Developments in intracerebral stem cell grafts

References

• Brain disorders: by the numbers. McGovern Institute For Brain Research at MIT. Cambridge, MA: mcGovern institute for brain research. 2014. Available from: http://mcgovern.mit.edu/brain-disorders/by-the-numbers
   Google Scholar
• The challenge of neurodegenerative diseases. Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center. Boston, MA: president and fellows of harvard college. 2014. Available from: www.neurodiscovery.harvard.edu/challenge/challenge_2.html
   Google Scholar
• Lindvall O, Barker RA, Brustle O, et al. Clinical translation of stem cells in neurodegenerative disorders. Cell Stem Cell 2012;10:151-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunn JS, Sakowski SA, Hur J, et al. Stem cell technology for neurodegenerative diseases. Ann Neurol 2011;70:353-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri A, Bhattacharya N. Human fetal tissue transplantation. Springer; London: 2013
   Google Scholar
• Tajiri N, Duncan K, Antoine A, et al. Stem cell-paved biobridge facilitates neural repair in traumatic brain injury. Front Syst Neurosci 2014;8:116
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meamar R, Dehghani L, Ghasemi M, et al. Stem cell therapy in stroke: a review literature. Int J Prev Med 2013;4:139-46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lim JY, Jeong CH, Jun JA, et al. Therapeutic effects of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells after intrathecal administration by lumbar puncture in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. Stem Cell Res Ther 2011;2:1-13
   Google Scholar
• Schuepbach WM, Rau J, Knudsen K, et al. Neurostimulation for Parkinson’s disease with early motor complications. N Engl J Med 2013;368:610-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambasudhan R, Dolatabadi N, Nutter A, et al. Potential for cell therapy in Parkinson’s disease using genetically programmed human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells. J Comp Neurol 2014;522:2845-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover LE, Tajiri N, Weinbren NL, et al. A step-up approach for cell therapy in stroke: translational hurdles of bone marrow-derived stem cells. Transl Stroke Res 2012;3(1):90-8
   Google Scholar
• Lescaudron L, Rossignol J, Dunbar GL. Stem cells and neurodegenerative diseases. CRC Press; London: 2014
   Google Scholar
• Yasuhara T, Matsukawa N, Hara K, et al. Transplantation of human neural stem cells exerts neuroprotection in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosci 2006;26:12497-511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh B, Zhang C, Smith GM. Bridging between transplantation therapy and neurotrophic factors in Parkinson’s disease. Front Biosci 2014;6:225-35
   Google Scholar
• Nikkah G, Cunningham MG, Cenci MA, et al. Dopaminergic microtransplants into the substantia nigra of neonatal rats with bilateral 6-OHDA lesions. I. Evidence for anatomical reconstruction of the nigrostriatal pathway. J Neurosci 1995;15:3548-61
   Google Scholar
• Kriks S, Shim JW, Piao J, et al. Dopamine neurons derived from human ES cells efficiently engraft in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. Nature 2011;480:547-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkeby A, Grealish S, Wolf DA, et al. Generation of regionally specified neural progenitors and functional neurons from human embryonic stem cells under defined conditions. Cell Rep 2012;1:703-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarazi FI, Sahli ZT, Wolny M, Mousa SA. Emerging therapies for Parkinson’s disease: from bench to bedside. Pharmacol Ther 2014;144:123-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Study to assess the safety and effects of autologous adipose-derived stromal in patients with parkinson’s disease. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01453803?term=parkinson+stem+cell&rank=5
   Google Scholar
• Outcomes data of adispose stem cells to treat Parkinson’s disease. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02184546?term=parkinson+stem+cell&rank=6
   Google Scholar
• Safety and clinical outcomes study: SVF deployment for orthopedic, neurologic, urologic, and cardiopulmonary conditions. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01953523?term=parkinson+stem+cell&rank=11
   Google Scholar
• TRANSEURO open label transplant study in parkinson’s disease. U.S. national library of medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01898390
   Google Scholar
• TRANSEURO report summary. CORDIS. Cambridge, UK: CORDIS. 2014. Available from: http://cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/52712_en.html
   Google Scholar
• Fegert JM, Fangerou H, Trapp T. Implanted Minds: the neuroethics of intracerebral stem cell transplantation and deep brain stimulation. Transcript Verlag: Bielefeld; 2011
   Google Scholar
• Emerich DF, Thanos CG, Goddard M, et al. Extensive neuroprotection by choroid plexus transplants in excitotoxin lesioned monkeys. Neurobiol Disease 2006;23:471-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baig AM. Designer’s microglia with novel delivery system in neurodegenerative diseases. Med Hypotheses 2014;83:510-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mu S, Wang J, Zhou G, et al. Transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cells improves functional recovery in Huntington’s disease rat model. PLoS One 2014;9(7):e101185
   Google Scholar
• Borlongan CV, Thanos CG, Skinner SJ, et al. Transplants of encapsulated rat choroid plexus cells exert neuroprotection in a rodent model of Huntington’s disease. Cell Transplant 2007;16:987-92
   Google Scholar
• Bachoud-Levi AC, Remy P, Nguyen JP, et al. Motor and cognitive improvements in patients with Huntington’s disease after neural transplantation. Lancet 2000;356:1975-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keene CD, Sonnen JA, Swanson PD, et al. Neural transplantation in Huntington’s disease:long term grafts in two patients. Neurology 2007;68:2093-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicchetti F, Saporta S, Hauser RA, et al. Neural transplants in patients with Huntington’s disease undergo disease-like neuronal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:12483-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachoud-Levi AC, Gaura V, Brugieres P, et al. Effect of fetal neural transplants in patients with Huntington’s disease 6 years after surgery: a long-term follow-up study. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:303-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang W, Buchele F, Papazoglou A, et al. Multitract microtransplantation increases the yield of DARPP-32-positive embryonic striatal cells in a rodent model of Huntington’s disease. Cell Transplant 2011;20:1515-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A pre-cellular therapy observational study in early Huntingson’s disease (PRE-CELL). U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT01937923?term=huntington%27s+disease+stem+cell&rank=2
   Google Scholar
• Kim M, Lee ST, Chu K, Kim SU. Stem cell-based therapy for Huntington’s disease: a review. Neuropathology 2008;28:1-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• What is stroke. National Heart, Lung, and blood institute. Bethesda, MD: national Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 2014. Available from: www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/
   Google Scholar
• Casals JB, Pieri NC, Feitosa ML, et al. The use of animal models for stroke research: a review. Comp Med 2011;61:305-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues MC, Glover LE, Weinbren N, et al. Toward personalized cell therapies: autologous menstrual blood cells for stroke. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011;2011:194720
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borlongan CV, Tajima Y, Trojanowski JQ, et al. Cerebral ischemia and CNS transplantation: differential effects of grafted fetal rat striatal cells and human neurons derived from a clonal cell line. Neuroreport 1998;9:3703-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borlongan CV, Kaneko Y, Maki M, et al. Menstrual blood cells display stem cell-like phenotypic markers and exert neuroprotection following transplantation in experimental stroke. Stem Cells Dev 2010;19:439-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneko Y, Dailey T, Weinbren NL, et al. The battle of the sexes for stroke therapy: female- versus male- derived stem cells. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2013;12:405-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang YH, Lin SZ, Borlongan CV, et al. Transplantation of fetal kidney tissue reduces cerebral infarction induced by middle cerebral artery ligation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999;19:1329-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borlongan CV, Lind JG, Dillon-Carter O, et al. Bone marrow grafts restore cerebral blood flow and blood brain barrier in stroke rats. Brain Res 2004;1010:108-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borlongan CV, Skinner SJ, Geaney M, et al. CNS grafts of rat choroid plexus protect against cerebral ischemia in adult rats. Neuroreport 2004;15:1543-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara K, Yasuhara T, Maki M, et al. Neural progenitor NT2N cell lines from teratocarcinoma for transplantation therapy in stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2008;85:318-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara K, Matsukawa N, Yasuhara T, et al. Transplantation of post-mitotic human neuroteratocarcinomaoverexpressing Nurr1 cells provides therapeutic benefits in experimental stroke: in vitro evidence of expedited neuronal differentiation and GDNF secretion. J Neurosci Res 2007;85:1240-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajiri N, Acosta S, Glover LE, et al. Intravenous grafts of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells induce endogenous cell proliferation and attenuate behavioral deficits in ischemic stroke rats. PLoS One 2012;7(8):e43779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajiri N, Quach DM, Kaneko Y, et al. Behavioral and histopathological assessment of adult ischemic rat brains after intracerebral transplantation of NSI-566RSC cell lines. PLoS One 2014;9(3):e91408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa H, Tajiri N, Shinozuka K, et al. Vasculogenesis in experimental stroke after human cerebral endothelial cell transplantation. Stroke 2013;44:3473-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borlongan CV, Evans A, Yu G, Hess DC. Limitations of intravenous human bone marrow CD133+ cell grafts in stroke rats. Brain Res 2005;1048:116-22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borlongan CV, Hess DC. New hope for stroke patients: mobilization of endogenous stem cells. CMAJ 2006;174:954-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson PT, Kondziolka D, Wechsler L, et al. Clonal human (hNT) neuron grafts for stroke therapy: neuropathology in a patient 27 months after implantation. Am J Pathol 2002;160:1201-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondziolka D, Wechsler L, Goldstein S, et al. Transplantation of cultured human neuronal cells for patients with stroke. Neurology 2000;55:565-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondziolka D, Steinberg GK, Wechsler L, et al. Neurotransplantation for patients with subcortical motor stroke: a phase 2 randomized trial. J Neurosurg 2005;103:38-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for chronic stroke. U.S. National library of medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01714167?term=stem+cells&recr=Open&no_unk=Y&cond=stroke&rank=1
   Google Scholar
• Autologous bone marrow stromal cell and endothelial progenitor cell transplantation in ischemic stroke (AMETIS). U.S. National library of medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National library of medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01468064?term=stem+cells&recr=Open&no_unk=Y&cond=stroke&rank=2
   Google Scholar
• Reparative therapy in acute ischemic stroke with allogenic mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue, safety assessment, a randomized, double blind placebo controlled single center pilot clinical trial (AMASCIS-01). U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01678534?term=stem+cells&recr=Open&no_unk=Y&cond=stroke&rank=5
   Google Scholar
• Study to assess the safety and effects of autologous adipose-derived stromal cells in patients after stroke. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01453829?term=stem+cells&recr=Open&no_unk=Y&cond=stroke&rank=10
   Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Li Y, Zhang C, et al. Delayed administration of human umbilical tissue-derived cells improved neurological functional recovery in a rodent model of focal ischemia. Stroke 2011;42:1437-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Injury prevention & control: traumatic brain injury. Centers for disease control and prevention. Atlanta, GA: centers for disease control and prevention. 2014. Available from: www.cdc.gov/TraumaticBrainInjury/index.html [Last accessed 20 October 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Hayashi T, Kaneko Y, Yu S, et al. Quantitative analyses of matrix metalloproteinase activity after traumatic brain injury in adult rats. Brain Res 2009;1280:172-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll JE, Borlongan CV. Adult stem cell therapy for acute brain injury in children. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2008;7:361-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borlongan CV, Lind JG, Dillon-Carter O, et al. Intracerebral xenografts of mouse bone marrow cells in adult rats facilitate restoration of cerebral blood flow and blood- brain barrier. Brain Res 2004;1009:26-33
   Google Scholar
• Harting MT, Sloan LE, Jimenez F, et al. Subacute neural stem cell therapy for traumatic brain injury. J Surg Res 2009;153:188-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajiri N, Acosta SA, Shahaduzzaman MD, et al. Intravenous transplants of human adipose-derived stem cell protect the brain from traumatic brain injury-induced neurodegeneration and motor and cognitive impairments: cell graft biodistribution and soluble factors in young and aged rats. J Neurosci 2014;34:313-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acosta SA, Tajiri N, Shinozuka K, et al. Combination therapy of human umbilical cord blood cells and granulocyte colony stimulating factor reduces histopathological and motor impairments in an experimental model of chronic traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2014;9(3):e90953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Pena I, Sanberg PR, Acosta S, et al.Stem cells and G-CSF for treating neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury: aging as a comorbidity factor. J Neurosurg Sci 2014;58:145-9
   Google Scholar
• Tajiri N, Kaneko Y, Shinozuka K, et al. Stem cell recruitment of newly formed host cells via a successful seduction? filling the gap between neurogenic niche and injured brain site. PLoS One 2013;8(9):e74857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shindo T, Matsumoto Y, Wang Q, et al. Differences in the neuronal stem cells survival, neuronal differentiation and neurological improvement after transplantation of neural stem cells between mild and severe experimental traumatic brain injury. J Med Invest 2006;53:42-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Safety of autologous stem cell treatment for traumatic brain injury in children. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00254722?term=stem+cells&cond=traumatic+brain+injury&rank=1
   Google Scholar
• Stem cell therapy in traumatic brain injury. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02028104?term=stem+cells&cond=traumatic+brain+injury&rank=3
   Google Scholar
• Pediatric autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells for severe traumatic brain injury. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01851083?term=stem+cells&cond=traumatic+brain+injury&rank=6
   Google Scholar
• Treatment of severe adult traumatic brain injury using bone marrow mononuclear cells. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01575470?term=stem+cells&cond=traumatic+brain+injury&rank=7
   Google Scholar
• Effect of recombinant erythropoietin on numbers of circulating progenitor cells in people with persistent symptoms during the subacute period after traumatic brain injury. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02226848?term=stem+cells&cond=traumatic+brain+injury&rank=2
   Google Scholar
• Hefferan MP, Johe K, Hazel T, et al. Optimization of immunosuppressive therapy for spinal grafting of human spinal stem cells in a rat model of ALS. Cell Transplant 2011;20:1153-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass JD, Boulis NM, Johe K, et al. Lumbar intraspinal injection of neural stem cells in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: results of a phase 1 trial in 12 patients. Stem Cells 2012;30:1144-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinical trial on the use of autologous bone marrow stem cells in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Extension CMN/ELA). U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT01254539?term=stem+cell&cond=amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis&rank=1
   Google Scholar
• Safety and efficacy study of autologous bone marrow derived stem cell treatment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. U.S. National library of medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01363401?term=stem+cell&cond=amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis&rank=12
   Google Scholar
• Dose escalation and safety study of human spinal cord derived neural stem cell transplantation for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT01730716?term=stem+cell&cond=amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis&rank=3
   Google Scholar
• Biological treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (NeuStem-ALS). U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02193893?term=stem+cell&cond=amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis&rank=10
   Google Scholar
• Stem cell therapy for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01984814?term=stem+cell&cond=amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis&rank=16
   Google Scholar
• The clinical trial on the use of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT01494480?term=stem+cell&cond=amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis&rank=2
   Google Scholar
• Human spinal cord derived neural stem cell transplantation for the treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2014. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT01348451?term=stem+cell&cond=amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis&rank=5
   Google Scholar
• Effect of intrathecal administration of hematopoietic stem cells in patients with Amyotrphic lateral sclerosis (ALS). U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2014. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT01933321?term=stem+cell&cond=amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis&rank=4
   Google Scholar
• Mesenchymal stem cell injection in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. U.S. national library of medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2014. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02116634?term=stem+cell&cond=amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis&rank=6
   Google Scholar
• A dose-escalation safety trial for intrathecal autologous mesenchymal stem cell therapy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2014. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT01609283?term=stem+cell&cond=amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis&rank=11
   Google Scholar
• Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2014. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01142856?term=stem+cell&cond=amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis&rank=13
   Google Scholar
• Human neural stem cell transplantation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (hNSCALS). U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2012. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT01640067?term=stem+cell&cond=amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis&rank=7
   Google Scholar
• Safety study of HLA-haplo matched allogenic bone marrow derived stem cell treatment in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2014. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT01758510?term=stem+cell&cond=amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis&rank=8
   Google Scholar
• Derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells from an existing collection of human somatic cells. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2014. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00801333?term=stem+cells&cond=amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis&rank=20
   Google Scholar
• The effect of GCSF in the treatment of ALS patients. U.S. national library of medicine. bethesda, MD: U.S. national library of medicine. 2013. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01825551?term=stem+cells&cond=amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis&rank=25
   Google Scholar
• Karussis D, Grigoriadis S, Polyzoidou E, et al. Neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2006;108:250-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Kimbrel EA, Ijichi K, et al. Human ESC-derived MSCs outperform bone marrow MSCs in the treatment of an EAE model of multiple sclerosis. Stem Cell Reports 2014;3:115-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donders R, Vanheusden M, Bogie JF, et al. Human Wharton’s jelly-derived stem cells display immunomodulatory properties and transiently improve rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Transplant 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Li JF, Zhang DJ, Geng T, et al. The potential of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells as novel cellular therapy for multiple sclerosis. Cell Transplant 2014.23(Suppl 1):S113-22
   Google Scholar
• Safety and efficacy of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in multiple sclerosis. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01895439?term=stem+cells&cond=multiple+sclerosis&rank=1
   Google Scholar
• Feasibility study of human umbilical cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2014. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02034188?term=stem+cells&cond=multiple+sclerosis&rank=5
   Google Scholar
• Lee PH, Lee JE, Kim HS, et al. A randomized trial of mesenchymal stem cells in multiple system atrophy. Ann Neurol 2012;72:32-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herberts CA, Kwa MS, Hermsen HP. Risk factors in the development of stem cell therapy. J Transl Med 2011;9:29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emborg ME, Zhang Z, Joers V, et al. Intracerebral transplantation of differentiated human embryonic stem cells to hemiparkinsonian monkeys. Cell Transplant 2013;22:831-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leveque X, Mathieux E, Nerriere-Daguin V, et al. Local control of the host immune response performed with mesenchymal stem cells: perspectives for functional intracerebral xenotransplantation. J Cell Mol Med 2014;19(1):124-34
   Google Scholar
• Sohni A, Verfaillie CM. Mesenchymal stem cells migration homing and tracking. Stem Cells Int 2013;2013:130763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Pena I, Pabon M, Acosta S, et al. Oligodendrocytes engineered with migratory proteins as effective graft source for cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis. Cell Med 2014;6:123-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yasuhara T, Hara K, Maki M, et al. Intravenous grafts recapitulate the neurorestoration afforded by intracerebrally delivered multipotent adult progenitor cells in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008;28:1804-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelstein SA, Holmes LP. Seeking novel treatments abroad. Stem cell tourism: risks, legal issues and mitigation-proceeding of the STEMSO conference. CellR4 2014;2:e700
   Google Scholar
• Patient advisory for stem cell therapy and medical tourism. California Institute for Regenerative Medicine. San Francisco, CA: california Institute for Regenerative Medicine. 2013. Available from: www.cirm.ca.gov/about-cirm/newsroom/press-releases/08192013/patient-advisory-stem-cell-therapy-and-medical-tourism
   Google Scholar
• Board on Health Sciences Policy, Board on Life Sciences, Divisions on Earth and Life Studies et al. Stem cell therapies: opportunities for ensuring the quality and safety of clinical offerings: summary of a joint workshop. National Academies Press; Washington, DC: 2014
   Google Scholar