New targets for antipsychotics

References

• Kane J, Honigfeld G, Singer J, Meltzer H. Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic. A double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 45, 789–796 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amsler HA, Teerenhovi L, Barth E, Haijula K, Vuopio P Agranulocytosis In patients treated with clozapine. A study of the Finnish epidemic. Acta Rychiatrica Scandinavia 56, 241–248 (1977).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapur S, Seeman P. Does fast dissociation from the dopamine D2 receptor explain the action of atypical antipsychotics?: A new hypothesis. Am. PTchiatry 158, 360–369 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• •Novel hypothesis of atypical antipsychotic drug action.
   Google Scholar
• Chalcos M, Lieberman J, Hoffman E, Bradford D, Sheitman B. Effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am. Psychiatry158(4), 518–526 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• •Overview of efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in treatment resistant schizophrenia.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson DG, Woerner MG, Alvir J et al Predictors of treatment response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am.j fisychtry156, 544–549 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaffner KF, McGorry PD. Preventing severe mental illnesses-new prospects and ethical challenges. Schizophr Res. 51, 3–15 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Describes potential for treatment at theonset of schizophrenia
   Google Scholar
• Masellis M, Basile VS, Ozdemir V, Meltzer HY, Macciardi FM, Kennedy JL. Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic treatment: lessons learned from clozapine. Biol. Psychiatry 47, 252–266 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Useful overview of pharrnacogenetics ofschizophrenia
   Google Scholar
• Peroutka SJ, Snyder SH. Relationship of neuroleptic drug effects at brain dopamine, serotonin, alpha-adrenergic and histaminergic receptors to clinical potency. Am.j Psychiatry 137, 1518–1522 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman P, Lee T, Chou-Wong M, Wong K. Antipsychotic drug doses and neuroleptic/ dopamine receptors. Nature 261, 717–718 (1976).
   Google Scholar
• Johnstone EC, Crow TJ, Frith CD, Carney MWP, Price JS. Mechanism of the antipsychotic effect in the treatment of acute schizophrenia. Lancet 22, 848–851 (1978).
   Google Scholar
• Farde L, Wiesel FA, Nordstrom AL, Sedvall G. D1 and D2 dopamine receptor occupancy with conventional and atypical neuroleptics. Rychopharmacology99, S28—S31 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Pilowsky LS, Costa D, Ell P, Murray RM, Verhoeff N, Kerwin RVV. Antipsychotic medication, D2 receptor blockade and clinical response- a 1231-IBZM single photon emission tomography study. Psychol. Med. 23, 791–799 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Wolkin A, Barouche F, Wolf AP et al Dopamine blockade and clinical response; evidence for two biological subgroups of schizophrenia. Am. j PFchiatry146, 905–908 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilowsky LS, Costa DC, Ell PJ, Murray RM,Verhoeff N, Kerwin RW. Clozapine, single photon emission tomography and the D2 dopamine receptor hypothesis of schizophrenia. Lancet 340, 199–202 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A, Van-Dyck CH et al Single photon emission tomography imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in drug free schizophrenic subjects. Proc. Natl Acad. Li. USA 93, 9325–9240 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• •Reinvigorated interest in dopaminergic mechanisms of antipsychotic drug action.
   Google Scholar
• Kapur S, Zipursky R, Jones C, Remington G, Houle S. Relationship between dopamine D2 occupancy, clinical response and side effects: a double-blind PET study of first episode schizophrenia. Am. j Psychiatry157, 514–520 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Nordstrom AL, Farde L, Nyberg S et al D1, D2, and 5-HT2 receptor occupancy in relation to clozapine serum concentration: a PET study of schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 1444–1449 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Pilowsky LS, Mulligan RS, Mon PD, Costa DC, Ell PJ, Kerwin RW. Limbic selectivity of clozapine. Lancet350, 490–491 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Initial report of limbic selectivity hypothesis of atypical antipsychotic drug action.
   Google Scholar
• Xiberas X, Martinot JL, Mallet Let al Extrastriatal and striatal D2 dopamine receptor blockade with haloperidol or new antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia. Br Psychiatry179, 503–508 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson C, Bigliani V, Jones HM et al The action of quetiapine at striatal and extrastriatal D2/D3 receptors in viva BE J. Psychiatry 177, 408–415 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Lidow MS, Williams GV, Goldman-Rakic PS. The cerebral cortex: case for a common site of action of antipsychotics. TrendsPharmacol Sci. 19, 136–140 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Strange PG. Antipsychotic drugs: importance of dopamine receptors for mechanisms of therapeutic actions and side effects. Pharmacol Reviews 53, 119–133 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Excellent overview of dopaminergictransmission in schizophrenia.
   Google Scholar
• Talvik M, Nordstrom A-L, Nyberg S, Olsson H, Halldin C, Farde L. No support for regional selectivity in clozapine treated patients: A PET study with [11C] raclopride and [11CI FLB 457. Am. Psychiatry 158, 926–930 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Kapur S, Remington G. Atypical antipsychotics: new directions and new challenges in the treatment of schizophrenia. Ann. Rev Med 52, 503–517 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapur S, Zipursky R, Jones C, Shammi CS, Remington G, Seeman P A positron emission tomography study of quetiapine in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen PTchiatry57, 553–559 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Tol IIf I, Bunzow JR, Guan HC etal. Cloning of the gene for the human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine. Nature 350, 610–614 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Truffinet P, Tamminga CA, Fabre LF, Meltzer HY, Riviere ME, Papillon-Downey C. Placebo-controlled study of the D4/5-HT2A antagonist fananserin in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am. J. PTchiatry156, 419–425 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Landwehrmeyer B, Mengod G, Palacios JM. Dopamine D3 receptor mRNA and binding sites in human brain. Mal BrMn Res. 18, 187–192 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Gurevich EV, Joyce JN. Distribution of dopamine D3 receptor expressing neurons in the human forebrain: comparison with D2 expressing neurons. Neuropharmacology 20, 60–80 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz JC, Levesque D,Martres MP, Sokoloff P. Dopamine D3 rceptor: basic and clinical aspects. Gun. Neurophalmacol 16, 295–314 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Reavill C, Taylor SG, Wood MD et al Pharmacologic actions of a novel, high-affinity and selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, SB-277011-Aj Pharmacol Exp. Ther 294, 1154–1165 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Smith RC, Tamminga CA, Davis JM. Effect of apomorphine on schizophrenic symptoms. J. Neural Transmission 40, 171–176 (1977).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tamminga CA, Schaffer MET. Treatment of schizophrenia with ergot derivatives. PTchopharmacology 66, 239–242 (1979).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lahti AC, Weiler MA, Coey PK, Lahti RA, Carlsson A, Tamminga CA. Antipsychotic properties of the partial dopamine agonist (-)-3-(3-hydroxylpheny1)-N-n-Propylpiperidine (Preclamol) in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 43, 2–11 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Oshiro Y, Sato S, Kurahashi N et al. Novel antipsychotic agents with dopamine autoreceptor agonist properties: synthesis and pharmacology of 7- [444-phenyl-I-piperazinyl) butoxy] -3,4-dihydro -2 (1H) - quinolinone derivatives. J. Med Chem. 41(5), 658–667 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Semba J, Watanabe A, Kito S, Tom M. Behavioural and neurochemical effects of OPC-14597, a novel antipsychotic drug, on dopaminergic mechanisms in rat brain. Neuropharmacology 34 (7), 785–791 (1995) .
   Google Scholar
• Lidow MS, Golman-Rakic PS. A common action of clozapine, haloperidol and remoxipride on D1- and D2- dopaminergic transmission in the primate cerebral cortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sc]. USA 91,4353–4356 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Castner SA, Williams GV, Goldman-Rakic PS. Reversal of antipsychotic-induced working memory deficits by short-term dopamine D1 receptor stimulation. Science 289,56–58 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• •Important new data suggesting importance of D1 receptors in cognitive function of schizophrenia.
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson P, Smith L, Hanryd C, Sedvall G, Wiesel F-A. Lack of apparent antipsychotic effect of the D1 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH39166 in acutely ill schizophrenic patients. PTchopharmacology 121,309–316 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Meltzer HY. New drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia. Bychiatr Gun. N Am. 16,365–385 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gomeren W et al Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding. Bychopharmacology124,57–63 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapur S, Zipursky RB, Remington G. Clinical and theoretical implications of 5-HT2 and D2 receptor occupancy of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry156,286–293 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Wooley DW, Shaw E. A biological and pharmacological suggestion about certain mental disorders. Proc. Natl Acad. Sc]. USA 40,228–231 (1954).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce PA, Peroutka SJ. Hallucinogenic drug interactions with neurotransmitter receptor binding sites in human cortex. Bychopharmacology97, 118–122 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelders YG. Thymosthenic agents, a novel approach in the treatment of schizophrenia. Br. Psychiat. 155\(Suppl. 5), 33–36 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Duinkierke SJ, Botter PA, Janssen AA et al Ritanserin a selective 5-HT2/1C antagonist and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. A placebo-controlled double-blind trial. BE J. fiychiat 163,451–455 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Meltzer HY, Matsubara S, Lee JS. Classification of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the basis of dopamine D-1 and D-2 and serotonin2 plK, values. Pharmacol. Exp. ?her 251,238–246 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Ichikawa J, Ishii H, Bonaccorso S, Fowler WL, O'Laughlin IA, Meltzer HY. 5-HT(2A) and D(2) receptor blockade increases cortical DA release via 5HT1p, receptor activation: a possible mechanism of atypical antipsychotic induced cortical dopamine release. J. Neurochemistry 76, 1521–1531 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• •Recent evidence for the potential importance of 5-HT1A receptors in schizophrenia.
   Google Scholar
• Meltzer HY. An overview of the mechanism of action of clozapine j Clin. Psychiat. 55(Suppl. B), 47–52 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Moghaddam B, Bunney BS. Acute effects of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the release of dopamine from prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and striatum of the rat. An in vivo microdialysis study. Neurochem. 54,1755–1760 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldmeier PC, Delini-Stula AA. Serotonin-Dopamine interactions in the nigrostiatal system Eur j Pharmacol. 55, 363–373 (1979).
   Google Scholar
• Kapur S, Remington G. Serotonin - Dopamine interaction and its relevance to schizophrenia. Am. J. fiychiat. 153,466–476 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman-Tancredi A, Chaput C, Verriele L, Millan M. Clozapine is a partial agonist at cloned human serotonin 5-HT1A receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology35, 119–121 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Pans A, Probst A, Palacios JL. Serotonin receptors in the human brain-IV Autoradiographic mapping of serotonin-2 receptors. Neumscience21,123–139 (1987).
   Google Scholar
• Hashimoto T, Nishino N, Nakai H, Tanaka C. Inncrease in serotonin 5-HT1A receptors in prefrontal and temporal cortices of brains from patients with chronic schizophrenia. Life Li. 48,355–363 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Bantick RA, Deakin JFVV, Grasby PM. The 5-HT1A receptor: a promising target for novel atypical neuroleptics? Bychopharmacol. 15, 37–46 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Sumiyoshi T, Matsui M, Nohara S et al. Enhancement of cognitive performance in schizophrenia by addition of tandospirone to neuroleptic treatment. Am. J. Psychiatry 158,1722–1725 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poyurovsky M, Shardorodsky M, Fuchs C, Schneidman M, Weizman A. Treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia with the 5- HT2 antagonist mianserin. Double-blind,placebo-controlled study. BE J. Psychiatry 174,238–242 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Reavill C, Kettle A, Holland V, Riley G, Blackburn TR Attenuation of haloperidol-induced catalepsy by a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist. BE .1. Pharmacol. 126,572-574 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Di Matteo V, Di Giovanni G, Di Mascio M, Esposito E. SB-242084, a selective serotonin 2C receptor antagonist, increases dopaminergic transmission in the mesolimbic system. Neuropharmacology38, 1195–1205 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palfreyman MG, Schmidt CJ, Sorensen AM et al Electrophysiological, biochemical and behavioral evidence for 5-HT2 and 5- HT3 mediated control of dopaminergic function. Bychopharmacology112, S60—S67 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Gobbi G, Janiri L. Clozapine blocks dopamine, 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 responses in the medial prefrontal cortex: an in vivo microiontophoretic study. Eur. Neumpsychopharmacol. 10,43-49 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Naidu PS, Kulkarni SK. Reversal of neuroleptic-induced orofacial dyskinesia by 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Eur Pharmacol. 420,113–117 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meador-Woodruff JH, Healy DJ. Glutamate Receptor expression in schizophrenic brain. Brain Res. Rev 31, 288–294 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao X-M, Sakai K, Roberts RC, Conley RR, Dean B, Tamminga CA. Ionotropic glutamate receptors and expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits in subregions of human hippocampus; effects of schizophrenia. Am. J. Rychiatry1576, 1141–1149 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Javitt DC, Zukin SR. Recent advances in the phenylcyclidine model of schizophrenia. Am J. Psychiatry 148,1301–1308 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luby ED, Cohen BD, Rosenbaum G, Gottlieb JS, Kelley R. Study of a new schizophrenomimetic drug - sernyl. Arch. Neuml. fiychiaty 98,427–436 (1959).
   Google Scholar
• Itil T, Keskiner A, Kiremitchi N, Holden JMC. Efffect of phenykyclidine in chronic schizophrenia. Can. Psychiatr Assoc. J.12, 209–212 (1967).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergerson R, MeyerT, Coyle J, Greene R. Modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function by glycine transport. Proc. Natl Acad. Sc]. USA 95,15730–15734 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Javitt DC, Zylberman I, Zukin SR, Heresco-Levy U, Lindenmayer JP. Amelioration of negative symptoms in schizophrenia by glycine. Am. J. Bychiatry 151,1234–1236 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Heresco-Levy U, Javitt DC, Ermilov M, Mordel C, Silipo G, Lichtenstein MM. Eficacy of high dose glycine in the treatment of enduring negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. PFhiatry56, 29–36 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Tsai G, Yang P, Chung L-C, Lange N, Coyle J. D-serine added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 44, 1081–1089 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Power P, Elkins K, Adlard S, Curry C, McGorry P, Harrigan S. Analysis of the initial treatment phase in first-episode psychosis. BE .1. Bychiatry Suppl 172,71–76 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman JA, Sheitman B, Chakos M, Robinson D, Schooler N, Keith S. The development of treatment resistance in patients with schizophrenia: a clinical and pathophysiologic perspective. J. Gun. P9rhopharmacol 18\(Suppl. 1), 20S-24S (1998).
   Google Scholar
• McGlashan TH. The profiles of clinical deterioration in schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 32, 133–141 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebermann J. Is schizophrenia a early intervention. Schiz. Res. 51,69–76 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Craig TJ, Bromet EJ, Fennig S, Tanenberg-Karant M, Lavelle J, Galambos N. Is there an association between duration of untreated psychosis and 24-month clinical outcome in a first-admission series? Am. J. Psychiatry 157, 60–66 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Elmsley RA. Risperidone in the treatment of first episode psychotic patients: a double-blind multicenter study. Risperidone Working Group. Schiz. Bull 25,721–729 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillips LJ, Yung AR, McGorry PD. Identification of young people at risk of psychosis: validation of personal assessment and crisis evaluation clinic intake criteria. Aust. NZI. Psychiatry 34, S164—S169 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Potkin SG, Bera R, Gulasekarum B et al Plasma clozapine concentrations predict clinical response in treatment resistant schizophrenia. J. Gun. Bychiatry 55 (Suppl. B), 133–136 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Sachse C, Brockmoller J, Bauer S et al Functional significance of a C - A polymorphism in intron 1 of the cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 gene tested with caffeine. BE J. Gun. Pharmacol 47, 445–449 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Bell R, Mclaren A, Galanos J et al The clinical use of plasma clozapine levels. Aust. NZJ Psychiany 32,567–574 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arranz MJ, Munro J, Sham P et al Meta-analysis of studies on genetic variation in 5-HT2A receptors and clozapine response. Schiz. Res. 32,93-99 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Arranz MJ, Munro J, Birkett J et al. Pharmacogenetic prediction of clozapine response. Lancet 355,1615–1616 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••First use of pharrnacogenetics to predict potential treatment response in schizophrenia.
   Google Scholar
• Accili D, Fishburn CS, Drago J et al. A targeted mutation of the D3 dopamine receptor gene is associated with hyperactivity in mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sri. USA 93,1945-1949 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Ozdemir V, Basile VS, Masellis M, Kennedy JL. Pharmacogenetic assessment of antipsychotic-induced movement disorders: contribution of the dopamine D3 receptor and cytochrome P450 1A2 genes. I Biochem. Biophys. Meth 47,151–157 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Basile VS, Masellis M, McIntyre RS, Meltzer HY, Lieberman JA, Kennedy JL. Genetic DISsection of atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain: novel preliminary data on the pharmacogenetic puzzle. J. Clin. PTchiatry62\(Suppl. 23), 45–63 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Goff D, Coyle J. The emerging role of glutamate in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. Am jPsychiatryl58, 1367–1377 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• ••Excellent review of emerging strategies in glutarnatergic mechanisms in schizophrenia.
   Google Scholar
• Busatto GF, Kerwin R. Perspectives on the role of serotonergic mechanisms in the pharmacology of schizophrenia. P9rhopharmacol 11,3–12 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Wyatt RJ. Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia. Schiz. Bull 17, 325–351 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar