Efficacy and safety of maraviroc plus optimized background therapy in viremic ART-experienced patients infected with CCR5-tropic HIV-1: 24-week results of a Phase 2b/3 Study in the US and Canada. Presented at: Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Los Angeles, CA, USA (2007) (Abstract 104bLB).
   Google Scholar
• Nelson M, Fatkenheuer G, Konourina I, Lazzarin A. Efficacy and safety of maraviroc plus optimized background therapy in viremic, ART-experienced patients infected with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 in Europe, Australia, and North America: 24-week results. Presented at: Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Los Angeles, CA, USA (2007) (Abstract 104aLB).
   Google Scholar
• de Mendoza C, Rodriguez C, Garcia F et al. Prevalence of X4 tropic viruses in patients recently infected with HIV-1 and lack of association with transmission of drug resistance. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.59(4), 698–704 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portales P, Clot J, Corbeau P. Sex differences in HIV-1 viral load due to sex difference in CCR5 expression. Ann. Int. Med.134(1), 81–82 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Madruga JV, Cahn P, Grinsztejn B et al. Efficacy and safety of TMC125 (etravirine) in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients in DUET-1: 24-week results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet370(9581), 29–38 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzarin A, Campbell T, Clotet B et al. Efficacy and safety of TMC125 (etravirine) in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients in DUET-2: 24-week results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet370(9581), 39–48 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebo KA. HIV and aging: implications for patient management. Drugs Aging23(11), 897–913 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebo KA, Moore RD. Treatment of HIV infection in the older patient. Expert Rev. Anti-infective Ther.2(5), 733–743 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paul SM, Martin RM, Lu SE, Lin Y. Changing trends in human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the population aged 50 and older. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.55(9), 1393–1397 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar