References
- Mayr WT, Pittock SJ, McClelland RL, et al. Incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1985-2000. Neurology 2003;61:1373-7
- Page WF, Kurtzke JF, Murphy FM, et al. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in U.S. veterans: V. Ancestry and the risk of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1993;33:632-9
- National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Multiple sclerosis information sourcebook. New York: Information Resource Center and Library of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society; 2005
- Benito-Leon J. Multiple sclerosis: is the prevalence rising and if so why? Neuroepidemiology 2011;37:236-7
- Hemmer B, Nessler S, Zhou D, et al. Immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2006;2:201-11
- Trapp BD, Nave K-A. Multiple sclerosis: an immune or neurodegenerative disorder? Ann Rev Neurosci 2008;31:247-69
- Bjartmar C, Trapp BD. Axonal and neuronal degeneration in multiple sclerosis: mechanisms and functional consequences. Curr Opin Neurol 2001;14:271-8
- Samkoff LM, Goodman AD. Symptomatic management in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Clin 2011;29:449-63
- Benito-Leon J, Morales JM, Rivera-Navarro J, et al. A review about the impact of multiple sclerosis on health-related quality of life. Disabil Rehabil 2003;25:1291-303
- Mitchell AJ, Benito-León J, González JM, et al. Quality of life and its assessment in multiple sclerosis: integrating physical and psychological components of well-being. Lancet Neurol 2005;4:556-66
- Katrych O, Simone TM, Azad S, et al. Disease-modifying agents in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: a review of long-term outcomes. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2009;8:512-19
- Filippini G, Munari L, Incorvaia B, et al. Interferons in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Lancet 2003;361:545-52
- Confavreux C, Vukusic S. Natural history of multiple sclerosis. Brain 2006;129:606-16
- Confavreux C, Vukusic S, Adeline P. Early clinical predictors and progression of irreversible disability in multiple sclerosis: an amnesic process. Brain 2003;126:770-82
- Kawalec P, Mikrut A, Wisniewska N, Pilc A. The effectiveness of dimethyl fumaratemonotherapy in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Neuro Pharmacol 2014;12:256-68
- Coote S. Progressive resistance therapy in not the best way to rehabilitate deficits due to multiple sclerosis: yes. Mult Scler 2014;20:143-4
- Dalgas U, Stenager E. Progressive resistance therapy is not the best way to rehabilitate deficits due to multiple sclerosis: no. Mult Scler 2014;20:141-2
- Kraft GH. Rehabilitation still the only way to improve function in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1999;354:2016-17
- Sutherland G, Andersen MB. Exercise and multiple sclerosis: physiological, psychological, and quality of life issues. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2001;41:421-32
- Dalgas U, Stenager E. Exercise and disease progression in multiple sclerosis: can exercise slow down the progression of multiple sclerosis? Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2012;5:81-95
- Bouchard C, Shephard RJ. Physical activity, fitness, and health: The model and key concepts. In: Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, Stephens T, editors. Physical activity, fitness, and health – International proceedings and concensus statement. Champaign, IL: Humans Kinetics; 1994. 77-88
- Latimer-Cheung AE, Pilutti LA, Hicks AL, et al. The effects of exercise training on fitness, mobility, fatigue, and health related quality of life among adults with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review to inform guideline development. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013;94:1800-28
- Andreasen AK, Stenagar E, Dalgas U. The effect of exercise therapy on fatigue in multiple sclerosis. MultScler 2011;17:1041-54
- Garrett M, Coote S. Multiple sclerosis and exercise in people with minimal gait impairment – a review. Phys Ther Rev 2009;14:169-80
- Motl RW, Pilutti LA. The benefits of exercise training in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2012;8:487-97
- Rietberg MB, Brooks D, Uitdehaag BMJ, et al. Exercise therapy for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;3:CD003980
- Asano M, Finlayson ML. Meta-analysis of three different types of fatigue management interventions for people with multiple sclerosis: exercise, education, and medication. MultScler Int 2014;2014:798285
- Ensari I, Motl RW, Pilutti LA. Exercise training improves depressive symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis: results of a meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res 2014;76:465-71
- Paltamaa J, Sjogren T, Peurela SH, Heinonen A. Effects of physiotherapy interventions on balance in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Rehabil Med 2012;44:811-23
- Pilutti LA, Greenlee TA, Motl RW, et al. Effects of exercise training on fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 2013;75:575-80
- Snook EM, Motl RW. Effect of exercise training on walking mobility in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2009;23:108-16
- Motl RW, Gosney JL. Effect of exercise training on quality of life in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. MultScler 2008;14:129-35
- Toomey E, Coote SB. Physical rehabilitation interventions in nonambulatory people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Int J Rehabil Res 2012;35:281-91
- Asano M, Dawes DJ, Arafah A, et al. What does a structured review of the effectiveness of exercise interventions for persons with multiple sclerosis tell us about the challenges of designing trials? Mult Scler 2009;15:412-21
- Motl RW, Sandroff BM, Benedict RH. Cognitive dysfunction and multiple sclerosis: developing a rationale for considering the efficacy of exercise training. Mult Scler 2011;17:1034-40
- Petajan JH, Gamaier E, White AT, et al. Impact of aerobic training on fitness and quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1996;39:4320441
- Dalgas U, Stenager E, Jakobsen J, et al. Resistance training improves muscle strength and functional capacity in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2009;73:1478-84
- Gunn JH, Newell P, Haas B, et al. Identification of risk factors for falls in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther 2013;93:504-13
- Krupp LB. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a guide to diagnosis and management. New York: Demos; 2004
- Puetz TW, O’Connor PJ, Dishman RK. Effects of chronic exercise on feelings of energy and fatigue: a quantitative synthesis. Psychol Bull 2006;132:866-76
- Minden SL, Feinstein A, Kalb RC, et al. Evidence-based guideline: assessment and management of psychiatric disorders in individuals with MS. Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2014;82:174-81
- Herring MP, Puetz TW, O’Connor PJ, et al. Effect of exercise training on depressive symptoms among patients with a chronic illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2012;172:101-11
- Feinstein A, Rector N, Motl R. Exercising away the blues: can it help multiple sclerosis-related depression? Mult Scler 2013;19:1815-19
- Heesen C, Böhm J, Reich C, et al. Patient perception of bodily functions in multiple sclerosis: gait and visual function are the most valuable. Mult Scler 2008;14:988-91
- Larocca NG. Impact of walking impairment in multiple sclerosis: perspectives of patients and care partners. Patient 2011;4:189-201
- Lankhorst GJ, Jelles F, Smits RC, et al. Quality of life in multiple sclerosis: the disability and impact profile (DIP). J Neurol 1996;243:469-74
- Naess H, Beiske AG, Myhr KM. Quality of life among young patients with ischaemic stroke compared with patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2008;117:181-5
- Rudick RA, Miller D, Clough JD, et al. Quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Comparison with inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Neurol 1992;49:1237-42
- Petajan JH, White AT. Recommendations for physical activity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Sports Med 1999;27:179-91
- Murray TJ. Multiple sclerosis: the history of a disease. New York: Demos; 2005
- Pilutti LA, Platta ME, Motl RW, et al. The safety of exercise training in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. J NeurolSci 2014;343(1-2):3-7
- Tallner A, Waschbisch A, Wenny I, et al. Multiple sclerosis relapses are not associated with exercise. Mult Scler 2012;18:232-5
- Vollmer T, Benedict R, Bennett S, et al. Exercise as prescriptive therapy in multiple sclerosis. A consensus conference white paper. Int JMS Care 2012;14:2-14
- Dalgas U, Ingemann-Hansen I, Stenagar E. Physical exercise and MS – Recommendations. Int MSJ 2009;16:5-11
- Latimer-Cheung AE, Ginis KA, Hicks AL, et al. Development of evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for adults with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013;94:1829-36
- Ginis KA, Hicks AL, Latimer AE, et al. The development of evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2011;49:1088-96
- Klaren RE, Motl RW, Woods JA, et al. Effects of exercise in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (animal model of multiple sclerosis). J Neuroimmunol 2014;274(1-2):14-19
- White LJ, Castellano V. Exercise and brain health – implications for multiple sclerosis. Part I – neuronal growth factors. Sports Med 2008;38:91-100
- White LJ, Castellano V. Exercise and brain health–implications for multiple sclerosis. Part II–immune factors and stress hormones. Sports Med 2008;38:179-86
- Ellis T, Motl RW. Physical activity behavior change in persons with neurological disorders: overview and examplesfrom Parkinson disease and multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Phys Ther 2013;37:85-90
- McAuley E, Motl RW, Morris KS, et al. Enhancing physical activity adherence and well-being in multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled trial. Mult Scler 2007;13:652-9
- Glanz K, Bishop DB. The role of behavioral science theory in development and implementation of public health interventions. Annu Rev Public Health 2010;31:399-418
- Bandura A. Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman; 1997
- Bandura A. Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Educ Behav 2004;31:143-64
- Buchan DS, Ollis S, Thomas NE, Baker JS. Physical activity behavior: an overview of current and emergent theoretical practices. J Obesity 2012;2012:546459