Awake craniotomy for brain tumor: indications, technique and benefits

References

• Panourias IG, Skiadas PK, Sakas DE, Marketos SG. Hippocrates: a pioneer in the treatment of head injuries. Neurosurgery 2005;57(1):181-9. discussion 181-189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulsara KR, Johnson J, Villavicencio AT. Improvements in brain tumor surgery: the modern history of awake craniotomies. Neurosurg Focus 2005;18(4):e5
   Google Scholar
• Sacko O, Lauwers-Cances V, Brauge D, et al. Awake craniotomy vs surgery under general anesthesia for resection of supratentorial lesions. Neurosurgery 2011;68(5):1192-8. discussion 1198-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor MD, Bernstein M. Awake craniotomy with brain mapping as the routine surgical approach to treating patients with supratentorial intraaxial tumors: a prospective trial of 200 cases. J Neurosurg 1999;90(1):35-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Benedictis A, Moritz-Gasser S, Duffau H. Awake mapping optimizes the extent of resection for low-grade gliomas in eloquent areas. Neurosurgery 2010;66(6):1074-84. discussion 1084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang EF, Clark A, Smith JS, et al. Functional mapping-guided resection of low-grade gliomas in eloquent areas of the brain: improvement of long-term survival. Clinical article. J Neurosurg 2011;114(3):566-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreier JD, Williams B, Mangar D, Camporesi EM. Patients selection for awake neurosurgery. HSR Proc Intensive Care Cardiovasc Anesth 2009;1(4):19-27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Serletis D, Bernstein M. Prospective study of awake craniotomy used routinely and nonselectively for supratentorial tumors. J Neurosurg 2007;107(1):1-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deipolyi AR, Han SJ, Sughrue ME, et al. Awake far lateral craniotomy for resection of foramen magnum meningioma in a patient with tenuous motor and somatosensory evoked potentials. J Clin Neurosci 2011;18(9):1254-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luders JC, Steinmetz MP, Mayberg MR. Awake craniotomy for microsurgical obliteration of mycotic aneurysms: technical report of three cases. Neurosurgery 2005;56(1 Suppl):E201; discussion E201
   Google Scholar
• Gabarros A, Young WL, McDermott MW, Lawton MT. Language and motor mapping during resection of brain arteriovenous malformations: indications, feasibility, and utility. Neurosurgery 2011;68(3):744-52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kan P, Jahshan S, Yashar P, et al. Feasibility, safety, and periprocedural complications associated with endovascular treatment of selected ruptured aneurysms under conscious sedation and local anesthesia. Neurosurgery 2013;72(2):216-20. discussion 220
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oszvald A, Guresir E, Setzer M, et al. Glioblastoma therapy in the elderly and the importance of the extent of resection regardless of age. J Neurosurg 2012;116(2):357-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanai N, Mirzadeh Z, Berger MS. Functional outcome after language mapping for glioma resection. N Engl J Med 2008;358(1):18-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuominen J, Yrjana S, Ukkonen A, Koivukangas J. Awake craniotomy may further improve neurological outcome of intraoperative MRI-guided brain tumor surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013;155(10):1805-12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sommer B, Grummich P, Coras R, et al. Integration of functional neuronavigation and intraoperative MRI in surgery for drug-resistant extratemporal epilepsy close to eloquent brain areas. Neurosurg Focus 2013;34(4):E4
   Google Scholar
• Quinones-Hinojosa A, Alam M, Lyon R, et al. Transcranial motor evoked potentials during basilar artery aneurysm surgery: technique application for 30 consecutive patients. Neurosurgery 2004;54(4):916-24. discussion 924
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abla AA, Lawton MT. Awake motor examination during intracranial aneurysm surgery. World neurosurg 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Pasquet A. Combined regional and general anesthesia for craniotomy and cortical exploration. Part II. Anesthetic considerations. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1986;24(3):12-20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klimek M, Verbrugge SJ, Roubos S, et al. Awake craniotomy for glioblastoma in a 9-year-old child. Anaesthesia 2004;59(6):607-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khu KJ, Doglietto F, Radovanovic I, et al. Patients’ perceptions of awake and outpatient craniotomy for brain tumor: a qualitative study. J Neurosurg 2010;112(5):1056-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilotta F, Titi L, Lanni F, et al. Training anesthesiology residents in providing anesthesia for awake craniotomy: learning curves and estimate of needed case load. J Clin Anesth 2013;25(5):359-66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santini B, Talacchi A, Casagrande F, et al. Eligibility criteria and psychological profiles in patient candidates for awake craniotomy: a pilot study. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2012;24(3):209-16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deras P, Moulinie G, Maldonado IL, et al. Intermittent general anesthesia with controlled ventilation for asleep-awake-asleep brain surgery: a prospective series of 140 gliomas in eloquent areas. Neurosurgery 2012;71(4):764-71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manninen PH, Balki M, Lukitto K, Bernstein M. Patient satisfaction with awake craniotomy for tumor surgery: a comparison of remifentanil and fentanyl in conjunction with propofol. Anesth Analg 2006;102(1):237-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chernik DA, Gillings D, Laine H, et al. Validity and reliability of the Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale: study with intravenous midazolam. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990;10(4):244-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen SL, Zheng JY, Zhang J, et al. Comparison of dexmedetomidine and propofol for conscious sedation in awake craniotomy: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, and controlled clinical trial. Ann Pharmacother 2013;47(11):1391-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen E, Seemann M, Zech N, et al. Awake craniotomies without any sedation: the awake-awake-awake technique. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013;155(8):1417-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkenstadt H, Perel A, Hadani M, et al. Monitored anesthesia care using remifentanil and propofol for awake craniotomy. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2001;13(3):246-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rozet I, Vavilala MS. Risks and benefits of patient positioning during neurosurgical care. Anesthesiol Clin 2007;25(3):631-53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen HS, Sundaram SV, Mosier KM, Cohen-Gadol AA. A method to map the visual cortex during an awake craniotomy. J Neurosurg 2011;114(4):922-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viegas C, Moritz-Gasser S, Rigau V, Duffau H. Occipital WHO grade II gliomas: oncological, surgical and functional considerations. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2011;153(10):1907-17. discussion 1917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balki M, Manninen PH, McGuire GP, et al. Venous air embolism during awake craniotomy in a supine patient. Can J Anaesth 2003;50(8):835-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jou IM. Effects of core body temperature on changes in spinal somatosensory-evoked potential in acute spinal cord compression injury: an experimental study in the rat. Spine 2000;25(15):1878-85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leuthardt EC, Fox D, Ojemann GA, et al. Frameless stereotaxy without rigid pin fixation during awake craniotomies. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2002;79(3-4):256-61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suess O, Picht T, Kuehn B, et al. Neuronavigation without rigid pin fixation of the head in left frontotemporal tumor surgery with intraoperative speech mapping. Neurosurgery 2007;60(4 Suppl 2):330-8. discussion 338
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papangelou A, Radzik BR, Smith T, Gottschalk A. A review of scalp blockade for cranial surgery. J Clin Anesth 2013;25(2):150-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson CJ, Lalonde DH. Randomized double-blind comparison of duration of anesthesia among three commonly used agents in digital nerve block. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;118(2):429-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloomfield EL, Schubert A, Secic M, et al. The influence of scalp infiltration with bupivacaine on hemodynamics and postoperative pain in adult patients undergoing craniotomy. Anesth Analg 1998;87(3):579-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girvin JP. Neurosurgical considerations and general methods for craniotomy under local anesthesia. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1986;24(3):89-114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello TG, Cormack JR. Anaesthesia for awake craniotomy: a modern approach. J Clin Neurosci 2004;11(1):16-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tubbs RS, Mortazavi MM, Shoja MM, et al. The zygomaticotemporal nerve and its relevance to neurosurgery. World neurosurgery 2012;78(5):515-18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nair S, Giannakopoulos G, Granick M, et al. Surgical management of radiated scalp in patients with recurrent glioma. Neurosurgery 1994;34(1):103-6. discussion 106-107
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adeolu AA, Olabanji JK, Komolafe EO, et al. A prospective study of two methods of closing surgical scalp wounds. Br J Neurosurg 2012;26(1):75-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omay SB, Barnett GH. Surgical navigation for meningioma surgery. J Neurooncol 2010;99(3):357-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penfield W. Combined regional and general anesthesia for craniotomy and cortical exploration. Part I. Neurosurgical considerations. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1986;24(3):1-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adeeb N, Mortazavi MM, Tubbs RS, Cohen-Gadol AA. The cranial dura mater: a review of its history, embryology, and anatomy. Childs Nerv Syst 2012;28(6):827-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R B. Experimental investigations into functions of the human brain. Am J Med Sci 1987;67:305-13
   Google Scholar
• Penfield W, Boldrey E. Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation. Brain 1937;60:389-443
   Google Scholar
• King RB, Schell GR. Cortical localization and monitoring during cerebral operations. J Neurosurg 1987;67(2):210-19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reinges MH, Nguyen HH, Krings T, et al. Course of brain shift during microsurgical resection of supratentorial cerebral lesions: limits of conventional neuronavigation. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2004;146(4):369-77. discussion 377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa S, Lee TM, Kay AR, Tank DW. Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990;87(24):9868-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basser PJ, Mattiello J, LeBihan D. Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tensor from the NMR spin echo. J Magn Reson B 1994;103(3):247-54
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Romano A, D’Andrea G, Calabria LF, et al. Pre- and intraoperative tractographic evaluation of corticospinal tract shift. Neurosurgery 2011;69(3):696-704. discussion 704-695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim GM, Bernstein M. Awake craniotomy for supratentorial gliomas: why, when and how? CNS Oncol 2012;1(1):71-83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roux FE, Lubrano V, Lauwers-Cances V, et al. Intra-operative mapping of cortical areas involved in reading in mono- and bilingual patients. Brain 2004;127(Pt 8):1796-810
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz TH, Devinsky O, Doyle W, Perrine K. Function-specific high-probability “nodes” identified in posterior language cortex. Epilepsia 1999;40(5):575-83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kombos T, Süss O. Neurophysiological basis of direct cortical stimulation and applied neuroanatomy of the motor cortex: a review. Neurosurg Focus 2009;27(4):E3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kombos T, Suess O, Kern BC, et al. Comparison between monopolar and bipolar electrical stimulation of the motor cortex. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1999;141(12):1295-301
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taniguchi M, Cedzich C, Schramm J. Modification of cortical stimulation for motor evoked potentials under general anesthesia: technical description. Neurosurgery 1993;32(2):219-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szelenyi A, Joksimovic B, Seifert V. Intraoperative risk of seizures associated with transient direct cortical stimulation in patients with symptomatic epilepsy. J Clin Neurophysiol 2007;24(1):39-43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szelenyi A, Bello L, Duffau H, et al. Intraoperative electrical stimulation in awake craniotomy: methodological aspects of current practice. Neurosurg Focus 2010;28(2):E7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon B, Lesser RP, Rance NE, et al. Parameters for direct cortical electrical stimulation in the human: histopathologic confirmation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1990;75(5):371-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yingling CD, Ojemann S, Dodson B, et al. Identification of motor pathways during tumor surgery facilitated by multichannel electromyographic recording. J Neurosurg 1999;91(6):922-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luders HO, Dinner DS, Morris HH, et al. Cortical electrical stimulation in humans. The negative motor areas. Adv Neurol 1995;67:115-29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luders HO, Lesser RP, Dinner DS, et al. A negative motor response elicited by electrical stimulation of the human frontal cortex. Adv Neurol 1992;57:149-57
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Filevich E, Kuhn S, Haggard P. Negative motor phenomena in cortical stimulation: implications for inhibitory control of human action. Cortex 2012;48(10):1251-61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mikuni N, Ohara S, Ikeda A, et al. Evidence for a wide distribution of negative motor areas in the perirolandic cortex. Clin Neurophysiol 2006;117(1):33-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blanke O, Ortigue S, Landis T, Seeck M. Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions. Nature 2002;419(6904):269-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffau H, Velut S, Mitchell MC, et al. Intra-operative mapping of the subcortical visual pathways using direct electrical stimulations. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2004;146(3):265-9. discussion 269-270
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bartolomeo P, Thiebaut de Schotten M, Duffau H. Mapping of visuospatial functions during brain surgery: a new tool to prevent unilateral spatial neglect. Neurosurgery 2007;61(6):E1340
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cedzich C, Taniguchi M, Schafer S, Schramm J. Somatosensory evoked potential phase reversal and direct motor cortex stimulation during surgery in and around the central region. Neurosurgery 1996;38(5):962-70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duffau H, Capelle L. [Functional recuperation after resection of gliomas infiltrating primary somatosensory fields. Study of perioperative electric stimulation]. Neurochirurgie 2001;47(6):534-41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ojemann G, Ojemann J, Lettich E, Berger M. Cortical language localization in left, dominant hemisphere. An electrical stimulation mapping investigation in 117 patients. J Neurosurg 1989;71(3):316-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojemann GA. Individual variability in cortical localization of language. J Neurosurg 1979;50(2):164-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talacchi A, Santini B, Casartelli M, et al. Awake surgery between art and science. Part II: language and cognitive mapping. Funct Neurol 2013;28(3):223-39
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bello L, Acerbi F, Giussani C, et al. Intraoperative language localization in multilingual patients with gliomas. Neurosurgery 2006;59(1):115-25. discussion 115-125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrovich Brennan NM, Whalen S, de Morales Branco D, et al. Object naming is a more sensitive measure of speech localization than number counting: converging evidence from direct cortical stimulation and fMRI. Neuroimage 2007;37(Suppl 1):S100-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernandez Coello A, Moritz-Gasser S, Martino J, et al. Selection of intraoperative tasks for awake mapping based on relationships between tumor location and functional networks. J Neurosurg 2013;119(6):1380-94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skirboll SS, Ojemann GA, Berger MS, et al. Functional cortex and subcortical white matter located within gliomas. Neurosurgery 1996;38(4):678-84. discussion 684-675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keles GE, Lundin DA, Lamborn KR, et al. Intraoperative subcortical stimulation mapping for hemispherical perirolandic gliomas located within or adjacent to the descending motor pathways: evaluation of morbidity and assessment of functional outcome in 294 patients. J Neurosurg 2004;100(3):369-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandelli ML, Berger MS, Bucci M, et al. Quantifying accuracy and precision of diffusion MR tractography of the corticospinal tract in brain tumors. J Neurosurg 2014;121(2):349-58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eisner W, Burtscher J, Bale R, et al. Use of neuronavigation and electrophysiology in surgery of subcortically located lesions in the sensorimotor strip. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;72(3):378-81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mikuni N, Okada T, Enatsu R, et al. Clinical impact of integrated functional neuronavigation and subcortical electrical stimulation to preserve motor function during resection of brain tumors. J Neurosurg 2007;106(4):593-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffau H, Capelle L, Denvil D, et al. Usefulness of intraoperative electrical subcortical mapping during surgery for low-grade gliomas located within eloquent brain regions: functional results in a consecutive series of 103 patients. J Neurosurg 2003;98(4):764-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffau H, Peggy Gatignol ST, Mandonnet E, et al. Intraoperative subcortical stimulation mapping of language pathways in a consecutive series of 115 patients with Grade II glioma in the left dominant hemisphere. J Neurosurg 2008;109(3):461-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffau H, Capelle L, Sichez N, et al. Intraoperative mapping of the subcortical language pathways using direct stimulations. An anatomo-functional study. Brain 2002;125(Pt 1):199-214
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Motomura K, Fujii M, Maesawa S, et al. Association of dorsal inferior frontooccipital fasciculus fibers in the deep parietal lobe with both reading and writing processes: a brain mapping study. J Neurosurg 2014;121(1):142-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gras-Combe G, Moritz-Gasser S, Herbet G, Duffau H. Intraoperative subcortical electrical mapping of optic radiations in awake surgery for glioma involving visual pathways. J Neurosurg 2012;117(3):466-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nossek E, Matot I, Shahar T, et al. Intraoperative seizures during awake craniotomy: incidence and consequences: analysis of 477 patients. Neurosurgery 2013;73(1):135-40; discussion 140
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pouratian N, Cannestra AF, Bookheimer SY, et al. Variability of intraoperative electrocortical stimulation mapping parameters across and within individuals. J Neurosurg 2004;101(3):458-66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sartorius CJ, Berger MS. Rapid termination of intraoperative stimulation-evoked seizures with application of cold Ringer’s lactate to the cortex. Technical note. J Neurosurg 1998;88(2):349-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nossek E, Matot I, Shahar T, et al. Failed awake craniotomy: a retrospective analysis in 424 patients undergoing craniotomy for brain tumor. J Neurosurg 2013;118(2):243-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Craig S. Phenytoin poisoning. Neurocrit Care 2005;3(2):161-70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gil-Robles S, Duffau H. Surgical management of World Health Organization Grade II gliomas in eloquent areas: the necessity of preserving a margin around functional structures. Neurosurg Focus 2010;28(2):E8
   Google Scholar
• Trinh VT, Fahim DK, Shah K, et al. Subcortical injury is an independent predictor of worsening neurological deficits following awake craniotomy procedures. Neurosurgery 2013;72(2):160-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasano VA, Zeme S, Frego L, Gunetti R. Ultrasonic aspiration in the surgical treatment of intracranial tumors. J Neurosurg Sci 1981;25(1):35-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young W, Cohen AR, Hunt CD, Ransohoff J. Acute physiological effects of ultrasonic vibrations on nervous tissue. Neurosurgery 1981;8(6):689-94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carrabba G, Mandonnet E, Fava E, et al. Transient inhibition of motor function induced by the Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator during brain mapping. Neurosurgery 2008;63(1):E178-9. discussion E179
   Google Scholar
• Gupta DK, Chandra PS, Ojha BK, et al. Awake craniotomy versus surgery under general anesthesia for resection of intrinsic lesions of eloquent cortex–a prospective randomised study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2007;109(4):335-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulton M, Bernstein M. Outpatient brain tumor surgery: innovation in surgical neurooncology. J Neurosurg 2008;108(4):649-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purzner T, Purzner J, Massicotte EM, Bernstein M. Outpatient brain tumor surgery and spinal decompression: a prospective study of 1003 patients. Neurosurgery 2011;69(1):19-126. discussion 126-117
   Google Scholar
• Beez T, Boge K, Wager M, et al. Tolerance of awake surgery for glioma: a prospective European Low Grade Glioma Network multicenter study. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013;155(7):1301-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirsch B, Bernstein M. Ethical challenges with awake craniotomy for tumor. Can J Neurol Sci 2012;39(1):78-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe KL, Zhou G, July J, et al. Teaching and sustainably implementing awake craniotomy in resource-poor settings. World neurosurgery 2013;80(6):e171-4
   Google Scholar