489
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Current evidence regarding the management of mood and anxiety disorders using complementary and alternative medicine

, , &

References

  • Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:8-19
  • Simon G, Ormel J, von Korff M, Barlow W. Health care costs associated with depressive and anxiety disorders in primary care. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:352-7
  • Rice DP, Miller LS. Health economics and cost implications of anxiety and other mental disorders in the United States. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 1995(34):4-9
  • Greenberg PE, Stiglin LE, Finkelstein SN, Berndt ER. The economic burden of depression in 1990. J Clin Psychiatry 1993;54:405-18
  • Alegria M, Bijl RV, Lin E, et al. Income differences in persons seeking outpatient treatment for mental disorders, a comparison of the US with Ontario and the Netherlands. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:383-91
  • Bijl RV, de Graaf R, Hiripi E, et al. The prevalence of treated and untreated mental disorders in five countries. Health Aff (Millwood) 2003;22:122-33
  • Wang PS, Berglund P, Kessler RC. Recent care of common mental disorders in the United States, prevalence and conformance with evidence-based recommendations. J Gen Intern Med 2000;15:284-92
  • Wang PS, Lane M, Olfson M, et al. Twelve-month use of mental health services in the United States, results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62(6):629-40
  • Katz SJ, Kessler RC, Frank RG, et al. Mental health care use, morbidity, and socioeconomic status in the United States and Ontario. Inquiry 1997;34:38-49
  • Kessler RC, Demler O, Zaslavasky AM, et al. Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, 1990–2003. N Engl J Med 2005;352(24):2515-23
  • Keyes KM, Hatzenbuehler ML, Hasin DS, et al. Service utilization differences for Axis I psychiatric and substance use disorders between white and black adults. Psychiatr Serv 2008;59(8):893-901
  • Mao JJ, Farrar JT, Xie SX, et al. Use of complementary and alternative medicine and prayer among a national sample of cancer survivors compared to other populations without cancer. Complement Ther Med 2007;15:21-9
  • Barnes PM, Bloom B, Nahin R. Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children, United States, 2007. National health statistics reports; no 12. National center for Health Statistics; Hyattsville, MD, USA: 2008
  • Kessler RC, Soukup J, Davis RB, et al. The use of complementary and alternative therapies to treat anxiety and depression in the United States. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158(2):289-94
  • Pagan JA, Pauly MV. Access to conventional medical care and the use of complementary and alternative medicine. Health Aff 2005;24:255-62
  • Givens JL, Houston TK, Van Voorhees BW, et al. Ethnicity and preferences for depression treatment. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2007;29:182-91
  • Givens JL, Katz IR, Bellamy S, et al. Stigma and the acceptability of depression treatments among African Americans and whites. J Gen Intern Med 2007;22:1292-7
  • Posadzki P, Watson LK, Alotaibi A, Ernst E. Prevalence of use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by patients/consumers in the UK: systematic review of surveys. Clin Med 2013;13(2):126-31
  • Sevilla-Dedieu C, Kovess-Masféty V, Haro JM, et al. Seeking help for mental health problems outside the conventional health care system: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD). Can J Psychiatry 2010;55(9):586-97
  • Stange R, Amhof R, Moebus S. Complementary and alternative medicine: attitudes and patterns of use by German physicians in a national survey. J Altern Complement Med 2008;14(10):1255-61
  • Telles S, Gaur V, Sharma S, Balkrishna A. Attitude of conventional and CAM physicians toward CAM in India. J Altern Complement Med 2011;17(11):1069-73
  • Brown S. Use of complementary and alternative medicine by physicians in St. Petersburg, Russia. J Altern Complement Med 2008;14(3):315-19
  • Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, et al. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990–1997 - Results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA 1998;280:1569-75
  • Brown RP, Gerbarg PL. Herbs and nutrients in the treatment of depression, anxiety, insomnia, migraine, and obesity. J Psychiatr Pract 2001;7(2):75-91
  • Wu P, Fuller C, Liu X, et al. Use of complementary and alternative medicine among women with depression: results of a national survey. Psychiatr Serv 2007;58(3):349-56
  • Stratton TD, McGivern-Snofsky JL. Toward a sociological understanding of complementary and alternative medicine use. J Altern Complement Med 2008;14(6):777-83
  • Tindle HA, Davis RB, Phillips RS, Eisenberg DM. Trends in use of complementary and alternative medicine by US adults: 1997–2002. Altern Ther Health Med 2005;11(1):42-9
  • Kessler RC, Davis RB, Foster DF, et al. Long-term trends in the use of complementary and alternative medical therapies in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:262-8
  • van der Watt G, Laugharne J, Janca A. Complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of anxiety and depression. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2008;21(1):37-42
  • Meeks TW, Wetherell JL, Irwin MR, et al. Complementary and alternative treatments for late-life depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance: a review of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68(10):1461-71
  • Greeson JM, Sanford B, Monti DA. St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), a review of the current pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical literature. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001;153(4):402-14
  • Field HL, Monti DA, Greeson JM, Kunkel EJ. St. John's Wort. Int J Psychiatry Med 2000;30(3):203-19
  • Gastpar M, Singer A, Zeller K. Efficacy and tolerability of hypericum extract STW3 in long-term treatment with a once-daily dosage in comparison with sertraline. Pharmacopsychiatry 2005;38:78-86
  • Kasper S, Anghelescu IG, Szegedi A, et al. Superior efficacy of St John's wort extract WS 5570 compared to placebo in patients with major depression, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, muti-center trial. BMC Med 2006;4:14
  • Bjerkenstedt L, Edman GV, Alken RG, Mannel M. Hypericum extract Ll 160 and fluoxetine in mild to moderate depression, a randomized, placebo-controlled multi-center study in outpatients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005;255:40-7
  • Fava M, Alpert J, Nierenberg AA, et al. A double-blind, randomized trial of St. John's wort, fluoxetine, and placebo in major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005;25:441-7
  • Moreno RA, Teng CT, Almeida KM, Tavares H. Hypericum perforatum versus fluoxetine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression, a randomized double-blind trial in a Brazilian sample. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2006;28:29-32
  • Linde K, Knuppel L. Large-scale observational studies of hypericum extracts in patients with depressive disorders –a systematic review. Phytomedicine 2005;12:148-57
  • Kaspar S, Gastpar M, Moller HJ, et al. Better tolerability of St. John's wort extract WS 5570 compared to treatment with SSRIs, a reanalysis of data from controlled tirals in acute major depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2010;25:204-13
  • Parker V, Wong AH, Boon HS, Seeman MV. Adverse reactions to St John's Wort. Can J Psychiatr 2001;46(1):77-9
  • Gurley BJ, Swain A, Williams DK, et al. Gauging the clinical significance of P-glycoprotein-mediated herb-drug interactions, comparative effects of St. John's wort, Echinacea, clarithromycin, and rifampin on digoxin pharmacokinetics. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008;52(7):772-9
  • Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005;352(11):1112-20
  • Bottligliery T, Hyland K. S-adenosylmethionine levels in psychiatric and neurological disorders, a review. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 1994;154:12-26
  • Mischoulon D, Fava M. Role of S-adenosyl-l-methionine in the treatment of depression, a review of the evidence. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76(Suppl):1158S-61S
  • Echols JC, Naidoo U, Salzman C. SAMe (S-adenosylmethionine). Harv Rev Psychiatry 2000;8:84-90
  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe) for depression, osteoarthritis, and liver disease. 2002
  • Williams AL, Girard C, Jui D, et al. S-ademosylmethionine (SAMe) as treatment for depression, a systematic review. Clin Invest Med 2005;28:132-9
  • Papakostas GI, Mischoulon D, Shyu I, et al. S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors for antidepressant nonresponders with major depressive disorder, a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry 2010;167(8):942-8
  • Schaller JL, Thomas J, Bazzan AJ. SAMe use in children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;13(5):332-4
  • Janicak PG, Lipinski J, Davis JM, et al. Parenteral S-adenosyl-methionine (SAMe) in depression, literature review and preliminary data. Psychopharmacol Bull 1989;25(2):238-42
  • Haag M. Essential fatty acids and the brain. Can J Psychiatry 2003;48:195-203
  • Stahl LA, Begg DP, Weisinger RS, Sinclair AJ. The role of omega-3 fatty acids in mood disorders. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2008;9:57-64
  • Dyall SC, Michael-Titus AT. Neurological benefits of omega-3 fatty acids. Neuromolecular Med 2008;10:219-35
  • Williams AL, Katz D, Girard C, et al. Do essential fatty acids have a role in the treatment of depression? J Affect Disord 2006;93:117-23
  • Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu CC, Shen WW. Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder, a preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2003;13:267-71
  • Nemets B, Stahl Z, Belmaker RH. Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medication treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:477-9
  • Freeman MP, Hibbeln JR, Wisner KL, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids, evidence basis for treatment and future research in psychiatry. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67:1954-67
  • Parker G, Gibson NA, Brotchie H, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and mood disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:969-78
  • Rho KH, Han SH, Kim KS, Lee MS. Effects of aromatherapy massage on anxiety and self-esteem in korean elderly women: a pilot study. Int J Neurosci 2006;116(12):1447-55
  • Wilkinson S, Aldridge J, Salmon I, et al. An evaluation of aromatherapy massage in palliative care. Palliat Med 1999;13(5):409-17
  • Salamon I. Chamomile, a medicinal plant. Herb Spice Med Plant Digest 1992;10:1-4
  • Lorenzo PS, Rubio MC, Medina JH, Adler-Graschinsky E. Involvement of monoamine oxidase and noradrenaline uptake in the positive chronotropic effects of apigenin in rat atria. Eur J Pharmacol 1996;312(2):203-7
  • Morita K, Hamano S, Oka M, Teraoka K. Stimulatory actions of bioflavonoids on tyrosine uptake into cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990;171(3):1199-204
  • Yi LT, Li JM, Li YC, et al. Antidepressant-like behavioral and neuroch emical effects of the citrus-associated chemical apigenin. Life Sci 2008;82(13(14):741-51
  • Marder M, Paladini AC. GABA (A)-receptor ligands of flavonoid structure. Curr Top Med Chem 2002;2(8):853-67
  • Paladini AC, Marder M, Viola H, et al. Flavonoids and the central nervous system: from forgotten factors to potent anxiolytic compounds. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999;51:519-26
  • Campbell EL, Chebib M, Johnston GA. The dietary flavonoids apigenin and (-)-epigallo catechin gallate enhance the positive modulation by diazepam of the activation by GABA of recombinant GABA(A) receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2004;68(8):1631-8
  • Panossian A, Hambardzumyan M, Hovhanissyan A, Wikman G. The adaptogens rhodiola and schizandra modify the response to immobilization stress in rabbits by suppressing the increase of phosphorylated stress-activated protein kinase, nitric oxide and cortisol. Drug Target Insights 2007;2:39-54
  • van Diermen D, Marston A, Bravo J, et al. Monoamine oxidase inhibition by Rhodiola rosea L. roots. J Ethnopharmacol 2009;122(2):397-401
  • Chen QG, Zeng YS, Qu ZQ, et al. The effects of Rhodiola rosea extract on 5-HT level, cell proliferation and quantity of neurons at cerebral hippocampus of depressive rats. Phytomedicine 2009;16(9):830-8
  • Darbinyan V, Aslanyan G, Amroyan E, et al. Clinical trial of Rhodioloa rosea L. extract SHR-5 in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. Nord J Psychiatry 2007;61:343-8
  • Shaw K, Turner J, Del Mar C. Tryptophan and 5-Hydroxytryptophan for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002(1):CD003198
  • Turner EH, Loftis JM, Blackwell AD. Serotonin a la carte, supplementation with the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytrptophan. Pharmacol Ther 2006;109:325-38
  • Ospina MB, Bond TK, Karkhaneh M, et al. Meditation Practices for Health, state of the Research. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) 2007(155):1-263
  • Bishop SR, Lau M, Shapiro S, et al. Mindfulness, a proposed operational definition. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 2004;11(3):230-41
  • Kabat-Zinn J, Massion AO, Kristeller J, et al. Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:936-43
  • Barnhofer T, Crane C, Hargus E. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as a treatment for chronic depression, a preliminary study. Behav Res Ther 2009;47:366-73
  • Teasdale JD, Segal ZV, Williams JM. Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000;68:615-23
  • Toneatto T, Nguyen L. Does mindfulness meditation improve anxiety and mood symptoms? A review of the controlled research. Can J Psychiatry 2007;52(4):260-6
  • Hofmann SG, Sawyer AT, Witt AA, Oh D. The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression, a meta-analytic review. J Consul Clin Psychol 2010;78:169-83
  • Koenig HG, George LK, Peterson BL. Religiosity and remission of depression in medically ill older patients. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:536-42
  • Braam AW, Beekman AT, Deeg DJ, et al. Religiosity as a protective or prognostic factor of depression in later life; results from a community survey in The Netherlands. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997;96:199-205
  • Miller L, Warner V, Wickramaratne P, Weissman M. Religiosity and depression: ten-year follow-up of depressed mothers and offspring. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:1416-25
  • Kennedy GJ, Kelman HR, Thomas C, Chen J. The relation of religious preference and practice to depressive symptoms among 1,855 older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 1996;51:301-8
  • Koenig HG. Religious attitudes and practices of hospitalized medically ill older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1998;13:213-24
  • Musick MA, Koenig HG, Hays JC, Cohen HJ. Religious activity and depression among community-dwelling elderly persons with cancer: the moderating effect of race. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 1998;53:S218-27
  • Chen H, Cheal K, McDonel Herr EC, et al. Religious participation as a predictor of mental health status and treatment outcomes in older persons. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007;22:144-53
  • Nisbet PA, Duberstein PR, Conwell Y, Seidlitz L. The effect of participation in religious activities on suicide versus natural death in adults 50 and older. J Nerv Ment Dis 2000;188:543-6
  • Neeleman J, Wessely S, Lewis G. Suicide acceptability in African- and white Americans: the role of religion. J Nerv Ment Dis 1998;186:12-16
  • O'Laoire S. An experimental study of the effects of distant, intercessory prayer on self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. Altern Ther Health Med 1997;3:38-53
  • Propst LR, Ostrom R, Watkins P, et al. Comparative efficacy of religious and nonreligious cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of clinical depression in religious individuals. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992;60:94-103
  • Azhar MZ, Varma SL, Dharap AS. Religious psychotherapy in anxiety disorder patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994;90:1-3
  • Razali SM, Hasanah CI, Aminah K, Subramaniam M. Religious--sociocultural psychotherapy in patients with anxiety and depression. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1998;32:867-72
  • Anastasi MW, Newberg AB. A preliminary study of the acute effects of religious ritual on anxiety. J Altern Complement Med 2008;14:163-5
  • Khumar SS, Kaur P, Kaur S. Effectiveness of Shavasana on depression among university students. Indian J Clin Psychol 1993;20:82-7
  • Uebelacker LA, Tremont G, Epstein-Lubow G, et al. Open trial of Vinyasa yoga for persistently depressed individuals, evidence of feasibility and acceptability. Behav Modif 2010;34(3):247-64
  • Butler LD, Waelde LC, Hastings TA, et al. Meditation with yoga, group therapy with hypnosis, and psychoeducation for long-term depressed mood, a randomized pilot trial. J Clin Psychol 2008;64(7):806-20
  • Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ, et al. Antidepressant efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in melancholia, a randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and imipramine. J Affect Disord 2000;57(1–3):255-9
  • Woolery A, Myers H, Sternlieb B, Zeltzer L. A yoga intervention for young adults with elevated symptoms of depression. Altern Ther Health Med 2004;10(2):60-3
  • Kamei T, Toriumi Y, Kimura H, et al. Decrease in serum cortisol during yoga exercise is correlated with alpha wave activation. Percept Mot Skills 2000;90(3 Pt 1):1027-32
  • Ernst E, Lee MS, Choi TY. Acupuncture for depression? A systematic reivew of systematic reviews. Eval Health Prof 2011;34(4):403-12
  • Luo H, Meng F, Jia Y, Zhao X. Clinical research on the therapeutic effect of the electro-acupuncture treatment in patients with depression. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998;52(Suppl):S338-40
  • Gallagher SM, Allen JJ, Hitt SK, et al. Six-month depression relapse rates among women treated with acupuncture. Complement Ther Med 2001;9:216-18
  • Wang H, Qi H, Wang BS, et al. Is acupuncture beneficial in depression, a meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled trials? J Affect Disord 2008;111(2-3):125-34
  • Smith CA, Hay PPJ. Acupuncture for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;18:CD004046
  • Allen JJB, Schnyer RN, Hit SK. The efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of major depression in women. Psychol Sci 1998;9:397-401
  • Leo RJ, Ligot JS. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of acupuncture in the treatment of depression. J Affect Disord 2007;97:13-22
  • Luppino FS, deWit LM, Bouvy PF, et al. Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010;67:220-9
  • Hryhorczuk C, Sharma S, Fulton SE. Metabolic disturbances connecting obesity and depression. Front Neurosci 2013;7:177
  • Fabricatore AN, Wadden TA, Higginbotham AJ, et al. Intentional weight loss and changes in symptoms of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011;35(11):1363-76
  • Bruinsma KA, Taren DL. Dieting, essential fatty acid intake, and depression. Nutr Rev 2000;58(4):98-108
  • Cheatham RA, Roberts SB, Das SK, et al. Long-term effects of provided low and high glycemic load low energy diets on mood and cognition. Physiol Behav 2009;98:374-9
  • Brenes GA, Williamson JD, Messier SP, et al. Treatment of minor depression in older adults: a pilot study comparing sertraline and exercise. Aging Ment Health 2007;11:61-8
  • Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Doraiswamy PM, et al. Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychosom Med 2007;69:587-96
  • Knubben K, Reischies FM, Adli M, et al. A randomised, controlled study on the effects of a short-term endurance training programme in patients with major depression. Br J Sports Med 2007;41:29-33
  • Trivedi MH, Greer TL, Grannemann BD, et al. Exercise as an augmentation strategy for treatment of major depression. J Psychiatr Pract 2006;12:205-13
  • Mather AS, Rodriguez C, Guthrie MF, et al. Effects of exercise on depressive symptoms in older adults with poorly responsive depressive disorder: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2002;180:411-15
  • Chouinard G, Beauclair L, Geiser R, Etienne P. A pilot study of magnesium aspartate hydrochloride (Magnesiocard) as a mood stabilizer for rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1990;14:171-80
  • Heiden A, Frey R, Presslich O, et al. Treatment of severe mania with intravenous magnesium sulphate as a supplementary therapy. Psychiatry Res 1999;89:239-46
  • Giannini AJ, Nakoneczie AM, Melemis SM, et al. Magnesium oxide augmentation of verapamil maintenance therapy in mania. Psychiatry Res 2000;93:83-7
  • Evins A, Demopulos C, Yovel I, et al. Inositol augmentation of lithium or valproate for bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord 2006;8:168-74
  • Chengappa K, Levine J, Gershon S, et al. Inositol as an add on treatment for bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord 2000;2:47-55
  • Reynolds EH. Folic acid, ageing, depression, and dementia. BMJ 2002;324:1512-15
  • Behzadi AH, Omrani Z, Chalian M, et al. Folic acid efficacy as an alternative drug added to sodium valproate in the treatment of acute phase of mania in bipolar disorder: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009;120:441-5
  • Coppen A, Chaudhry S, Swade C. Folic acid enhances lithium prophylaxis. J Affect Disord 1986;10:9-13
  • Stoll AL, Sachs GS, Cohen BM, et al. Choline in the treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: clinical and neurochemical findings in lithium-treated patients. Biol Psychiatry 1996;40:382-8
  • Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960;23:56-62
  • Stoll AL, Severus WE, Freeman MP, et al. Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:407-12
  • Osher Y, Bersudsky Y, Belmaker R. Omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid in bipolar depression: report of a small open-label study. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:726-9
  • Frangou S, Lewis M, McCrone P. Efficacy of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in bipolar depression: randomised doubleblind placebo-controlled study. Br J Psychiatry 2006;188:46-50
  • Young R, Biggs J, Ziegler V, Meyer D. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry 1978;133:429-35
  • Hirashima F, Parow AM, Stoll AL, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment and T(2) whole brain relaxation times in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:1922-4
  • Keck PE Jr, Mintz J, McElroy SL, et al. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of ethyl-eicosapentanoate in the treatment of bipolar depression and rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2006;60:1020-2
  • Sarris J, Lake J, Hoenders R. Bipolar disorder and complementary medicine: current evidence, safety issues, and clinical considerations. J Altern Complement Med 2011;17(10):881-90
  • Scarna A, Gijsman HJ, McTavish SF, et al. Effects of abranched-chain amino acid drink in mania. Br J Psychiatry 2003;182:210-13
  • Berk M, Copolov DL, Dean O, et al. N-acetyl cysteine for depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 2008;64:468-75
  • Sarris J, Mischoulon D, Schweitzer I. Adjunctive nutraceuticals with standard pharmacotherapies in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of clinical trials. Bipolar Disord 2011;13(5-6):454-65
  • Lyoo IK, Demopulos CM, Hirashima F, et al. Oral choline decreases brain purine levels in lithium-treated subjects with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: a double-blind trial using proton and lithium magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Bipolar Disord 2003;5:300-6
  • Moses EL, Mallinger AG. St. John's Wort: three cases of possible mania induction. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;20(1):115-17
  • Dennehy EB, Schnyer R, Bernstein IH, et al. The safety, acceptability, and effectiveness of acupuncture as an adjunctive treatment for acute symptoms in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70(6):897-905
  • Singh YN. Potential for interaction of kava and St. John's wort with drugs. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;100:108-13
  • Pittler MH, Ernst E. Kava extract for treating anxiety. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;1:CD003383
  • Witte S, Loew D, Gaus W. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of the acetonic kava-kava extract WS1490 in patients with non-psychotic anxiety disorders. Phytother Res 2005;19(3):183-8
  • Saeed SA, Bloch RM, Antonacci DJ. Herbal and dietary supplements for treatment of anxiety disorders. Am Fam Physician 2007;76(4):549-56
  • Palatnik A, Frolov K, Fux M, Benjamin J. Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of inositol versus fluvoxamine for the treatment of panic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21(3):335-9
  • Benjamin J, Levine J, Fux M, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of inositol treatment for panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152(7):1084-6
  • Miyasaka LS, Atallah AN, Soares BG. Valerian for anxiety disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006(4):CD004515
  • Lakhan SE, Vieira KF. Nutritional and herbal supplements for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders: systematic review. Nutr J 2010;9:42
  • Amsterdam JD, Li Y, Soeller I, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, trial of oral Matricaria recutita (Chamomile) extract therapy of generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009;29(4):378-82
  • Amsterdam J, Li Y, Soeller I, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychoparmacol 2009;29:378-82
  • Miller JJ, Fletcher K, Kabat-Zinn J. Three-year follow-up and clinical implications of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1995;17(3):192-200
  • Vollestad J, Sivertsen B, Nielsen GH. Mindfulness-Based stress reduction for patients with anxiety disorders, Evaluation in a randomized controlled trial. Behav Res Ther 2011;49:281-8
  • Hoge EA, Bui E, Marques L, et al. Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation for generalized anxiety disorder: effects on anxiety and stress reactivity. J Clin Psychiatry 2013;74(8):786-92
  • Hölzel BK, Hoge EA, Greve DN, et al. Neural mechanisms of symptom improvements in generalized anxiety disorder following mindfulness training. Neuroimage Clin 2013;2:448-58
  • Michalsen A, Grossman P, Acil A, et al. Rapid stress reduction and anxiolysis among distressed women as a consequence of a three-month intensive yoga programme. Med Sci Monit 2005;11(12):555-61
  • Rao MR, Raghuram N, Nagendra HR, et al. Anxiolytic effects of a yoga program in early breast cancer patients undergoing conventional treatment. A randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2009;17:1-8
  • Kirkwood G, Rampes H, Tuffrey V, et al. Yoga for anxiety, a systematic review of the research evidence. Br J Sports Med 2005;39(12):884-91
  • Shannahoff-Khalsa DS, Ray LE, Levine S, et al. Randomized controlled trial of yogic meditation techniques for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr 1999;4(12):34-47
  • Gupta N, Khera S, Vempati RP, et al. Effect of yoga based lifestyle intervention on state and trait anxiety. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2006;50(1):41-7
  • Field T. Yoga clinical research review. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2010;17(1):1-8
  • Pilkington K, Kirkwood G, Rampes H, et al. Acupuncture for anxiety and anxiety disorders--a systematic literature review. Acupunct Med 2007;25(1-2):1-10
  • Wang SM, Peloquin C, Kain ZN. The use of auricular acupuncture to reduce preoperative anxiety. Anesth Analg 2001;93:1178-80
  • Fanti L, Gemma M, Passaretti S, et al. Electroacupuncture analgesia for colonoscopy: a prospective, randomized, placebocontrolled study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:312-16
  • Liu GZ, Zang YJ, Guo LX, Liu AZ. Comparative study on acupuncture combined with behavioral desensitization for treatment of anxiety neuroses. Am J Acupuncture 1998;26:220-3
  • Errington-Evans N. Acupuncture for anxiety. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012;18(4):277-84
  • Fournier JC, DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, et al. Antidepressant Drug Effects and Depression Severity, A Patient-Level Meta-analysis. JAMA 2010;303(1):47-53

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.