893
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Neurosarcoidosis: diagnosis, therapy and biomarkers

&

References

  • Pawate S, Moses H, Sriram S. Presentations and outcomes of neurosarcoidosis: a study of 54 cases. Q J Med 2009;102:449-60
  • Stern BJ, Krumholz A, Johns C, et al. Sarcoidosis and its neurological manifestations. Arch Neurol 1985;42:909-17
  • Delaney P. Neurologic manifestations in sarcoidosis: review of the literature, with a report of 23 cases. Ann Int Med 1977;87:336-45
  • Vargas DL, Stern BJ. Neurosarcoidosis: diagnosis and management. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2010;31:419-27
  • Joseph FG, Scolding NJ. Neurosarcoidosis: a study of 30 new cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009;80:297-304
  • Zajicek JP, Scolding NJ, Foster O, et al. Central nervous system sarcoidosis – diagnosis and management. QJM 1999;92:103-17
  • Chapelon C, Ziza JM, Piette JC, et al. Neurosarcoidosis: signs, course and treatment in 35 confirmed cases. Medicine 1990;69:261-76
  • Allen RK, Sellars RE, Sandstrom PA. A prospective study of 32 patients with neurosarcoidosis. Sarc Vasc Diff Lung Dis 2003;20:118-25
  • Stern BJ, Aksamit A, Clifford D, Scott TF. Neurologic presentations of sarcoidosis. Neurol clin 2010;28:185-98
  • Scott TF, Yandora K, Valeri A, et al. Aggressive therapy for neurosarcoidosis: long-term follow-up of 48 treated patients. Arch Neurol 2007;64:691-6
  • Iwai K, Tachibana T, Takemura T, et al. Pathological studies on sarcoidosis autopsy. I. Epidemiological features of 320 cases in Japan. Acta Pathol Jpn 1993;43:372-6
  • Sharma OP. Definition and history of sarcoidosis. In: Sarcoidosis. Drent M, Costabel U. European Respiratory Monograph. ERS Journals Ltd, UK; 2005. Volume 10. p. 1
  • Baughman RP, Teirstein AS, Judson MA, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164(10):1885-9
  • Iannuzzi MC, Rybicki BA, Teirstein AS. Sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2153-65
  • Scholten V, ten Hove WM, Macdonald EA. An unusual presentation of neurosarcoidosis in an 11-year-old boy. Can J Neurol Sci 2009;36:783-6
  • Gallucci M, Smith JD, Limbucci N, et al. Pediatric inflammatory diseases. Part IV: miscellaneous, Reye, PRES, sarcoidosis. Neuroradiol J 2012;25:725-38
  • John S, Yeh S, Lew JC, Nussenblatt RB. Protean manifestations of pediatric neurosarcoidosis. Can J Ophthalmol 2009;44:469-70
  • Culver DA. Sarcoidosis. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am 2012;32:487-511
  • Ishige I, Usui Y, Takemura T, Eishi Y. Quantitative PCR of mycobacterial and propionibacterial DNA in lymph nodes of Japanese patients with sarcoidosis. Lancet 1999;354:120-3
  • Hofmann S, Franke A, Fischer A, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies ANXA11 as a new susceptibility locus for sarcoidosis. Nat Genet 2008;40:1103-6
  • Nozoki K, Judison MA. Neurosarcoidosis. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2013;15:492-504
  • Krumholz A, Stern BJ. Neurological Manifestations of Sarcoidosis. Aminoff's Neurology and General Medicine. In: Aminoff MJ, Josephson SA. 5th edition. Elvesier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 2014. p. 985-1001
  • Gascón-Bayarri J, Mañá J, Martínez-Yélamos S, et al. Neurosarcoidosis: report of 30 cases and a literature survey. Eur J Intern Med 2011;22:e125-32
  • Judson MA, Costabel U, Drent M, et al. The WASOG sarcoidosis organ assessment instrument: an update of a previous clinical tool. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2014;31:19-27
  • Facco M, Cabrelle A, Teramo A, et al. Sarcoidosis is a Th1/Th17 multisystem disorder. Thorax 2011;66:144-50
  • Chen ES, Moller DR. Etiology of sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med 2008;29:365-77
  • Gerke AK, Hunninghake G. The immunology of sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med 2008;29:379-90
  • Hunninghake GW, Fulmer JD, Young RCJr, et al. Localization of the immune response in sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979;120:49-57
  • Semenzato G, Adami F, Maschio N, Agostini C. Immune mechanisms in interstitial lung diseases. Allergy 2000;55:1103-20
  • Rosenbloom MA, Uphoff DF. The association of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and sarcoidosis. Chest 1983;83:572-5
  • Granot R, Lawrence R, Barnett M, et al. What lies beneath the tent? JC-virus cerebellar granule cell neuronopathy complicating sarcoidosis. J Clin Neurosci 2009;16:1091-2
  • Davis MJ, Khan A, Royal W3rd. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy as the first manifestation of occult sarcoidosis: case report and review of the literature. Neurologist 2013;19:26-9
  • Jamilloux Y, Néel A, Lecouffe-Desprets M, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with sarcoidosis. Neurology 2014;82:1307-13
  • Said G. Sarcoidosis of the peripheral nervous system. Handb Clin Neurol 2013;115:485-95
  • Heij L, Dahan A, Hoitsma E. Sarcoidosis and pain caused by small-fiber neuropathy. Pain Res Treat 2012;2012:256024
  • Nowak DA, Widenka DC. Neurosarcoidosis: a review of its intracranial manifestation. J Neurol 2001;248:363-72
  • Corse AM, Stern BJ. Neurosarcoidosis and stroke. Stroke 1990;21:152-3
  • Younger D, Hays A, Brust J, Rowland LP. Granulomatous angiitis of the brain. Arch Neurol 1988;45:514-21
  • Brown MM, Thompson AJ, Wedzicha JA, Swash M. Sarcoidosis presenting with stroke. Stroke 1989;20:400-5
  • Herring AB, Urich H. Sarcoidosis of the central nervous system. J Neurol Sci 1969;9:405-22
  • Meyer JS, Foley JM, Campagna-Pinto D. Granulomatous angiitis of the meninges in sarcoidosis. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1953;69:587-600
  • Robert F. Sarcoidosis of the central nervous system. Arch Neurol 1962;7:442-9
  • Manz HJ. Pathobiology of neurosarcoidosis and clinicopathologic correlation. Can J Neurol Sci 1983;10:50-5
  • Gascón-Bayarri J, Mañá J, Martínez-Yélamos S, et al. Neurosarcoidosis-related intracranial haemorrhage: three new cases and a systematic review of the literature. Eur J Intern Med 2011;22:e125-32
  • Vital A, Lagueny A, Ferrer X, et al. Sarcoid neuropathy: clinico-pathological study of 4 new cases and review of the literature. Clin Neuropathol 2008;27:96-105
  • Wallace SL, Lattes R, Malia JP, Ragan C. Muscle involvement in Boeck’s sarcoid. Ann Int Med 1958;48:497-511
  • Stjernberg N, Cajander S, Truedsson H, Uddenfeldt P. Muscle involvement in sarcoidosis. Acta Med Scand 1981;209:213-216
  • Hinterbuchner CN, Hinterbuchner LP. Myopathic syndrome in muscular sarcoidosis. Brain 1964;87:355-66
  • Lacomis D. Neurosarcoidosis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2001;9:429-38
  • Curone M, Tullo V, Peccarisi C, et al. Headache as presenting symptom of neurosarcoidosis. Neurol Sci 2013;34(Suppl 1):S183-S85
  • Tabuchi S, Uno T. Hydrocephalus with panventricular enlargement as the primary manifestation of neurosarcoidosis: a case report. J Med Case Report 2013;7:240
  • Benzagmout M, Boujraf S, Góngora-Rivera F, et al. Neurosarcoidosis which manifested as acute hydrocephalus: diagnosis and treatment. Intern Med 2007;46:1601-4
  • Langrand C, Bihan H, Raverot G, et al. Hypothalamo-pituitary sarcoidosis: a multicenter study of 24 patients. QJM 2012;105:981-95
  • Delaney P. Neurologic manifestations in sarcoidosis: review of the literature, with a report of 23 cases. Ann Intern Med 1977;87:336-435
  • Koczman JJ, Rouleau J, Gaunt M, et al. Neuro-ophthalmic sarcoidosis: the University of Iowa experience. Semin Ophthalmol 2008;23:157-68
  • Loor RG, van Tongeren J, Derks W. Multiple cranial nerve dysfunction caused by neurosarcoidosis. Am J Otolaryngol 2012;33:484-6
  • Erer-Ozbek S, Bora I, Yurtogullar S. Acute multiple cranial neuropathy in a patient with neurosarcoidosis. Neurol Sci 2010;31:865-6
  • Bandyopadhyay T, Das D, Das SK, Ghosh A. A case of neurosarcoidosis presenting with multiple cranial nerve palsy. J Assoc Physicians India 2003;51:328-9
  • Duhon BS, Shah L, Schmidt MH. Isolated intramedullary neurosarcoidosis of the thoracic spine: case report and review of the literature. Eur Spine J 2012;21(Suppl 4):S390-5
  • Day AL, Sypert GW. Spinal cord sarcoidosis. Ann Neurol 1977;1:79-85
  • Jaster JH, Dohan FCJr, Bertorini TE, et al. Solitary spinal cord sarcoidosis without other manifestations of systemic sarcoidosis. Clin Imaging 1997;21:17-22
  • Junger SS, Stern BJ, Levine SR, et al. Intramedullary spinal sarcoidosis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics. Neurology 1993;43:333-7
  • Sohn M, Culver DA, Judson MA, et al. Spinal cord neurosarcoidosis. Am J Med Sci 2014;347:195-8
  • Sakushima K, Yabe I, Nakano F, et al. Clinical features of spinal cord sarcoidosis: analysis of 17 neurosarcoidosis patients. J Neurol 2011;258:2163-7
  • Oksanen V. Neurosarcoidosis: clinical presentations and course in 50 patients. Acta Neurol Scand 1986;73:283-90
  • Gullapalli D, Phillips LH2nd. Neurologic manifestations of sarcoidosis. Neurol Clin 2002;20:59-83
  • Zuniga G, Ropper AH, Frank J. Sarcoid peripheral neuropathy. Neurology 1991;41:1558-61
  • Fahoum F, Drory VE, Issakov J, Neufeld MY. Neurosarcoidosis presenting as Guillain–Barre-like syndrome. A case report and review of the literature. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2009;11:35-43
  • Koffman B, Junck L, Elias SB, et al. Polyradiculopathy in sarcoidosis. Muscle Nerve 1999;22:608-13
  • Zivkovic SA, Lacomis D. Sarcoid neuropathy: case report and review of the literature. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2004;5:184-9
  • Stjernberg N, Cajander S, Truedsson H, Uddenfeldt P. Muscle involvement in sarcoidosis. Acta Med Scand 1981;209:21-216
  • Hinterbuchner CN, Hinterbuchner LP. Myopathic syndrome in muscular sarcoidosis. Brain 1964;87:355-66
  • Wegnert O, Rothenfusser-Korber E, Vollrath B, et al. Neurosarcoidosis: correlation of cerebrospinal fluid findings with leptomeningeal gadolinium enhancement on MRI and clinical disease activity. J Neurol Sci 2013;15:335-124-30
  • Baudin B, Bénéteau-Burnat B, Vaubourdolle M. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme in cerebrospinal fluid and neurosarcoidosis. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 2005;63:475-80
  • Dale JC, O’Brien JF. Determination of angiotensin-converting enzyme levels in cerebrospinal fluid is not a useful test for the diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis. Mayo Clin Proc 1999;74:535
  • Straus Farber R, DeVilliers L, Miller A, et al. Differentiating multiple sclerosis from other causes of demyelination using diffusion weighted imaging of the corpus callosum. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009;30:732-6
  • Pikuth D, Heywang-Kobrunner SH. Neurosarcoidosis: evaluation with MRI. J Neuroradiol 2000;27:185-8
  • Smith JK, Matheus MG, Castillo M. Imaging manifestations of neurosarcoidosis. Am J Roentgenol 2004;182:289-95
  • Ginat DT, Dhillon G, Almas J. Magnetic resonance imaging of neurosarcoidosis. J Clin Imaging Sci 2011;1:15
  • Spiegel DR, Morris K, Rayamajhi U. Neurosarcoidosis and the complexity in its differential diagnoses: a review. Innov Clin Neurosci 2012;9:10-16
  • Terushkin V, Stern BJ, Judson MA, et al. Neurosarcoidosis: presentations and management. Neurologist 2010;16:2-15
  • Lexa FJ, Grossman RI. MR of sarcoidosis in the head and spine: spectrum of manifestations and radiographic response to steroid therapy. Am J Neuroradiol 1994;15:973-82
  • Tsukada N, Yanagisawa N, Mochizuki I. Endothelial cell damage in sarcoidosis and neurosarcoidosis: autoantibodies to endothelial cells. Eur Neurol 1995;35:108-12
  • Nowak DA, Widenka DC. Neurosarcoidosis: a review of its intracranial manifestation. J Neurol 2001;248:363-72
  • Urbach H, Kristof R, Zentner J, et al. Sarcoidosis presenting as an intra- or extra-axial cranial mass: report of two cases. Neuroradiology 1997;39:516-19
  • Ramnathan RS, Malotra K, Scott T. Teaching NeuroImages: diffuse cerebral neurosarcoidosis mimicking gliomatosis cerebri. Neurology 2013;81:e46
  • Shah R, Roberson GH, Curé JK. Correlation of MR imaging findings and clinical manifestations in neurosarcoidosis. Am J Neuroradiol 2009;30:953-61
  • Christoforidis GA, Spickler EM, Recio MV, Mehta BM. MR of CNS sarcoidosis: correlation of imaging features to clinical symptoms and response to treatment. Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:655-69
  • Chang CS, Chen WL, Li CT, Wang PY. Cavernous sinus syndrome due to sarcoidosis: a case report. Acta Neurol Taiwan 2009;18:37-41
  • Bagnato F, Frank JA. The role of nonconventional magnetic resonance imaging techniques in demyelinating disorders. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2003;3:238-45
  • Gelfand J, Green A, Hess C. 7T Brain MR Imaging of Neurosarcoidosis: Preliminary Observations. Abstract S08.006 American Academy of Neurology; San Diego, CA; 2013
  • Hashmi M, Kyritsis AP. Diagnosis and treatment of intramedullary spinal cord sarcoidosis. J Neurol 1998;245:178-80
  • Eisele P, Griebe M, Szabo K, et al. Investigation of leptomeningeal enhancement in MS; a postcontrast FLAIR MRI study. Neurology 2015;84:770-5
  • Larner AJ, Ball JA, Howard RS. Sarcoid tumour: continuing diagnostic problems in the MRI era. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;66:510-12
  • Thiel HJ, Korenke HD. Generalized sarcoidosis with brain and eye participation. Ophthalmologica 1975;170:393-404
  • Chourmouzi D, Potsi S, Moumtzouoglou A, et al. Dural lesions mimicking meningiomas: a pictorial essay. World J Radiol 2012;4:75-82
  • Bakkers M, Merkies IS, Lauria G, et al. Intraepidermal nerve fiber density and its application in sarcoidosis. Neurology 2009;73:1142-8
  • Tavakoli M, Quattrini C, Abbott C, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy a novel noninvasive test to diagnose and stratify the severity of human diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 2010;33:1792-7
  • Agbogu BN, Stern BJ, Sewell C, Yang G. Therapeutic considerations in patients with refractory neurosarcoidosis. Arch Neurol 1995;52:875-979
  • Krumholz A, Stern BJ. Neurologic manifestations of sarcoidos. Handb Clin Neurol 2014;119:305-33
  • Lower EE, Broderick JP, Brott TG, Baughman RP. Diagnosis and management of neurological sarcoidosis. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1864-8
  • Doty JD, Mazur JE, Judso MA. Treatment of corticosteroid-resistant neurosarcoidosis with a short-course cyclophosphamide regimen. Chest 2003;124:2023-6
  • Haubitz M, Schellong S, Göbel U, et al. Intravenous pulse administration of cyclophosphamide versus daily oral treatment in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and renal involvement: a prospective, randomized study. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1835-44
  • Androdias G, Maillet D, Marignier R, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil may be effective in CNS sarcoidosis but not in sarcoid myopathy. Neurology 2011;76:1168-72
