Prenatal risk factors and schizophrenia

References

• McGuffin P, Owen MJ, Farmer AE. Genetic basis of schizophrenia. Lancet 346, 678–682 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Brown AS. New perspectives on the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. fiychbOic Ann 29, 128–130 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Susser E, Brown A, Matte TD. Prenatal factors and adult mental and physical health. Cm.j Psychiatry44(4), 326–334 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Jones P, Rodgers B, Murray R, Marmon M. Child developmental risk-factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet344, 1398–1402 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker EF, Savoie T, Davis D. Neuromotor precursor of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 20, 441–451 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Done DJ, Crow TJ, Johnston EC, Sacker A. Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness: Social adjusiment at ages 7 and 11. Br. My" J309, 699–703 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Green, MF, Satz P Gaier DJ, Gancell S, Kharabi E Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 15, 91–99 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waddington JL. Neurodynamics of abnormalities in cerebral metabolism and structure in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 19, 55–69 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogerts B, Ashtari, M, DeGreef G, Alvir JMJ, Bilder RM, Lieberman JA. Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimage 35,1–13 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• DeGreef GM, Ashtari B, Bogerts. Volumes of ventricular system subdivisions measured from magnetic resonance images in first-episode schizophrenic patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 49, 531–537 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Bradbury TN, Miller GA. Season of birth in schizophrenia: A review of evidence,methodology and etiology. Psychol. Bull. 3, 569–594 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• ••This article provides a good summary of findings from several countries relating winter/spring season of birth to risk of schizophrenia.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick B, Ram R, Amador XF eta]. Summer birth and the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 155(9), 1221–1226 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Lewis G, David A, Andreason S, Allebeck Schizophrenia and city life. Lancet 340, 137–140 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcelis M, Navarro-Mateu F, Murray R, Sefton JP, van Os J. Urbanization and psychosis: a study of 1942–1978 birth cohorts in The Netherlands. Psychol. Merl 28, 871–879 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Westergaard T et al Effects of family history and place and season of birth on the risk of schizophrenia. NEn8LJ Merl 340, 603–608 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Mednick SA, Machon RA, Huttunen MO etal Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Arch. Gen. PTchiatry 45, 189–192 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••The seminal paper on prenatal influenza exposure and schizophrenia, it demonstrated, using an ecologic design, an association that was specific for the second trimester.
   Google Scholar
• Adams W, Kende11 RE, Hare EK, Munk- Jorgensen P Epidemiological evidence that maternal influenza contributes to the aetiology of schizophrenia. BE j PFdliatly 163, 522–534 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Fahy TA, Jones PB, Sham PC. Schizophrenia in Afro-Caribbeans in the UK following prenatal exposure to the 1957 A2 influenza epidemic. Schizophr Res. 6, 98–99 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• O'Callaghan E, Sham P, Takei N, Glover G, Murray RM. Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to 1957 A2 influenza epidemic. Lancet337, 1248–1250 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••One of the first papers demonstrating an association between prenatal influenza and schizophrenia; the finding was specific for the fifth month of gestation.
   Google Scholar
• Takei N, O'Callaghan E, Sham PC, Glover G, Murray RM. Does prenatal influenza divert susceptible females from later affective psychosis to schizophrenia? Acta Fiychiatr Scancl 88(5), 328–336 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Cannon M, Coter D, Coffey VP eta]. Prenatal exposure to the 1957 influenza epidemic and adult schizophrenia: a follow-up study. Br Psychiatly168, 368–371 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• McGrath JJ, Pemberton M, Welham JL et al Schizophrenia and the influenza epidemics of 1954, 1957 and 1959: a Southern Hemisphere study. Schizophr Res. 14, 1–8 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunugi H, Nanko S, Takei N, Saito K, Hayashi N, Kazamatsuri H. Schizophrenia following in utero exposure to the 1957 influenza epidemics in Japan. Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 450–452 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Torrey EF, Bowler AE, Rawlings R An influenza epidemic and the seasonality of schizophrenic births. In: Psychiatry and Biological Factors Kurstah E. (Ed.), Plenum, New York, NY, USA 109–116 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Crow TJ, Done DJ, Johnstone EC. Schizophrenia and influenza. Lancet 338,116–117 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Susser ES, Lin SP, Brown AS, Lumey LH, Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. No relation between risk of schizophrenia and prenatal exposure to influenza in Holland. Am. J. Fiychiatry151, 117–119 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• ••This was one of the largest studies ofprenatal influenza and schizophrenia; other advantages included the use of population denominators and the use of a nationalized centralized registry There was no evidence for an association.
   Google Scholar
• Erlenmeyer-Kimling L, Folnegovic Z, Hrabak-Zerjavic V, Borcic B, Folnegovic-Smalc V, Susser E. Schizophrenia and prenatal exposure to the 1957 A2 influenza epidemic in Croatia. Am J. Psychiatry 151(10), 1496–1498 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Barr CE, Mednick SA, Munk-Jorgensen P Exposure to influenza epidemics during gestation and adult schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. P9rhiatry 47, 869–874 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• ••A good example of a study of multipleinfluenza epidemics and schizophrenia risk.
   Google Scholar
• Sham PC, O'Callaghan E, Takei N, Murray GK, Hare EH, Murray RM. Schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to influenza epidemics between 1939 and 1960. Br. Fiychiatry160, 461–466 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Takei N, Sham PC, O'Callaghan E eta]. Prenatal exposure to influenza and the development of schizophrenia: is the effect confined to females? Am. J. Rychiatry151, 117–119 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Wright P, Murray RM. Prenatal influenza, immunogenes and schizophrenia. In: The Neuroclevelopmental Basis of Schizophrenia. Waddington JL, Buckley PP (Eds), RG Landes, Austin, TX, USA 43–59 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Grech A, Takei N, Murray RM. Maternal exposure to influenza and paranoid schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 26, 121–125 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan V, Castle D, Page A et al Influenza epidemics and incidence of schizophrenia, affective disorders and mental retardation in Western Australia: no evidence of a major effect. Schizophr Res 26, 25–29 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chess S, Korn S, Fernandez P Psychiatric Disarlels of Children With Congenital Rubella. Brunner/Mazel, New York, NY, USA (1971).
   Google Scholar
• Brown AS, van Os J, Driessens C, Hoek HW, Susser ES. Further evidence of relation between prenatal famine and major affective disorder. Am. J. PFchiatry157, 190–195 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AS, Cohen P, Harkavy-Friedman J, Malaspina D, Gorman JM, Susser ES. Prenatal rubella, premorbid abnormalities and adult schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 49,473–486 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• ••This study demonstrated a markedlyincreased risk of schizophrenia spectrum disorders in a birth cohort with documented prenatal exposure to rubella
   Google Scholar
• Brown AS, Schaefer CA, Wyatt RJ eta] Maternal exposure to respiratory infections and adult schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a prospective birth cohort study. Schizophr Bull. 26, 287–295 (2000). Prenatal factors & schizophrenia
   Google Scholar
• Susser ES, Schaefer CA, Brown AS, Begg MD, Wyatt RJ. The design of the Prenatal Determinants of Schizophrenia study. Schizophr. Bull. 26, 257–273 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••This contains a comprehensive descriptionof the Prenatal Determinants of Schizophrenia Study, a large birth cohort investigation of schizophrenia based on the Child Health and Development study.
   Google Scholar
• Brown AS. Prenatal infection and adult schizophrenia. int. J. Mental Health 29, 22–37 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• ••A review of prenatal infections other than influenza and risk of schizophrenia.
   Google Scholar
• Susser E, Lin SR Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944–45. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 49, 983–988 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• ••The first paper to demonstrate arelationship between prenatal famine exposure and schizophrenia risk; the finding was specific to the first trimester.
   Google Scholar
• Susser ES, Neugebauer R, Hoek HW eta]. Schizophrenia after prenatal famine. Arch. Gen. Fiychiatry53, 25–31 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoek HW, Susser E, Buck IKA, Lumey LH, Lin SP, Gorman JM. Schizoid personality disorder after prenatal exposure to famine. Am.j Fiychiatry153(12), 1637–1639 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer CA, Brown AS, Wyatt RJ eta]. Maternal prepregnant body mass and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. Schizophr Bull. 26, 275–286 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• ••This paper, based on the Prenatal Determinants of Schizophrenia Study, demonstrated an association between increased body mass index (BMI), as measured prior to pregnancy, and risk of schizophrenia; the effect was particularly prominent for women in the highest category of BMI.
   Google Scholar
• Wahlbeck K, Forsen T, Osmond C, Barker DJ, Eriksson JG. Association of schizophrenia with low maternal body mass index, small size at birth and thinness during childhood. Azrh. Gen. Psychiatry58, 48–52 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• McNeil TF, Kaij L. Obstetric factors in the development of schizophrenia: Complications in the birth of preschizophrenics and in reproduction by schizophrenic parents. In: The Nature of Schizophrenia. Wynne LC, Cromwell RL, Matthysse S (Eds). John Wiley and Son, New York, NY, USA 401–429 (1978).
   Google Scholar
• Buka SL, Tsuang MT, Lipsitt LP Pregnancy/delivery complications and psychiatric diagnosis. Azrh. Gen. Psychiatry 50, 151–156 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunther-Genta F, Bovet P, Hohlfeld Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: A case-control study. BE j Psychiatry164, 165–170 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zornberg GL, Buka SL, Tsuang MT Hypoxic-ischaemia-related fetal/neonatal complications and risk of schizophrenia and other nonaffective psychoses: A 19-year longitudinal study. Am. J. Rychiatry 157, 196–202 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Cannon TD, Rosso I, Hollister JM, Bearden CE, Sanchez LE, Hadley T A prospective cohort study of genetic and perinatal influences in the etiology of schizophreia. Schizophr Buff. 26,351–366 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon TD, van Erp TG, Rosso IM etal. Fetal hypoxia and structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenic patients, their siblings and controls. Arch. Gen. PTchiatry59, 35–41 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddes JR, Verdoux H, Takei N etal. Schizophrenia and complications of pregnancy and labor: An individual patient data meta-analysis. Schizophr. Bull. 25, 413–423 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• ••A large meta-analysis of obstetric complications as a risk factor for schizophrenia
   Google Scholar
• Hollister JM, Laing P, Mednick SA. Rheusus incompatibility as a risk-factor for schizophrenia in male adults. Arch. Gen. PTchiatry53, 19–24 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Dalman C, Allebeck P, Cullberg J, Grunewald C, Koster M. Obstetric complications and the risk of schizophrenia: a longitudinal study of a national birth cohort. Arch. Gen. Rychiatry 56,234–240 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Hultman CM, Sparen P, Takei N, Murray RM, Cnattingius S. Prenatal and perinatal risk-factors for schizophrenia, affective psychosis and reactive psychosis of early onset: case-control study. BE Mec1.1. 318, 421–426 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Jones PB, Rantakallio P, Hartikainen AL, Isohanni M, Sipila P. Schizophrenia as a long-term outcome of pregnancy, delivery and perinatal complications: A 28-year follow-up of the 1966 North Finland general population birth cohort. Am J. Psychiatry 155,355–364 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Rifkin L, Lewis S, Jones P, Toone B, Murray R. Low birth weight and schizophrenia. BE Psychiatry 165,357–362 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Kunugi H, Nanko S, Murray RM. Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: Prenatal underdevelopment and subsequent neurodevelopmental impairment. BE j Psychiatry 40 (Suppl.), s25-29 (2001) .
   Google Scholar
• Cantor-Graae E, Ismail B, McNeil TE Neonatal head circumference and related indices of disturbed fetal development in schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res. 32, 191–199 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunugi H, Takei N, Murray RM, Saito K, Nanko S. Small head circumference at birth in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 20,165–170 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNeil TF, Cantor-Graae E, Nordstrom LG, Rosenlund T Head circumference in `preschizophrenic' and control neonates. BE Bychiatry 162,517–523 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• van Os J, Selten JR Prenatal exposure to maternal stress and subsequent schizophrenia. The May 1940 invasion of The Netherlands. BE J. PFchiatry172, 324–326 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Huttenen MO, Niskanen P Prenatal loss of father and psychiatric disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry35, 429–431 (1978).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil TF, Cantor-Graae E, Sjostrom K. Obstetric complications as antecedents of schizophrenia: Empirical effects of using different obstetric complications scales. J. Psychiatric Res. 28,519–530 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis SW, Owen MJ, Murray RM. Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: Methodology and mechanisms. In: Schizophrenia: Scientific Progress. Schulz SC, Tamminga TA (Eds.) Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA, 56–68 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Parnas J, Schulsinger F, Teasdale TW, Schulsinger H, Feldman PM, Mednick SA. Perinatal complications and clinical outcome within the schizophrenia spectrum. Br. Psychiatry140,416–420 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••This study compares the McNeil-Sjostrom Scale of Obstetric Complications to previously established scales.
   Google Scholar
• McCreadie RG, Hall DJ, Berry IJ, Robertson LJ, Ewing JI, Geals ME. The Nithsdale schizophrenia surveys, X: obstetrical complications, family history and abnormal movements. BE J. Psychiatry 161,799–805 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Done DJ, Johnstone EC, Frith CD, Golding J, Shepherd PM, Crow TJ. Complications of pregnancy and delivery in relation to psychosis in adult life: Data from the British perinatal mortality survey sample. BE Mec1.1). 302,1576-1580 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Fatemi SH, Emamian ES, Kist D etal. Defective corticogenesis and reduction in reelin immunoreactivity in cortex and hippocampus of prenatally infected neonatal mice. Mal Psychiatry 4,145–154 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Edwards MJ. Hyperthermia as a teratogen: A review of experimental studies and their clinical significance. 7eratogenesis. Catrinagenesis and Mutagenesis 6,563–582 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Lynberg MC, Khoury MJ, Lu X, Cocian T Maternal flu, fever and the risk of neural tube defects: A population-based case-control study. Am. I Epidemial 140,244–255 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson KB, Dambrosia JM, Grether JK, Philips TM. Neonatal cytokines and coagulation factors in children with cerebral palsy. Ann. Neural. 44,665–675 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright P, Takei N, Murray RM, Sham PC. Seasonality, prenatal influenza exposure and schizophrenia. In: Prenatal Exposures in Schizophrenia. Susser ES, Brown AS, Gorman JM (Eds.), American Psychiatric Press, Inc, Washington, DC, USA, 89–112 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Butler PD, Susser ES, Brown AS, Kaufmann CA, Gorman JM. Prenatal nutritional deprivation as a risk-factor in schizophrenia: Preclinical evidence. Neuropsychopharmacology 11,227–235 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipska BK, Jaskiw GF, Weinberger DR. Postpubertal emergence of hyperresonsiveness to stress and to amphetamine after neonatal excitotoxic hippocampal damage: A potential animal model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 9,67–75 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••This paper features a prominent developmental animal model of schizophrenia, in which toxic lesions to the hippocarnpus resulted in dopaminergic abnormalities that had their onset after puberty
   Google Scholar
• Mallard EC, Rehn A, Rees S, Tolcos M, Copolov D. Ventriculomegaly and reduced hippocampal volume following intrauterine growth-restriction: implications for the aetiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 40,11–21 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar