Hormone treatment for mood disorders in women

References

• Leibenluft E. Foreword. In: Gender Differences in Mood and Anxiety Disorrlery. Leibenluft E (Ed.). American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, USA (1999).
   Google Scholar
• ••This interesting book addresses several issues regarding gender differences in neuroimaging findings and sex differences in HPA axis regulation. There are also very useful chapters on modulation of anxiety by reproductive hormones and clinical implications of hormonal therapies for mood symptoms.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, McGonagle K, Zhao S et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry51 (8), 8–19 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Born L, Steiner M. The relationship between Menarche and Depression in Adolescence. CNS Specttums6(2), 126–138 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Soares CN, Cohen LS, Otto MW, Harlow BL. Characteristics of women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) who did or did not report history of depression. J: Womens Health Gentl Based Med. 10, 873–878 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •Preliminary data derived from a large community-based study, focusing on the characteristics of women with 'Pure PMDD' (i.e. met criteria for PMDD and did not have a history of depressive episodes). The authors were able to demonstrate that this subgroup of women were more educated and more frequently had a marital disruption when compared with PMDD subjects who reported previous depressive episodes. Other characteristics (e.g. cigarette smoking) could not be dissociated from past history of depression.
   Google Scholar
• Kendell RE, McGuire RJ, Connor Y, Cox JL. Mood changes in the first three weeks after childbirth. J: Affect. Disord. 3(4), 317–326 (1981).
   Google Scholar
• Harlow BL, Cohen LS, Otto MW Spiegelman D, Cramer DW. Prevalence and Predictors of Depressive Symptoms in Older Premenopausal Women. Arch. Gen. Bychiatry56, 418–424 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• ••A large community-based cohort study,designed to evaluate the relationship between major depression and changes in menstrual and ovarian function. This paper corroborates the prevalence of depression reported by other community-based studies and also supports a relationship between depressive symptoms and marital status, cigarette smoking, nulliparity and premenstrual symptoms.
   Google Scholar
• Smith RN, Studd JVV, Zamblera D, Holland EE A randomised comparison over 8 months of 100 micrograms and 200 micrograms twice weekly doses of transdermal 0E2 in the treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome. BE J: Obstet. Gynaecol. 102, 475–484 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Gregoire AJP, Kumar R, Everitt B, Henderson AF, Studd JWW. Transdermal oestrogen for treatment of severe postnatal depression. Lancet 347, 930–933 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• •This trial demonstrated a superior antidepressant efficacy of transdermal E2 compared with placebo in women who suffered from resistant puerperal depression.
   Google Scholar
• Ahokas A, Kaukoranta J, Wahlbeck K, Alto M. Estrogen Deficiency in Severe Postpartum Depression: Successful Treatment with Sublingual Physiologic 17 I3-E2: A Preliminary Study. J: Psychiatry 62(5), 332–336 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt PJ, Nieman L, Danaceau MA et al. Estrogen Replacement in perimenopause-Related Depression: A Preliminary report. Arn.j Obstet. Gynecol. 183, 414–420 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••The first well-designed clinical trial of the effects of estrogen replacement therapy for perimenopausal women with clinical depression.
   Google Scholar
• Soares CN, Almeida OP, Joffe H, Cohen LS. Efficacy of E2 for the treatment of Depressive Disorders in Perimenopausal Women: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Acch. Gen PTchiatry58(6), 529–534 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• ••To date, this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on the antidepressant efficacy of transdermal E2 examined the largest sample of perimenopausal women with major depression. Of women treated with estrogen, 68% showed remission of depression, whereas only 20% responded to placebo. Reassessment after washout period suggested that improvement in mood and in vasomotor symptoms may occur via different pathways.
   Google Scholar
• Shifren JL, Braunstein GD, Simon JA et al Transdermal testosterone treatment in women with impaired sexual function after oophorectomy. NEngLJ Med. 343(10), 682–688 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• •A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that demonstrated efficacy of transdermal testosterone for decreased libido and psychological symptoms in surgically-induced menopausal women.
   Google Scholar
• Seidman SN, Rabkin JG. Testosterone replacement therapy for hypogonadal men with SSRI-refractory depression. J. Affect. Disold 48,157–161 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, Keebler A et al. Double-blind treatment of major depression with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). AM I PFchiatry156,646–649 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt PJ, Rubinow DR. Menopause-related affective disorders: a justification for further study. Am. J. fiychiatry148,844–852 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joffe H, Cohen LS. Estrogen, serotonin and mood disturbance: where is the therapeutic bridge? Biol. PTchiatry 4,798–811 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Maggi A, Perez J. Role of female gonadal hormones in the CNS: clinical and experimental aspects. Life Sci. 37(10), 893–906 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Genazzani AR, Lucchesi A, Stomati M et al Effects of sex steroid hormones on the neuroendocrine system. Eur. Contracept. Reprod Healthcare 2(1), 63–69 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Silva I, Mor G, Naftolin F. Estrogen and the aging brain. Mitwitas38, 95–101 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Woolley CS. Effects of Estrogen in the CNS. CUM Opin. Neumbiol 9,349–354 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen BS, Alves SE. Estrogen actions in the central nervous system. Endocr. Rev 20, 279–307 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Malley BW, Means AR. Female steroid hormone and target cell nuclei. Science183, 610–620 (1983).
   Google Scholar
• Stahl SM. Sex and Psychopharmacology. Is natural estrogen a psychotropic drug in women? Arch. Gen. PTchiatry58(6), 537–538 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Halbreich U, Kahn LS. Role of Estrogen in the Etiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders. CNS Drugs 15 (10), 797–817 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••A comprehensive review on estrogen and its effects on the CNS.
   Google Scholar
• Garlow SJ, Musselman DJ, Nemeroff CB. The neurochemistry of mood disorders: clinical studies. In: Neurobiology of mental Charney DS, Nestler EJ, Bunney BS (Eds.) Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA 348–364 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Panay N, Sands RII, Studd JWW. Estrogen and behavior. In: The Brain: Source and Target for Sex Steroid Hormones. Genazzani AR, Petraglia F, Purdy RII (Eds.)Parthenon Publishing, Carnforth, UK, 257–276 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt PJ, Nieman LK, Danaceau MA, Adams LF, Rubinow DR Differential behavioral effects of gonadal steroids in women with and in those without premenstrual syndrome. N Engl. I Med. 338(4), 209–216 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• ••This interesting study was designed tomimic the hormonal environment of menstrual changes in women with and without history of PMS, who had initially been submitted to a treatment with leuprolide. The authors were able to demonstrate that women with history of PMS developed depressive symptoms after being re-exposed to estrogen and progesterone, whereas controls did not develop such symptoms. The authors suggest that women with PMS may have an abnormal response to normal hormonal fluctuations.
   Google Scholar
• Scott RT, Jr., Ross B, Anderson C, Archer DF. Pharmacokinetics of percutaneous E2: a crossover study using a gel and a transdermal system in comparison with oral micronized E2. Obstet. Gynecol 77, 758–764 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Ramachandran C, Fleisher D. Transdermal delivery of drugs for the treatment of bone diseases. Adv. Drug Deily. Rev 42,197–223 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser IS, Wang Y. New delivery systems for hormone replacement therapy. In: The Management of the Menopause - Annual Review Studd JWW (Ed.) The Parthenon Publishing Group, London, UK, 101–110 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Coope J, Thomson JM, Poller L. Effects of 'natural oestrogen replacement therapy on menopausal symptoms and blood clotting. Br. Med 4, 139–143 (1975).
   Google Scholar
• Strickler RC, Borth R, Cecutti A et al. The role of oestrogen replacement in the climacteric syndrome. /*ha/. Med. 7, 631–639 (1977).
   Google Scholar
• Thompson J, Oswald I. Effect of oestrogen on the sleep, mood and anxiety of menopausal women. BE Med. J. 2,1317–1319 (1977).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rivera-Tovar AD, Frank E. Late Luteal Phase Dysphoric Disorder in Young Women. Am. PFchiatry147, 1634–1636 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Cohen LS, Soares CN, Otto MW, Sweeney BH, Liberman RF, Harlow BL. Prevalence and Predictors of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) in Older Premenopausal Women. I Affect. Disord (In Press).
   Google Scholar
• Steiner M, Steinberg S, Stewart D et al Fluoxetine in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria. N. Engl. Med. 332(23), 1529–1534 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• •A signature paper on the treatment of PMDD with SSRIs.
   Google Scholar
• Pearlstein TB, Halbreich U, Batzar ED et al Psychosocial functioning in women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder before and after treatment with sertraline or placebo. I Clin. PFchiatry61,101–109 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •An interesting paper addressing potential benefits of SSRIs for the treatment of psychosocial impairment caused by PMDD.
   Google Scholar
• Steiner M, Born L. Diagnosis and treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder: an update. Int. Gun. PTchophalmacol 15(Suppl.), S3—S17 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Altshuler LL, Hendrick V, Parrick B. Pharmacologic management of premenstrual disorder. Harvard Rev Psychiatry 2,223–245 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Palter S, Halbreich U. Transdermal E2 treatment improves dysphoric premenstrual syndromes. Proceedings of the 146th Annual Meeting Society of Biological Psychiatry, San Francisco, CA, USA (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Cooper PJ, Murray L, Hooper R et al. The development and validation of of a predictive index for postpartum depression. Psychol. Med 26(3), 627–634 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Cohen LS, Viguera AC, Bouffard SM et al. Venlafaxine in the treatment of postpartum depression. J Clin. fiychiatry62 (8), 592–596 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Altshuler LL, Cohen LS, Moline ML et al. The Expert Consensus Guideline Series. Treatment of depression in women. Postgrad. Med (Spec No), 1–107 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• ••Very useful updated guidelines.
   Google Scholar
• Soares CN, Viguera AC, Cohen LS. Mood Disturbance and Pregnancy: Pros and Cons of Pharmacologic Treatment. Rev Bras. Iiiquiatc 23(1), 48–53 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Bokhari R, Bhatara VS, Bandettini F et al Postpartum psychosis and postpartum thyroiditis. PTchoneuroendocrinology23(6), 643–650 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reed P, Sermin N, Appleby L et al A comparison of clinical response to electroconvulsive therapy in puerperal and non-puerperal psychoses. J Affect. Disord. 54(3), 255–260 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Ahokas A, Alto M, Rimon R. Positive treatment effect of E2 in postpartum psychosis: a pilot study. J. Gun. Psychiatry 61(3), 166–169 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Research on the menopause in the 1990s: report ofa WHO scientific group WHO Technical Report Series number 866, Geneva, Switzerland, (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Teede H, Burger HG. The menopausal transition. In: The Management of Menopause -Annual Book Review Studd JWW (Ed.) Parthenon Publishing Group, London, UK, 1–12 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• The North American Menopause Society. Clinical Challenges of Perimenopause: Consensus Opinion of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause 7,5–13 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares CN, Cohen LS. Mood Disturbance, Perimenopause and Hormone Variability. Sao Paulo Med 119(2), 78–83 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Shifren JL, Shiff I. The aging ovary. J. Womens Health Cenci. Based Med 9\(Suppl. 1), S3-7 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Freedman RR. Hot flashes revisited. Menopause 7,3–4 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kronenberg E Hot flashes: Phenomenology, quality of life and search for treatment options. Exp. Cerontol 29, 319–336 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barton D, Loprinzi C, Wahner-Roedler D. Hot Flashes: Aetiology and Management. Drugs Aging 18(8), 597–606 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adashi E. The climacteric ovary as a functional gonadotropin-driven androgen-producing gland. Perth. Steril. 62,20 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt VK, Altshuler LL, Rasgon N. Depressive symptoms in the perimenopause: prevalence, assessment and guidelines for treatment. Harv Rev fisychtry6, 121–132 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares CN, Cohen LS. The Perimenopause and Mood Disturbance: An Update. CNS Spectrums 6 (2), 167–174 (2001) .
   Google Scholar
• Bungay GT, Vessey MP, McPherson CK. Study of symptoms in middle life with special reference to the menopause. BE Med 281,181–183 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Jaszmann L, Van Lith ND, Zaat JC. The age of menopause in the Netherlands. The statistical analysis of a survey. int. J. Fertil 14,106–117 (1969).
   Google Scholar
• Novaes C, Almeida OP, de Melo NR. Mental Health among perimenopausal women attending a menopause clinic: possible association with premenstrual clinic? Climacteric 1, 264–270 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Hay AG, Bancroft J, Johnstone EC. Affective symptoms in women attending a menopause clinic. BE J Psychiatry 164, 513–516 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Joffe H, Hennen J, Soares CN et al. Vasomotor Symptoms are Associated with Depresion in Perimenopausal Women Seeking Primary Care. Menopause 2001 (In Press).
   Google Scholar
• Campbell S, Whitehead M. Oestrogen therapy and the menopause syndrome. Gun. Obstet. Cynaecol 4,31–47 (1977).
   Google Scholar
• Holte A. Menopause, mood and hormone replacement therapy: methodological issues. Maturitas 29 (1), 5–18 (1998) .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jarvinen A, Backstrom A, Elfstrom C et al Comparative absorption and variability in absorption of E2 from a transdermal gel and a novel matryx-type transdermal patch. Maturitas 38 (2), 189–196 (2001) .
   Google Scholar
• Figueiredo Alves ST, Gomes ASM, Clapauch R. Comparison of gel and patch E2 replacement in Brazil, a tropical country. Maturitas 36 (1), 69–74 (2000) .
   Google Scholar
• George GCW, Utian WH, Beumont PJV et al Effect of exogenous oestrogens on minor psychiatric symptoms in postmenopausal women. S Afi: Med J 47,29–36 (1973).
   Google Scholar
• Coppen A, Bishop M, Beard RJ. Effects on piperazine oestrone sulfate on plasma tryptophan, oestrogens, gonadotrophins and psychological functioning in women following hysterectomy. CI.117: Med Res. Opin. 4,29-36 (1977).
   Google Scholar
• Saletu B, Brandstatter N, Metkam M et al Double-blind, placebo-controlled, hormonal, syndromal and EEG mapping studies with transdermal oE2 therapy in menopausal depression. Rychopharmacology 122,321–329 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen LS, Soares CN, Poitras JR, Shifren JL, Alexander A. Short-term Use of E2 as an Antidepressant Strategy for Pen i and Postmenopausal Women. Proceedings of the 40th American College of Neuropsychopharmacology Annual Meeting, Hawaii, USA (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Schneider LS, Small GW, Hamilton SH et al Estrogen replacement and response to fluoxetine in a multicenter geriatric depression trial. Am J Bychiatry5, 97–106 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Amsterdam J, Garcia-Espana F, Fawcett J et al Fluoxetine efficacy in menopausal women with and without estrogen replacement. J Affect. Distif/. 55,11–17 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider LS, Small GW, Clary C et al. Estrogen replacement therapy and antidepressant response to sertraline. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Halbreich U. Hormonal Interventions with psychopharmacological potential: An overview. PTchopharmacol Bull 33(2), 281–286 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kroboth PD, McAuley JW Progesterone: Does it affect response to drug? Bychopharmacol Bull 33(2), 297–301 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Lawrie TA, Hofmeyer GJ, De Jager M, Berk M, Paiker J, Viljoen E. A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial of postnatal noethisterone enanthate: the effect on postnatal depression and serum hormones. Br. Obstet. Cynaecol 105, 1082–1090 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• •This paper demonstrated that women who received progestogen were more likely to develop depressive symptoms.
   Google Scholar
• Wyatt K, Dimmock P, Jones P, Obhrai M, O'Brien S. Efficacy of progesterone and progestogens in management of premenstrual syndrome: systematic review. Br. Med 323,776–780 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Wolf OT, Kirschbaum C. Actions of dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate in the central nervous system: effects on cognition and emotion in animals and humans. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 30(3), 264–288 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Rubinow DR, Schmidt PJ. Androgens, brain and behavior. Am J Psychiatry 153(8), 974–984 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison MF. Androgens in the elderly: Will androgen replacement therapy improve mood, cognition and quality of life in aging men and women? Psychopharmacol Bull. 33(2), 293–296 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Zumoff BV, Bradlow HL. Sex difference in the metabolism of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. J Clin. Endocrinol Metabl. 51 (2), 334–336 (1980).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis SR. The therapeutic use of androgens in women. J Steroid Biochem. Mal Biol. 69(1-6), 177–184 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Morley JE. Androgens and aging. Nkturitas 38,61–73 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Archer J. The influence of testosterone on human aggression. BE J Psycho" 82,1–28 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Christiansen K. Behavioural effects of androgen in men and women. J Endocrinol 170,39–48 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cashdan E. Hormones, sex and status in women. Harm. fkhav. 29,354–366 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherwin BB, Gelfand MM. Sex steroids and effect in the surgical menopause: a double-blind, cross-over study. Bychoneumendocnnology10, 325–335 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barret-Connor E, vonMuhlen D, Laughlin GA, Kripke A. Endogenous levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, but not other sex hormones, are associated with depressed mood in older women: The Rancho Bernardo study. J Am. Geriatr Soc. 47,685-691 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Yaffe K, Ettinger B, Pressman A et al Neuropsychiatric function and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in elderly women: a prospective study. Biol. Psychiatry 43(9), 694–700 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WOHCOW14Z OM, Reus VI, Roberts E et al Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment of depression. Biol. Psychiatry 41(3), 311–318 (1997).
   Google Scholar