The role of positron emission tomography imaging in understanding Alzheimer’s disease

References

• Blennow K, de Leon MJ, Zetterberg H. Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet 2006;368(9533):387-403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alzheimer’s Association. Available from: http://www.alz.org
   Google Scholar
• Johnson KA, Minoshima S, Bohnen NI, et al. Appropriate use criteria for amyloid PET: a report of the Amyloid Imaging Task Force, the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, and the Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimers Dement 2013;9(1):e-1-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack CRJr, Knopman DS, Jagust WJ, et al. Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer’s pathological cascade. Lancet Neurol 2010;9(1):119-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah M, Catafau AM. Molecular imaging insights into neurodegeneration: focus on tau PET radiotracers. J Nucl Med 2014;55(6):871-4
   Google Scholar
• Smits R, Fischer S, Hiller A, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of both enantiomers of [(18)F]flubatine, promising radiotracers with fast kinetics for the imaging of α4β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014;22(2):804-12
   Google Scholar
• Wong DF, Kuwabara H, Kim J, et al. PET imaging of high-affinity α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in humans with 18F-AZAN, a radioligand with optimal brain kinetics. J Nucl Med 2013;54(8):1308-14
   Google Scholar
• Hillmer AT, Wooten DW, Slesarev MS, et al. PET imaging of α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: quantitative analysis of 18F-nifene kinetics in the nonhuman primate. J Nucl Med 2012;53(9):1471-80
   Google Scholar
• Arthur D, Levin ED. Chronic inhibition of alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptors in the ventral hippocampus of rats: impacts on memory and nicotine response. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002;160(2):140-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braak H, Braak E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol 1991;82(4):239-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haass C, Selkoe DJ. Soluble protein oligomers in neurodegeneration: lessons from the Alzheimer’s amyloid beta-peptide. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007;8(2):101-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosconi L, Rinne JO, Tsui WH, et al. Increased fibrillar amyloid-{beta} burden in normal individuals with a family history of late-onset Alzheimer’s. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107(13):5949-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doré V, Villemagne VL, Bourgeat P, et al. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of the relationship between Aβ deposition, cortical thickness, and memory in cognitively unimpaired individuals and in Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol 2013;70(7):903-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim HK, Nebes R, Snitz B, et al. Regional amyloid burden and intrinsic connectivity networks in cognitively normal elderly subjects. Brain 2014;137(Pt 12):3327-38
   Google Scholar
• Caroli A, Frisoni GB; Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. The dynamics of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort. Neurobiol Aging 2010;31(8):1263-74
   Google Scholar
• Jack CRJr, Wiste HJ, Weigand SD, et al. Amyloid-first and neurodegeneration-first profiles characterize incident amyloid PET positivity. Neurology 2013;81(20):1732-40
   Google Scholar
• Vos SJ, Xiong C, Visser PJ, et al. Preclinical Alzheimer’s disease and its outcome: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2013;12(10):957-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartus RT, Dean RL3rd, Beer B, Lippa AS. The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science 1982;217(4558):408-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand P, Singh B. A review on cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Pharm Res 2013;36(4):375-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingner M, Apelt J, Kumar A, et al. Alterations in cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurotransmitter receptor densities in transgenic Tg2576 mouse brain with beta-amyloid plaque pathology. Int J Dev Neurosci 2003;21(7):357-69
   Google Scholar
• Salloway S, Sperling R, Fox NC, et al. Two phase 3 trials of bapineuzumab in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 2014;370(4):322-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villemagne VL, Burnham S, Bourgeat P, et al. Amyloid β deposition, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2013;12(4):357-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaFerla FM, Hall CK, Ngo L, Jay G. Extracellular deposition of beta-amyloid upon p53-dependent neuronal cell death in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 1996;98(7):1626-32
   Google Scholar
• Kim SH, Suh YH. Neurotoxicity of a carboxyl-terminal fragment of the Alzheimer’s amyloid precursor protein. J Neurochem 1996;67(3):1172-82
   Google Scholar
• Fripp J, Bourgeat P, Acosta O, et al. Appearance modeling of 11C PiB PET images: characterizing amyloid deposition in Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment and healthy aging. Neuroimage 2008;43(3):430-9
   Google Scholar
• Frisoni GB, Lorenzi M, Caroli A, et al. In vivo mapping of amyloid toxicity in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2009;72(17):1504-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drzezga A, Grimmer T, Henriksen G, et al. Effect of APOE genotype on amyloid plaque load and gray matter volume in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2009;72(17):1487-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim YY, Maruff P, Pietrzak RH, et al. Abeta and cognitive change: examining the preclinical and prodromal stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2014;10(6):743-751.e741
   Google Scholar
• Jennings D, Seibyl J, Sabbagh M, et al. Age-dependence of brain β-amyloid deposition in Down syndrome: a [18F]florbetaben PET study. Neurology 2015;84(5):500-7
   Google Scholar
• Rowe CC, Bourgeat P, Ellis KA, et al. Predicting Alzheimer disease with beta-amyloid imaging: results from the Australian imaging, biomarkers, and lifestyle study of ageing. Ann Neurol 2013;74(6):905-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barthel H, Gertz HJ, Dresel S, et al. Cerebral amyloid-beta PET with florbetaben (18F) in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and healthy controls: a multicentre phase 2 diagnostic study. Lancet Neurol 2011;10(5):424-35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sabbagh MN, Fleisher A, Chen K, et al. Positron emission tomography and neuropathologic estimates of fibrillar amyloid-β in a patient with Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2011;68(11):1461-6
   Google Scholar
• Landt J, D’Abrera JC, Holland AJ, et al. Using positron emission tomography and Carbon 11-labeled Pittsburgh Compound B to image Brain Fibrillar β-amyloid in adults with down syndrome: safety, acceptability, and feasibility. Arch Neurol 2011;68(7):890-6
   Google Scholar
• Verny M, Berrut G. Diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus in elderly patients: a review. Geriatr Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil 2012;10(4):415-25
   Google Scholar
• Gareri P, De Fazio P, Manfredi VG, De Sarro G. Use and safety of antipsychotics in behavioral disorders in elderly people with dementia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2014;34(1):109-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksen AL, St Dennis C, Setter SM, Tran JT. Dementia with lewy bodies: therapeutic opportunities and pitfalls. Consult Pharm 2006;21(7):563-75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kukull WA, Larson EB, Reifler BV, et al. The validity of 3 clinical diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 1990;40(9):1364-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jellinger K, Danielczyk W, Fischer P, Gabriel E. Clinicopathological analysis of dementia disorders in the elderly. J Neurol Sci 1990;95(3):239-58
   Google Scholar
• Drzezga A. Amyloid-plaque imaging in early and differential diagnosis of dementia. Ann Nucl Med 2010;24(2):55-66
   Google Scholar
• Meyer PT, Hellwig S, Amtage F, et al. Dual-biomarker imaging of regional cerebral amyloid load and neuronal activity in dementia with PET and 11C-labeled Pittsburgh compound B. J Nucl Med 2011;52(3):393-400
   Google Scholar
• Bohnen NI. 2014 SNMMI Highlights Lecture: neuroscience. J Nucl Med 2014;55:9N-14N
   Google Scholar
• Schroeter ML, Neumann J. Combined imaging markers dissociate Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration - an ALE meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2011;3:10
   Google Scholar
• Klein JC, Eggers C, Kalbe E, et al. Neurotransmitter changes in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease dementia in vivo. Neurology 2010;74(11):885-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings JL, Doody R, Clark C. Disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer disease: challenges to early intervention. Neurology 2007;69(16):1622-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A4 Study. Available from: http://a4study.org
   Google Scholar
• Expedition 3 Study. Available from: https://www.expedition3study.com
   Google Scholar
• Kozauer N, Katz R. Regulation of drugs for early Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 2013;369(3):288
   Google Scholar
• Kozauer N, Katz R. Regulatory innovation and drug development for early-stage Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 2013;368(13):1169-71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lorenzi M, Donohue M, Paternicò D, et al. Enrichment through biomarkers in clinical trials of Alzheimer’s drugs in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2010;31(8):1443-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordberg A, Lundqvist H, Hartvig P, et al. Imaging of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in Alzheimer’s disease: effect of tacrine treatment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1997;8(2):78-84
   Google Scholar
• Kadir A, Darreh-Shori T, Almkvist O, et al. Changes in brain 11C-nicotine binding sites in patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease following rivastigmine treatment as assessed by PET. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007;191(4):1005-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadir A, Darreh-Shori T, Almkvist O, et al. PET imaging of the in vivo brain acetylcholinesterase activity and nicotine binding in galantamine-treated patients with AD. Neurobiol Aging 2008;29(8):1204-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuszynski MH, Thal L, Pay M, et al. A phase 1 clinical trial of nerve growth factor gene therapy for Alzheimer disease. Nat Med 2005;11(5):551-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinne JO, Brooks DJ, Rossor MN, et al. 11C-PiB PET assessment of change in fibrillar amyloid-beta load in patients with Alzheimer’s disease treated with bapineuzumab: a phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose study. Lancet Neurol 2010;9(4):363-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kofler J, Lopresti B, Janssen C, et al. Preventive immunization of aged and juvenile non-human primates to β-amyloid. J Neuroinflammation 2012;9:84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Landau SM, Lu M, Joshi AD, et al. Comparing positron emission tomography imaging and cerebrospinal fluid measurements of β-amyloid. Ann Neurol 2013;74(6):826-36
   Google Scholar
• Zwan M, van Harten A, Ossenkoppele R, et al. Concordance between cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and [11C]PIB PET in a memory clinic cohort. J Alzheimers Dis 2014;41(3):801-7
   Google Scholar
• Brendel M, Hogenauer M, Delker A, et al. Improved longitudinal [F]-AV45 amyloid PET by white matter reference and VOI-based partial volume effect correction. Neuroimage 2015;108:450-9
   Google Scholar
• Cohen AD, Klunk WE. Early detection of Alzheimer’s disease using PiB and FDG PET. Neurobiol Dis 2014;72(Pt A):117-22
   Google Scholar
• Klunk WE, Engler H, Nordberg A, et al. Imaging brain amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease with Pittsburgh Compound-B. Ann Neurol 2004;55(3):306-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien DT, Bahri S, Szardenings AK, et al. Early clinical PET imaging results with the novel PHF-tau radioligand [F-18]-T807. J Alzheimers Dis 2013;34(2):457-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan Z, Aman Y, Ahmed I, et al. Influence of microglial activation on neuronal function in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Kuhl DE, Koeppe RA, Minoshima S, et al. In vivo mapping of cerebral acetylcholinesterase activity in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 1999;52(4):691-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendziorra K, Wolf H, Meyer PM, et al. Decreased cerebral α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease assessed with positron emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011;38(3):515-25
   Google Scholar
• Itoh M, Meguro K, Fujiwara T, et al. Assessment of dopamine metabolism in brain of patients with dementia by means of 18F-fluorodopa and PET. Ann Nucl Med 1994;8(4):245-51
   Google Scholar
• Kemppainen N, Ruottinen H, Nâgren K, Rinne JO. PET shows that striatal dopamine D1 and D2 receptors are differentially affected in AD. Neurology 2000;55(2):205-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves S, Brown R, Howard R, Grasby P. Increased striatal dopamine (D2/D3) receptor availability and delusions in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2009;72(6):528-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouchi Y, Yoshikawa E, Futatsubashi M, et al. Altered brain serotonin transporter and associated glucose metabolism in Alzheimer disease. J Nucl Med 2009;50(8):1260-6
   Google Scholar
• Kepe V, Barrio JR, Huang SC, et al. Serotonin 1A receptors in the living brain of Alzheimer’s disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103(3):702-7
   Google Scholar
• Truchot L, Costes SN, Zimmer L, et al. Up-regulation of hippocampal serotonin metabolism in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 2007;69(10):1012-17
   Google Scholar
• Truchot L, Costes SN, Zimmer L, et al. A distinct [18F]MPPF PET profile in amnestic mild cognitive impairment compared to mild Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroimage 2008;40(3):1251-6
   Google Scholar
• Sabri O, Tiepolt S, Hesse S, Barthel H. PET imaging of dementia. In: Hodler J, von Schulhess GK, Zollikofer L, editors. Diseases of the brain, head & neck, spine 2012-2015. Springer; 2012. p. 244-50
   Google Scholar