  • Chaussenot A, Bourg V, Chanalet S, et al. Neurosarcoidosis treated with mycophenolate mofetil: two cases. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2007;163:471-5
  • Sharma OP. Neurosarcoidosis: a personal perspective based on the study of 37 patients. Chest 1997;112:220-8
  • Sharma OP. Effectiveness of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in treating selected patients with sarcoidosis with neurological involvement. Arch Neurol 1998;55:1248-54
  • Riancho-Zarrabeitia L, Delgado-Alvarado M, Riancho J, et al. Anti-TNF-α therapy in the management of severe neurosarcoidosis: a report of five cases from a single centre and literature review. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2014;32:275-84
  • Marnane M, Lynch T, Scott J, et al. Steroid-unresponsive neurosarcoidosis successfully treated with adalimumab. J Neurol 2009;256:139-40
  • Hunninghake GW, Costabel U, Ando M, et al. ATS/ERS/WASOG statement on sarcoidosis. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1999;16:149-73
  • Moravan M, Segal BM. Treatement of CNS sarcoidosis with infliximab and mycophenolate mofetil. Neurology 2009;72:337-40
  • Pereira J, Anderson NE, McAuley NE, et al. Medically refractory neurosarcoidosis treated with infliximab. Inter Med J 2011;41:354-7
  • Santos E, Shaunak S, Renowden S, Scolding NJ. Treatment of refractory neurosarcoidosis with infliximab. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010;81:241-6
  • O’Reilly MW, Sexton DJ, Dennedy MC, et al. Radiological remission and recovery of thirst appreciation after infliximab therapy in adipose diabetes insipidus secondary to neurosarcoidosis. QJM 2013. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Chintamaneni S, Patel AM, Pegram SB, et al. Dramatic response to infliximab in refractory neurosarcoidosis. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2010;13:207-10
  • Sodhi M, Pearson K, White ES, Culver DA. Infliximab therapy rescues cyclophosphamide failure in severe central nervous system sarcoidosis. Respir Med 2009;103:268-73
  • Nozaki K, Silver RM, Stickler DE, et al. Neurological deficits during treatment with tumor necrosis-alpha antagonists. Am J Med Sci 2011;342:352-5
  • Metyas S, Tawadrous M, Yeter KC, Arkfeld DG. Neurosarcoidosis mimicking multiple sclerosis successfully treated with methotrexate and adalimumab. Int J Rheum Dis 2014;17:214-16
  • Durel CA, Feurer E, Pialat JB, et al. Etanercept may induce neurosarcoidosis in a patient treated for rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Neurol 2013;13:212
  • Kang S, Suh JH. Radiation therapy for neurosarcoidosis: report of three cases from a single institution. Radiat Oncol Investig 1999;7:309-12
  • Motta M, Alongi F, Bolognesi A, et al. Remission of refractory neurosarcoidosis treated with brain radiotherapy: a case report and a literature review. Neurologist 2008;14:120-4
  • Saunderasan P and Jyamohan J. Stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of neurosarcoidosis involving the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2009;52:622-6
  • Bruns F, Pruemer B, Haverkamp U, Fischedick AR. Neurosarcoidosis: an unusual indication for radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 2004;77:777-9
  • Menninger MD, Amdur RJ, Marcus RBJr. Role of radiotherapy in the treatment of neurosarcoidosis. Am J Clin Oncol 2003;26:e115-18
  • Kim SH, Lee SW, Sung SK, Son DW. Treatment of hydrocephalus associated with neurosarcoidosis by multiple shunt placement. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2012;52:270-2
  • Carlson ML, White JRJr, Espahbodi M, et al. Cranial base manifestations of neurosarcoidosis: a review of 305 patients. Otol Neurotol 2015;36:156-66

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.