Mild cognitive impairment

References

• Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch. Neurol. 56(3), 303–308 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen RC, Morris JC. Mild cognitive impairment as a clinical entity and treatment target. Arch. Neurol. 62(7), 1160–1163, discussion 1167 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winblad B, Palmer K, Kivipelto M et al. Mild cognitive impairment--beyond controversies, towards a consensus: report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment. J. Intern. Med. 256(3), 240–246 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kral VA. Senescent forgetfulness: benign and malignant. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 86, 257–260 (1962).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien J. Age-associated memory impairment and related disorders. Adv. Psychiatric Treat. 5(4), 279–287 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie K, Touchon J. Mild cognitive impairment: conceptual basis and current nosological status. Lancet. 355(9199), 225–228 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariani E, Monastero R, Mecocci P. Mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review. J. Alzheimers Dis. 12(1), 23–35 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J. Intern. Med. 256(3), 183–194 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 7(3), 270–279 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris JC. Revised criteria for mild cognitive impairment may compromise the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease dementia. Arch. Neurol. 69(6), 700–708 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petersen RC. Clinical practice. Mild cognitive impairment. N. Engl. J. Med. 364(23), 2227–2234 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perneczky R, Pohl C, Sorg C, et al. Complex activities of daily living in mild cognitive impairment: conceptual and diagnostic issues. Age Ageing. 35(3), 240–245 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jessen F, Wolfsgruber S, Wiese B et al.AD dementia risk in late MCI, in early MCI, and in subjective memory impairment. Alzheimers Dement. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2012.09.017 (2013) (Epub ahead of print).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner MW, Veitch DP, Aisen PS et al. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: a review of papers published since its inception. Alzheimers Dement. 8(Suppl. 1), S1–S68 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jessen F, Wiese B, Bachmann C et al. Prediction of dementia by subjective memory impairment: effects of severity and temporal association with cognitive impairment. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 67(4), 414–422 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell AJ. The clinical significance of subjective memory complaints in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a meta-analysis. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 23(11), 1191–1202 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenstein DA, Greig MT, Schinka JA et al. An investigation of PreMCI: subtypes and longitudinal outcomes. Alzheimers Dement. 8(3), 172–179 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien JT, Erkinjuntti T, Reisberg B et al. Vascular cognitive impairment. Lancet Neurol. 2(2), 89–98 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plassman BL, Langa KM, Fisher GG et al. Prevalence of cognitive impairment without dementia in the United States. Ann. Intern. Med. 148(6), 427–434 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moorhouse P, Rockwood K. Vascular cognitive impairment: current concepts and clinical developments. Lancet Neurol. 7(3), 246–255 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hachinski V, Iadecola C, Petersen RC et al. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards. Stroke 37(9), 2220–2241 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes TF, Snitz BE, Ganguli M. Should mild cognitive impairment be subtyped? Curr. Opin. Psychiatry. 24(3), 237–242 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He J, Farias S, Martinez O, Reed B, Mungas D, Decarli C. Differences in brain volume, hippocampal volume, cerebrovascular risk factors, and apolipoprotein E4 among mild cognitive impairment subtypes. Arch. Neurol. 66(11), 1393–1399 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nordlund A, Rolstad S, Klang O, Edman Å, Hansen S, Wallin Å. Two-year outcome of MCI subtypes and aetiologies in the Göteborg MCI study. J. Neurol. Neurosurgery. Psychiatry. 81(5), 541–546 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molano J, Boeve B, Ferman T et al. Mild cognitive impairment associated with limbic and neocortical Lewy body disease: a clinicopathological study. Brain. (Pt. 2), 133, 540–556 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sollinger AB, Goldstein FC, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Factor SA. Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: subtypes and motor characteristics. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 16(3), 177–180 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duff K, Paulsen J, Mills J et al. Mild cognitive impairment in prediagnosed Huntington disease. Neurology. 75(6), 500–507 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez OL, Jagust WJ, DeKosky ST et al. Prevalence and classification of mild cognitive impairment in the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study: part 1. Arch. Neurol. 60(10), 1385–1389 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham JE, Rockwood K, Beattie BL et al. Prevalence and severity of cognitive impairment with and without dementia in an elderly population. Lancet. 349(9068), 1793–1796 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das SK, Bose P, Biswas A et al. An epidemiologic study of mild cognitive impairment in Kolkata, India. Neurology. 68(23), 2019–2026 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosa AL, Albanese E, Stephan BC et al. Prevalence, distribution, and impact of mild cognitive impairment in Latin America, China, and India: a 10/66 population-based study. PLoS Med. 9(2), e1001170 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrieu S, Letenneur L, Orgogozo JM et al. Incidence and outcome of mild cognitive impairment in a population-based prospective cohort. Neurology 59(10), 1594–1599 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luck T, Luppa M, Briel S, Riedel-Heller SG. Incidence of mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Dement Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 29(2), 164–175 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts RO, Geda YE, Knopman DS et al. The incidence of MCI differs by subtype and is higher in men: the Mayo clinic study of aging. Neurology. 78(5), 342–351 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez OL, Becker JT, Chang YF et al. Incidence of mild cognitive impairment in the Pittsburgh Cardiovascular Health Study-Cognition Study. Neurology 79(15), 1599–1606 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward A, Arrighi HM, Michels S, Cedarbaum JM. Mild cognitive impairment: disparity of incidence and prevalence estimates. Alzheimers Dement. 8(1), 14–21 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell AJ, Shiri-Feshki M. Rate of progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia--meta-analysis of 41 robust inception cohort studies. Acta. Psychiatr. Scand. 119(4), 252–265 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jak AJ, Bondi MW, Delano-Wood L et al. Quantification of five neuropsychological approaches to defining mild cognitive impairment. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 17(5), 368–375 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koepsell TD, Monsell SE. Reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal or near-normal cognition: risk factors and prognosis. Neurology 79(15), 1591–1598 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caselli RJ, Dueck AC, Osborne D et al. Longitudinal modeling of age-related memory decline and the APOE epsilon4 effect. N. Engl. J. Med. 361(3), 255–263 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosconi L, De Santi S, Brys M et al. Hypometabolism and altered cerebrospinal fluid markers in normal apolipoprotein E E4 carriers with subjective memory complaints. Biol. Psychiatry 63(6), 609–618 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiung GY, Sadovnick AD, Feldman H. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 genotype as a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia: data from the Canadian study of health and aging. CMAJ 171(8), 863–867 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kryscio RJ, Schmitt FA, Salazar JC, Mendiondo MS, Markesbery WR. Risk factors for transitions from normal to mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Neurology 66(6), 828–832 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risacher SL, Kim S, Shen L et al. The role of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype in early mild cognitive impairment (E-MCI). Front. Aging Neurosci. 5, 11 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitz C, Tang MX, Manly J, Mayeux R, Luchsinger JA. Hypertension and the risk of mild cognitive impairment. Arch. Neurol. 64(12), 1734–1740 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wysocki M, Luo X, Schmeidler J, Dahlman K, Lesser GT, Grossman H et al. Hypertension is associated with cognitive decline in elderly people at high risk for dementia. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 20(2), 179–187 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luchsinger JA, Reitz C, Patel B, Tang MX, Manly JJ, Mayeux R. Relation of diabetes to mild cognitive impairment. Arch. Neurol. 64(4), 570–575 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yaffe K, Falvey C, Hamilton N et al. Diabetes, glucose control, and 9-year cognitive decline among older adults without dementia. Arch. Neurol. 69(9), 1170–1175 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu W, Caracciolo B, Wang HX et al. Accelerated progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia in people with diabetes. Diabetes 59(11), 2928–2935 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts RO, Geda YE, Knopman DS et al. Cardiac disease associated with increased risk of nonamnestic cognitive impairment: stronger effect on women. JAMA Neurol. 70(3), 374–382 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solfrizzi V, Scafato E, Capurso C et al. Metabolic syndrome, mild cognitive impairment, and progression to dementia. The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Neurobiol. Aging 32(11), 1932–1941 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal JS, Aspelund T, Jonsdottir MK et al. Pulmonary function impairment may be an early risk factor for late-life cognitive impairment. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 61(1), 79–83 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solfrizzi V, Colacicco AM, D'Introno A et al. Dietary intake of unsaturated fatty acids and age-related cognitive decline: a 8.5-year follow-up of the Italian longitudinal study on aging. Neurobiol. Aging 27(11), 1694–1704 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherbuin N, Anstey KJ. The Mediterranean diet is not related to cognitive change in a large prospective investigation: the PATH through life study. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 20(7), 635–639 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters R, Peters J, Warner J, Beckett N, Bulpitt C. Alcohol, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly: a systematic review. Age Ageing 37(5), 505–512 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts RO, Geda YE, Cerhan JR et al. Vegetables, unsaturated fats, moderate alcohol intake, and mild cognitive impairment. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 29(5), 413–423 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ancelin ML, Artero S, Portet F, Dupuy AM, Touchon J, Ritchie K. Non-degenerative mild cognitive impairment in elderly people and use of anticholinergic drugs: longitudinal cohort study. BMJ 332(7539), 455–459 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannenbaum C, Paquette A, Hilmer S, Holroyd-Leduc J, Carnahan R. A systematic review of amnestic and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment induced by anticholinergic, antihistamine, GABAergic and opioid drugs. Drugs Aging 29(8), 639–658 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Y, Huang C, Zhao K et al. Depression as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 28(5), 441–449 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard E, Reitz C, Honig LH et al. Late-life depression, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. JAMA Neurol. 70(3), 374–382 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geda YE, Roberts RO, Knopman DS et al. Physical exercise, aging, and mild cognitive impairment: a population-based study. Arch. Neurol. 67(1), 80–86 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber SE, Clegg AP, Young JB. Is there a role for physical activity in preventing cognitive decline in people with mild cognitive impairment? Age Ageing 41(1), 5–8 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufouil C, Alperovitch A, Tzourio C. Influence of education on the relationship between white matter lesions and cognition. Neurology. 60(5), 831–836 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller C, Schrag M, Crofton A et al. Altered serum iron and copper homeostasis predicts cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment. J. Alzheimers Dis. 29(2), 341–350 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauri M, Sinforiani E, Bono G et al. Interaction between Apolipoprotein epsilon 4 and traumatic brain injury in patients with Alzheimer's disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Funct. Neurol. 21(4), 223–228 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moretti L, Cristofori I, Weaver SM, Chau A, Portelli JN, Grafman J. Cognitive decline in older adults with a history of traumatic brain injury. Lancet Neurol. 11(12), 1103–1112 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer P, Jungwirth S, Zehetmayer S et al. Conversion from subtypes of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer dementia. Neurology 68(4), 288–291 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gainotti G. Origins, controversies and recent developments of the MCI construct. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 7(3), 271–279 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apostolova LG, Dutton RA, Dinov ID et al. Conversion of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease predicted by hippocampal atrophy maps. Arch. Neurol. 63(5), 693–699 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jack CR Jr, Petersen RC, Xu YC et al. Prediction of AD with MRI-based hippocampal volume in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 52(7), 1397–1403 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack CR Jr, Lowe VJ, Senjem ML et al. 11C PiB and structural MRI provide complementary information in imaging of Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Brain 131, (Pt. 3), 665–680 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack CR Jr, Wiste HJ, Vemuri P et al. Brain beta-amyloid measures and magnetic resonance imaging atrophy both predict time-to-progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease. Brain 133(11), 3336–3348 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devanand DP, Bansal R, Liu J, Hao X, Pradhaban G, Peterson BS. MRI hippocampal and entorhinal cortex mapping in predicting conversion to Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage 60(3), 1622–1629 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spulber G, Simmons A, Muehlboeck JS et al. An MRI-based index to measure the severity of Alzheimer's disease-like structural pattern in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. J. Intern. Med. 273(4), 396–409 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack CR Jr, Barkhof F, Bernstein MA et al. Steps to standardization and validation of hippocampal volumetry as a biomarker in clinical trials and diagnostic criterion for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 7(4), 474–485.e4 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driscoll I, Davatzikos C, An Y et al. Longitudinal pattern of regional brain volume change differentiates normal aging from MCI. Neurology 72(22), 1906–1913 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarci K, Weigand SD, Przybelski SA et al. MRI and MRS predictors of mild cognitive impairment in a population-based sample. Neurology 81(2), 126–133 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung KK, Bartlett JW, Barnes J et al. Cerebral atrophy in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease: rates and acceleration. Neurology. 80(7), 648–654 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozzali M, Filippi M, Magnani G et al. The contribution of voxel-based morphometry in staging patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 67(3), 453–460 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risacher SL, Saykin AJ, West JD et al. Baseline MRI predictors of conversion from MCI to probable AD in the ADNI cohort. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 6(4), 347–361 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moretti DV, Frisoni GB, Fracassi C et al. MCI patients' EEGs show group differences between those who progress and those who do not progress to AD. Neurobiol. Aging 32(4), 563–571 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drago V, Babiloni C, Bartres-Faz D et al. Disease tracking markers for Alzheimer's disease at the prodromal (MCI) stage. J. Alzheimers Dis. 26, (Suppl. 3), 159–199 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardone R, Bergmann J, Christova M et al. Short latency afferent inhibition differs among the subtypes of mild cognitive impairment. J. Neural. Transm. 119(4), 463–471 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack CRJr, Knopman DS, Jagust WJ et al. Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer's pathological cascade. Lancet Neurol. 9(1), 119–128 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biagioni MC, Galvin JE. Using biomarkers to improve detection of Alzheimer's disease. Neurodegener. Dis. Manag. 1(2), 127–139 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klunk WE, Engler H, Nordberg A et al. Imaging brain amyloid in Alzheimer's disease with Pittsburgh Compound-B. Neurol. 55(3), 306–319 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris JC, Roe CM, Grant EA et al. Pittsburgh compound B imaging and prediction of progression from cognitive normality to symptomatic Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 66(12), 1469–1475 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okello A, Koivunen J, Edison P et al. Conversion of amyloid positive and negative MCI to AD over 3 years: an 11C-PIB PET study. Neurology 73(10), 754–760 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang S, Han D, Tan X, Feng J, Guo Y, Ding Y. Diagnostic accuracy of 18 F-FDG and 11 C-PIB-PET for prediction of short-term conversion to Alzheimer's disease in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 66(2), 185–198 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen RC, Parisi JE, Dickson DW et al. Neuropathologic features of amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Arch. Neurol. 63(5), 665–672 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Small GW, Kepe V, Ercoli LM et al. PET of brain amyloid and tau in mild cognitive impairment. N. Engl. J. Med. 355(25), 2652–2663 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small GW, Siddarth P, Kepe V et al. Prediction of cognitive decline by positron emission tomography of brain amyloid and tau. Arch. Neurol. 69(2), 215–222 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu L, Rowley J, Mohades S et al. Dissociation between brain amyloid deposition and metabolism in early mild cognitive impairment. PLoS ONE 7(10), e47905 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosconi L, Perani D, Sorbi S et al. MCI conversion to dementia and the APOE genotype: a prediction study with FDG-PET. Neurology 63(12), 2332–2340 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jokinen H, Lipsanen J, Schmidt R et al. Brain atrophy accelerates cognitive decline in cerebral small vessel disease: the LADIS study. Neurology 78(22), 1785–1792 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LADIS Study Group. 2001-2011: a decade of the LADIS (Leukoaraiosis And DISability) Study: what have we learned about white matter changes and small-vessel disease? Cerebrovasc. Dis. 32(6), 577–588 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckerstrom C, Olsson E, Klasson N et al. High white matter lesion load is associated with hippocampal atrophy in mild cognitive impairment. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 31(2), 132–138 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devine ME, Fonseca JA, Walker Z. Do cerebral white matter lesions influence the rate of progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia? Int. Psychogeriatr. 25(1), 120–127 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasen N, Blennow K. CSF biomarkers for mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 107(3), 165–173 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell AJ. CSF phosphorylated tau in the diagnosis and prognosis of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of 51 studies. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 80(9), 966–975 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchhave P, Minthon L, Zetterberg H, Wallin AK, Blennow K, Hansson O. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of β-amyloid 1-42, but not of tau, are fully changed already 5 to 10 years before the onset of Alzheimer dementia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 69(1), 98–106 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prestia A, Caroli A, van der Flier WM et al. Prediction of dementia in MCI patients based on core diagnostic markers for Alzheimer disease. Neurology 80(11), 1048–1056 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos SJ, van Rossum IA, Verhey F et al. Prediction of Alzheimer disease in subjects with amnestic and nonamnestic MCI. Neurology 80(12), 1124–1132 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser PJ, Verhey F, Knol DL et al. Prevalence and prognostic value of CSF markers of Alzheimer's disease pathology in patients with subjective cognitive impairment or mild cognitive impairment in the DESCRIPA study: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 8(7), 619–627 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmand B, Huizenga HM, van Gool WA. Meta-analysis of CSF and MRI biomarkers for detecting preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Psychol. Med. 40(1), 135–145 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard E, Schmand BA, Eikelenboom P, Van Gool WA. Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. MRI and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for predicting progression to Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a diagnostic accuracy study. BMJ Open 3(6), e002541 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmqvist S, Hertze J, Minthon L et al. Comparison of brief cognitive tests and CSF biomarkers in predicting Alzheimer's disease in mild cognitive impairment: six-year follow-up study. PLoS ONE 7(6), e38639 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen B, O'Neill B, Evans JJ, Coen RF, Lawlor BA. A review of screening tests for cognitive impairment. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 78(8), 790–799 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail Z, Rajji TK, Shulman KI. Brief cognitive screening instruments: an update. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 25(2), 111–120 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han L, Cole M, Bellavance F, McCusker J, Primeau F. Tracking cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease using the mini-mental state examination: a meta-analysis. Int. Psychogeriatr. 12(2), 231–247 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodda J, Gandhi SD, Mukadam N, Walker Z. Attitudes of UK psychiatrists to the diagnosis of MCI in clinical practice. Int. Psychogeriatr. 25(2), 286–291 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiatr. Res. 12(3), 189–198 (1975).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell AJ. A meta-analysis of the accuracy of the mini-mental state examination in the detection of dementia and mild cognitive impairment. J. Psychiatr. Res. 43(4), 411–431 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diniz BS, Yassuda MS, Nunes PV, Radanovic M, Forlenza OV. Mini-mental State Examination performance in mild cognitive impairment subtypes. Int. Psychogeriatr. 19(4), 647–656 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law E, Connelly PJ, Randall E et al. Does the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-revised add to the Mini-Mental State Examination in established Alzheimer disease? Results from a national dementia research register. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 28(4), 351–355 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mioshi E, Dawson K, Mitchell J, Arnold R, Hodges JR. The Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R): a brief cognitive test battery for dementia screening. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 21(11), 1078–1085 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonie JA, Parra-Rodriguez MA, Tierney KM et al. Predicting outcome in mild cognitive impairment: 4-year follow-up study. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2004 197(2), 135–140 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Kalbe E, Kessler J, Calabrese P et al. DemTect: a new, sensitive cognitive screening test to support the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and early dementia. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 19(2), 136–143 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bedirian V et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 53(4), 695–699 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith T, Gildeh N, Holmes C. The Montreal cognitive assessment: validity and utility in a memory clinic setting. Can. J. Psychiatry. 52(5), 329–332 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvin JE, Roe CM, Powlishta KK et al. The AD8: a brief informant interview to detect dementia. Neurology 65(4), 559–564 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarazin M, Berr C, De Rotrou J et al. Amnestic syndrome of the medial temporal type identifies prodromal AD A longitudinal study. Neurology 69(19), 1859–1867 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perri R, Serra L, Carlesimo GA, Caltagirone C. Amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Difference of memory profile in subjects who converted or did not convert to Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 21(5), 549 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royall DR, Chiodo LK, Polk MJ. Misclassification is likely in the assessment of mild cognitive impairment. Neuroepidemiology 23(4), 185–191 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey A, Lah J, Goldstein F, Steenland K, Bliwise D. Mild cognitive impairment: an opportunity to identify patients at high risk for progression to Alzheimer's disease. Clin. Ther. 28(7), 991–1001 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien JT, Burns A. BAP Dementia Consensus Group. Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: a revised (second) consensus statement from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J. Psychopharmacol. 25(8), 997–1019 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russ TC, Morling JR. Cholinesterase inhibitors for mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 9, CD009132 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• McGuinness B, Todd S, Passmore P, Bullock R. Blood pressure lowering in patients without prior cerebrovascular disease for prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (4), CD004034 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Nagamatsu LS, Handy TC, Hsu CL, Voss M, Liu-Ambrose T. Resistance training promotes cognitive and functional brain plasticity in seniors with probable mild cognitive impairment. Arch. Intern. Med. 172(8), 666–668 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hahn EA, Andel R. Nonpharmacological therapies for behavioral and cognitive symptoms of mild cognitive impairment. J. Aging Health 23(8), 1223–1245 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia - supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care (CG42). SCIE (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Duara R, Loewenstein DA, Greig MT et al. Pre-MCI and MCI: neuropsychological, clinical, and imaging features and progression rates. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 19(11), 951–960 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar