Management of Guillain-Barré syndrome

References

• Rees JH, Thompson RD, Smeeton NC, Hughes RAC. Epidemiological study of Guillain-Barre syndrome in south east England. j Neural. Neurosurg. Psych. 64, 74–77 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnason BGW, Soliven B. Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Griffin JW, Low PA, Poduslo JF, editors. Peripheral Neuropathy (3rd Edition), Vol. 2. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA, 1437–1497 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Emilia-Romagna Study Group on Clinical and Epidemiological Problems in Neurology. Guillain Barre syndrome variants in Emilio-Romagna, Italy, 1992–3: incidence, clinical features and prognosis. Neural. Neurosurg. Psych. 65, 218–224. (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Tuck R, McLeod JG. Autonomic dysfunction in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neural. Neurosurg. Psych. 44, 983–990 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller G, Jacobs J, Lewis P, Lane RJM. Pseudoaxonal Guillain-Barre syndrome: severe demyelination mimicking axonnopathy. A case with pupillary involvement. j Neural. Neurosurg. Psych. 55, 1079–1083 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feasby TE, Gilbert JJ, Brown WF etal An acute axonal form of Guillain-Barre polyneuropathy. Brain 109, 1115–1126 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Initial description of acute sensory motor axonal variant.
   Google Scholar
• Yuki N, Yoshino H, Sato S, Miyatake T Acute axonal polyneuropathy associated with antiGM1 antibodies following Campylobacter enteritis. Neurology 40, 1900–1902 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKhann GM, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW et al Acute motor axonal neuropathy: a frequent cause of acute flaccid paralysis in China. Ann. Neural. 33, 333–342 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Initial description of acute motor axonal variant.
   Google Scholar
• Ho T, Mishu B, Li C etal Guillain-Barré syndrome in northern China. Relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection and antiglycolipid antibodies. Brain 118, 597–605 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Visser L, van der Meché FGA, van Doorn PA etal Guillain-Barré syndrome without sensory loss (acute motor neuropathy). A subgroup with specific clinical, electrodiagnostic and laboratory features. Brain 118, 841–847 (1995). itWiner J, Hughes RAC, Anderson MJ, Jones DM, Kangros H, Watkins RPE A prospective study of acute idiopathic neuropathy. II Antecedent events. j Neural. Neurosurg. Psych. 51, 613–618 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs BC, Rothbarth PH, van der Meché FGA eta]. The spectrum of antecedent infections in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Acase-control study. Neurology51, 1110–1115 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Winer J, Hughes RAC, Osmond C. A prospective study of acute idiopathic neuropathy. I Clinical features and their prognostic value. j Neural. Neumsurg. Psych. 51, 605–612 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Sheth RD, Riggs JE, Hobbs GR, Gutmann L. Age and Guillain-Barre syndrome severity. Muscle Nerve 19, 375–377 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaldor J, Speed BR Guillain-Barré syndrome and Campylobacterjejuni: a serological study. BMJ288, 1867–1870 (1984).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Visser L, van der Meché FGA, Meulstee J etal Cytomegalovirus infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome: The clinical, electrophysiological and prognostic features. Neumlogy47, 668–673 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillain-Barré Study Group. Plasmapheresis and acute Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurology35, 1096–1104 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Important large, randomized study of plasmapheresis compared to supportive care alone.
   Google Scholar
• McKhann GM, Griffin JW, Cornblath DR etal Plasmapheresis and Guillain-Barré syndrome: analysis of prognostic factors and the effect of plasmapheresis. Ann. Neural. 23, 347–353 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ropper A. Severe acute Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurology36, 429–432 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delanoe C, Sebire G, Landrieu P, Huault G, Metral S. Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy in children: Clinical and electrodiagnostic studies. Ann. Neural. 44, 350–356 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Bradshaw DY, Jones HRJ. Guillain-Barre syndrome in children: clinical course, electrodiagnosis and prognosis. Muscle Nerve 15, 500–506 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Eberle E, Brink J, Azen J, White D. Early predictors of incomplete recovery in children with Guillain-Barré polyneuritis. Pediatric586, 356–359 (1975).
   Google Scholar
• Goodyear CS, O'Hanlon GM, Plomp JJ et al. Monoclonal antibodies raised against Guillain-Barré syndrome-associated Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides react with neuronal gangliosides and paralyze muscle-nerve preparations. I Clin. Invest. 104, 697–708 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• •Strongly supports the hypothesis that molecular mimicry is central to the pathogenesis of GBS.
   Google Scholar
• Buchwald B, Toyka KV, Zielasek J, Weishaupt A, Schweiger S, Dudel J. Neuromuscular blockade by IgG antibodies from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome: a macro-patch-clamp study. Ann. Neural. 44, 913–922 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuki N, Yamada M, Koga M, Odaka M, Susuki K, Tagawa Y. Animal model of axonal Guillain-Barre syndrome induced by sensitization with GM1 ganglioside. Ann. Neural. 49, 712–720 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• •This paper demonstrates that immunization with gangliosides can lead to acute axonal neuropathy, lending support to the pathogenetic role of antiganglioside antibodies in GBS.
   Google Scholar
• Koski CL, Gratz E, Sutherland J, Mayer RE Clinical correlation with antiperipheral-nerve myelin antibodies in Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Ann. Neural. 19, 573–577 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafer-Macko C, Sheikh K, Li C et al Immune attack on the Schwann cell surface in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Ann. Neural. 39, 625–635 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartung HP, Hughes RAC, Taylor WA, Heininger K, Reiners K, Toyka KV. T-cell activation in Guillain-Barré syndrome and in MS: elevated serum levels of soluble IL-2 receptors. Neurology 40, 215–218 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharief MK, McLean B, Thompson EJ. Elevated serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-a in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Ann. Neural. 33, 591–596 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Sharief MK, Ingram D, Swash M. Circulating tumour necrosis factor-a correlates with electrodiagnostic abnormalities in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann. Neural. 42, 68–73 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Créange A, Sharshar T, Planchenault TCC, Poron F, Raphael JC, Gherardi RK. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is increased and correlates with severity in Guillain- Barré syndrome. Neurology53,1683–1691 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Kiefer R, Dangond F, Mueller M, Toyka KV, Hailer DA, Hartung HP. Enhanced B7 costimulatory molecule expression in inflammatory human sural nerve biopsies. Neural Neurosurg. PTch. 69,362-368 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Ropper AH, Wijdicks EFM, Truax BT Guillain-Barre, Tnclrome. FA Davis, Philadelphia, USA (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Lawn ND, Fletcher DD, Henderson RD, Wolter TD, Wijdicks EF. Anticipating mechanical ventilation in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch. Neural 58,893–898 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood RJ, Newsom-Davis J, Hughes RAC et al Controlled trial of plasma exchange in acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy. Lancet1,877–879 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raphael JC, Chevret S, Hughes RAC, Annane D. Plasma exchange for Guillain-Barré syndrome (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• ••This meta-analysis includes all randomized studies of plasmaphoresis in GBS.
   Google Scholar
• French Co-operative Group on Plasma Exchange in Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Efficiency of plasma exchange in Guillain-Barré syndrome: role of replacement fluids. Ann. Neural 22, 753–761 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Important large, randomized study of plasmapheresis compared with supportive care alone.
   Google Scholar
• French Co-operative Group on Plasma Exchange in Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Plasma Exchange in Guillain-Barré Syndrome: one year follow-up. Ann. Neural. 32,94–97 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French Co-operative Group on Plasma Exchange in Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Appropriate number of plasma exchanges in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann. Neural. 41,298–306 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Addresses the important question of how many plasma exchanges are optimal in GBS of differing severity.
   Google Scholar
• van der Meché FGA, Schmitz PIM, The Dutch Guillain Barré Study Group. A randomised trial comparing iv. immune globulin and plasma exchange in Guillain-Barré syndrome. N Engl. J. Merl 326, 1123–1129 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• •Important randomized study of IVIg compared to plasmapheresis which established IVIg as the preferred therapy in GBS.
   Google Scholar
• Bril V, use WK, Pearce R, Dhanani A, Sutton D, Kong K. Pilot trial of immunoglobulin versus plasma exchange in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurology 46, 100–103 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plasma Exchange/Sandoglobulin Guillain- Barré Syndrome Trial Group. Randomised trial of plasma exchange, iv. immunoglobulin and combined treatments in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet 349, 225–230 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• •Important study comparing pheresis, IVIg and combined therapy and establishing that combined therapy confers no additional benefit.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes RAC, Raphael JC, Swan AV, van Doom PA. Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barré syndrome (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 2 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• ••This meta-analysis includes all randomizedstudies of plasmapheresis in GBS.
   Google Scholar
• Gurses N, Uysal S, Cetinkaya F, Islek I, Kalayci AG. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in children with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Scan.j Infect. Dis. 27,241–243 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Kanra G, Ozon A, Vajsar J, Castagna L, Secmeer G, Topaloglu H. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in children with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Eur. j Thal Neural. 1, 7–12 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Singhi SC, Jayshree M, Singhi P, Banerjee S, Prabhakar S. Intravenous immunoglobulin in very severe childhood Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann. Trap. Paecliatc 19,167–174 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Dalakas MC. Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular diseases: present status and practical therapeutic guidelines. Muscle Nerve 22,1479–1497 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein J, Gaines A, Kapit R, Pierce R, Potter R, Varricchio E Important drug information: immune globulin iv. (human). Int.j Trauma Nurs. 5,139–140 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu Z, Lennon VA. Mechanism of iv. immunoglobulin therapy in antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases. N Engl. J. Merl 340,227–228 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Sharief MK, Ingram DA, Swash M, Thompson EJ. IV immunoglobulin reduces circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurology 52, 1833–1838 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littlewood R, Bajada S. Succesful plasmapheresis in the Miller-Fisher syndrome. BM J282, 778 (1981).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zifkou U, Drlicek M, Senautka G, Griswold W High dose immunoglobulin therapy is effective in Miller Fisher syndrome. Neural 241,178–179 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heafield MTE, Gammage MD, Nightingale S, Williams AC. Idiopathic dysautonomia treated with iv. gammaglobulin. Lancet 347,28–29 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mericle RA, Triggs WJ. Treatment of acute pandysautonomia with iv. immunoglobulin. J. Neural. Neurosurg. Psych. 62,529–531 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuwabara S, Mori M, Ogawara K, Hattori T, Oda S, Koga M. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for Guillain-Barre syndrome with IgG antiGM1 antibody. Muscle Nerve 24,54–58 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swick HM, McQuillen MR The use of steroids in the treatment of idiopathic polyneuritis. Neurology26,205–212 (1976).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes RAC, Newsom-Davis JM, Perkin GD, Pierce JM. Controlled trial of prednisolone in acute polyneuropathy. Lancet2, 750–753 (1978).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendell JR, Kissel JT, Kennedy MS, Sahenk Z, Grinvalsky HT, Pittman G.L. Plasma exchange and prednisone in Guillain-Barré syndrome. A controlled randomised trial. Neurology35, 1551–1555 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillain-Barre Syndrome Steroid Trial Group. Double-blind trial of iv. methylprednisolone in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Lancet 341,586–590 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• •Important randomized controlled study establishing that corticosteroids are of no benefit in GBS.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes RAC, van der Meche FGA. Corticosteroids for treating Guillain-Barré syndrome (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library. The Cochrane Library Issue 1(2001).
   Google Scholar
• •• This meta-analysis includes all randomized studies of plasmapheresis in GBS.
   Google Scholar
• Dutch Guillain-Barré Study Group Treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome with high-dose immune globulins combined with methylprednisolone: a pilot study. Ann. Neural. 35,749–752 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samantray SK, Johnson SC, Mathai KV, Pulimood BM. Landry-Guillain-Barré-Strohl syndrome. A study of 302 cases. Merl Australia 2,84–91 (1977).
   Google Scholar
• Löffel NB, Rossi LN, Mumenthaler M, Latschg, Ludin H-P The Landry-Guillain-Barré syndrome. Complictaions, prognosis and natural history in 123 cases. J. Neural Sci. 33,71-79 (1977).
   Google Scholar
• Pleasure DE, Lovelace RE, Duvoisin RC. The prognosis of acute polyradiculoneuritis. Neurology18,1143–1148 (1968).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro LHM, Ropper AH. Human immune globulin infusion in Guillain-Barré syndrome: worsening during and after treatment. Neurology43,1034–1036 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irani DN, Cornblath DR, Chaudhry V, Borel C, Hanley GE Relapse in Guillain-Barré syndrome after treatment with human immune globulin. Neurology 43, 872–875 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleyweg R, van der Meché FGA. Treatment related fluctuations in Guillain-Barré syndrome after high dose immunoglobulins or plasma exchange. J. Neural. Neumsurg. Psych. 54,957–960 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Visser L, van der Meché FGA, Meulstee J, van Doom PA, Dutch Guillain-Barré Study Group. Risk factors for treatment related clinical fluctuations in Guillain-Barré Syndrome. .1. Neural. Neurosurg. fiych. 64, 242–244 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Romano JG, Rotta FT, Potter P et al Relapses in the Guillain-Barré syndrome after treatment with iv. immune globulin or plasma exchange. Muscle Nerve 21,1327–1330 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes RAC, Rees JH, Smeeton NC, Winer J. Vaccines and Guillain-Barre syndrome. BMJ312,1475–1476 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• da Silveira C, Salisbury D, de Quadros C. Measles vaccination and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet 349,14–16 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lasky T, Terracciano G, Magder L eta]. The Guillain-Barré syndrome and the 1992–1993 and 1993–1994 influenza vaccines. N. Engl.' Merl 339,1797–1802 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Tuttle J, Chen R, Rantala H, Cherry J, Rhodes P, Hadler S. The risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome after tetanus-toxoid-containing vaccines in adults and children in the United States. Am. J. Public Health 87,2045–2048 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ropper A, Victor M. Influenza vaccination and the Guillain-Barré syndrome. N Engl. Merl 339,1845–1846 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard JD, Selby GW. Relapsing neuropathy due to tetanus toxoid.Neural. Sci. 37,113–125 (1978).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes R, Choudhary P, Osborn M, Rees J, Sanders E. Immunization and risk of relapse of Guillain-Barré syndrome or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 19, 1230–1231 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Tagawa Y, Yuki N, Hirata K Ability to remove immunoglobulins and antiganglioside antibodies by double filtration plasmapheresis in Guillain-Barre syndrome: is it equivalent to plasma exchange? Ther. Apher. 1,336–339 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tagawa Y, Yuki N, Hirata K Ability to remove immunoglobulins and antiganglioside antibodies by plasma exchange, double-filtration plasmapheresis and immunoadsorption. j Neural. Li. 157, 90–95 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bensa S, Hadden RD, Hahn A, Hughes RA, Willison HJ. Randomized controlled trial of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Guillain-Barre syndrome: a pilot study. Eur J. Neural. 7,423-426 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Créange A, Lerat H, Meyrignac C, Degos J- D, Gherardi RK, Cesaro P Treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome with interferon-I3. Lancet 352,368–369 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicoletti F, Nicoletti A, Giuffrida S etal Sodium fusidate in Guillain-Barrésyndrome: a case report. I Neural. Neurosurg. Psych. 65,266–268 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour HE, Worsley A, Smith JM, Thomas SH. AntiTNF agents for rheumatoid arthritis. Br. Gun. Pharmacol 51,201–208 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Oosten BW, Barkhof F, Truyen L, Boringa JB, Bertelsmann FVV, von Blomberg BM. Increased MRI activity and immune activation in two multiple sclerosis patients treated with the monoclonal antitumor necrosis factor antibody cA2. Neurology 47, 1531–1534 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Fu SY, Gordon T Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged denervation. j Neumsci. 15,3886–3895 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Fu SY, Gordon T Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged axotomy. j Neurosci. 15, 3876–3885 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You S, Petrov T, Chung P, Gordon T The expression of the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor in long-term denervated Schwann cells. Glia 20,87–100 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar