10
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Cerebrospinal fluid and serum antimicroglial antibodies: prospects for early diagnosis of Alzheimer′s disease

&
Pages 247-257 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Neuroinflammation Working Group: Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging21, 383–421 (2000).
  • •Extremely important review of current concepts about inflammatory mechanisms in AD.
  • McGeer E, McGeer P Chronic inflammation in Alzheimer's disease offers therapeutic opportunities. Expert Rev Neurotherapeutics 1, 53–60 (2001).
  • McGeer PL, McGeer EG. Inflammation, autotoxicity and Alzheimer's disease Neurobial Aging22, 799–809 (2001).
  • Werkle HC, Linington H, I assmann H, Meyermann R Cellular immune reactivity within the CNS. Tend Aiwusci. 9,271–277 (1986).
  • •One of the first reports to challenge the dogma of an immunological priviledged CNS.
  • Rogers J, Luber-Narod J, Styren S, Civin H. Expression of immune system-associated antigens by cells of the human central nervous system: relationship to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Neumbial Aging9, 339–349 (1988).
  • Caley DW, Maxwell DS. An electron microscopic study of the neuroglia duringpostnatal development of the rat cerebrum. Comp. Neural. 133,45–70 (1968).
  • McGeer P, Itagaki S, Tago H, McGeer EG. Reactive microglia in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type are positive for the histocompatibility glycoprotein HLA-DR. Neurosci. Lett. 79, 195–200 (1987).
  • •First demonstration of imniunocompetent microglia in the CNS.
  • Guilian D. Ameoboid microglia as effectors of inflammation in the central nervous system. Neumsd Res: 18, 155–171 (1987).
  • •One of the primary studies demonstrating that microglia have the potential to express immunocompetent antigens.
  • Ishii T, Haga S. Immunoelectron microscopic localization of complement in amyloid fibrils of senile plaques. Acta Neuropathol 63, 296–300 (1984).
  • McGeer P, Akiyama H, Itagak S, McGeer EG. Activation of the classical complement pathway in brain tissue of Alzheimer's patients. Neurosci. Lett. 197,341–346 (1989).
  • Webster S, Luc LF, Brachova L eta]. Molecular and cellular characterization of the membrane attack complex C5b-9 in Alzheimer's disease Neumbial Aging18, 415–421 (1997).
  • Giulian D. Neurogenetics '99. Microglia and the immune pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Am. j Hum. Genet. 65,13-18 (1999).
  • Peress N, Fleit H, Perillo E. Identification of Pc gamma RI, II, III on normal human ramified microglia and microglia in senile plaques. I Neumimmunology 48,71–80 (1993).
  • Rogers L, Kirby LC, Hempelman SR. Clinical trial of indomethacin in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology43, 1609–1611 (1993).
  • •First clinical trial involving anti-inflammatory agents in AD.
  • Anonymous. Consensus report of the Working Group on: 'Molecular and Biochemical Markers of Alzheimer's disease.' The Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute of the Alzheimer's Association and the National Institute on Aging Working Group. Neurobial Aging 19,109–116 (1998).
  • Kalter K, Kelly S. Alzheimer's disease. Evaluation of immunological indices. NY State Med 75,1222–1225 (1975).
  • Tavolato B, Argentiero V. Immunological indices in presenile Alzheimer's disease. Neural Sci. 46,325–331 (1980).
  • Fudenberg IIf I, Whitten HD, Aranaud P, Khansari N, Tsang KY, Hmaes CG. Immune diagnosis of a subset of Alzheimer's disease with preliminary implications for immunotherapy Biomed Pharmacother. 38,290–297 (1984).
  • Hampel H, Kotter HU, Padberg F, Korschenhausen DA, Moller HJ. Oligoclonal bands and blood—cerebrospinal- fluid barrier dysfunction in a subset of patients with Alzheimer's disease: comparison with vascular dementia, major depression and multiple sclerosis. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord 1,9–19 (1999).
  • Teunissen CE, de Vente J, Steinbusch HWM, De Bruijn C. Biochemical markers related to Alzheimer's dementia in serum and cerebrospinal fluid Neurobial Aging-23, 485–508 (2002).
  • •Excellent overview of the status of biomarkers for AD.
  • Nandy K. Alzheimer's disease: Senile dementia and related disorders. In: Aging (Vol. 4. Katzman RD, Terry RD, Bick KL (Eds). Raven Press Publisher, New York, NY, USA, 503–512 (1978).
  • Terryberry JW, Thor G, Peter JB. Autoantibodies in neurodegenerative diseases antigen-specific frequencies and intrathecal analysis. Neurobial Aging19, 205–216 (1998).
  • •Excellent overview of the current relationship between antibrain antibodies and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • Rogers J, Rovigatti U. Immunologic and tissue culture approaches to the neurobiology of aging. Neurobial Aging9, 759–762 (1988).
  • Whittingham S, Lennon V, Mackay IE etal Absence of brain antibodies in senile dementia Br. Psychiatry 116,447–448 (1970).
  • Husby G, Li L, Davis L et al Antibodies to human caudate nucleus neurons in Huntington's Chorea. j Clin. Invest. 59, 922–932 (1977).
  • •Possibly one of the first demonstrations that antibodies from a patient recognize neuronal structures in the human brain.
  • Foley P, Bradford H, Docherty M eta]. Evidence for the presence of antibodies to cholinergic neurons in the serum of patients with Alzheimer's disease. j Neural 235 466–471 (1988).
  • Chapman J, Korczyn AD, Hareuveni M, Michaelson DM. Antibodies to cholinergic cell bodies in Alzheimer's disease. In: Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases: Strategies for Research and Development. Fisher A, Hanin I, Lachman C (Eds). Plenum Press, New York, NY, USA, 329–333 (1986).
  • McRae-Degueurce A, Booj S, Haglid K etal Antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of some Alzheimer's diseases patients recognize cholinergic neurons in the rat central nervous system. Proc. Natl Acad. Li. USA 84,9214–9218 (1987).
  • Finit HM, Kemeny E, Luine V, Weksler ME, Zabriskie JB. Antivascular antibodies in the sera of patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. I Geronotal 42, 180–184 (1987).
  • Chapman J, Bachar O, Korczyn et al Alzheimer's disease antibodies bind specifically to neurofilament protein in Torpedo cholinergic neurons j Neuroscience 9,2710-2717(1989).
  • Gaskin F, Kingsley BS, Fu SM. Autoantibodies to neurofibrillary tangles and brain tissue in Alzheimer's disease. Establishment of Epstein-Barr virus transformed antibody-producing cell lines. EAp. Med. 165,245–250 (1987).
  • McRae A, Blennon K, Gottfries CG, Walin A, Dahlström A. Brain specific antibodies in the CSF of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementias. In: Biological Markers in Dementia of Alzheimer Type. Fowler CJ, Carlson LA, Gottfries CG, Winblad B (Eds). Smith-Gordon Publishers, London, UK, 135–148 (1990).
  • McRae A, Ling EA, Polinsky R, Gotffries CG, Dahlström A. Antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of some Alzheimer's disease patients recognize amoeboid microglial cells in the developing rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 41,739–752 (1991).
  • •First report of microglia antibodies in the CSF of AD patients.
  • McRae A, Dahlstrom A, Polinsky R, Ling EA. Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies: potential diagnostic markers for immune mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease. Behavioural Brain Res. 57,225–234 (1993).
  • •First demonstration of the presence of activated microglia in a patient's biopsy as recognized by the patient's own CSE
  • Raff MC, Fields KL, Hakomori S, Mirsky R, Pruss RM, Winter J. Cell-type specific markers for distinguishing and studying neurons and the major class of glial cells in culture Brain Res. 174,283–308 (1979).
  • Ling EA, Penney D, Leblond CR Use of carbon labeling to demonstrate the role of blood monocytes as the precursors of the `ameboid cells' in the corpus callosum of postnatal rats./ Comp. Neurology193,631–657 (1980).
  • •One of the hallmark papers concerning the origin of microglia.
  • Ling EA, Kaur C, Wong WC. Expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens and CR3 complement receptors in activated microglia following an injection of ricin into the sciatic nerve in rats. Ifistal Ifistopath. 7,93-100 (1992).
  • Ling EA, Dahlström A, Polinsky R, Nee L, McRae A. Studies of activated microglia cells and macrophages using Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid in adult rats with experimentally induced lesions. Neuroscience 51,815–825 (1992).
  • Morioka T, Kalehua A, Streit W The microglial reaction in the rat dorsal hippocampus following transient forebrain ischaemia I Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11, 966–997 (1991).
  • McRae A, Rudolphi K, Schubert P Propentofylline depresses amyloid and Alzheimer's CSF microglial antigens after ischaemia. NeumReponc5,1193–1196 (1993).
  • Dahlstrom A, Wigander A, Lundmark K, Gottfries CG, McRae A. Investigations on autoantibodies in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, using defined neuronal cultures. J. Neural Bans. 29, (Suppl.) 195–206 (1990).
  • Lemke MR, Glatzel M, Henneberg AE. Antimicroglia antibodies in sera of Alzheimer's disease patients. Biol. Psychiatry 45,508–511 (1999).
  • Giulian D. Microglia and diseases of the nervous system In: Current Issues in Neurology 1992 Vol .12 Mosby Year Book Inc., MO, USA, 23–54 (1992).
  • •Excellent overview of the participation of microglia in neurodegenerative disorders.
  • Thomas WE. Brain macrophages: evaluation of microglia and their function. Brain Res. Rev. 17,61–74 (1992).
  • •Excellent overview of the participation of microglia in neurodegenerative disorders.
  • McRae A, Dahlstrom A, Ling EA. Microglial in neurodegenerative disorders: emphasis on Alzheimer's disease. Gerontology43, 95–108 (1997).
  • Banati RB, Gehrmann J, Kellner M, Holsboer E Antibodies against microglia/ brain macrophages in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with acute amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and presenile dementia. Clin. Neuropathol 14,197–200 (1995).
  • Miklossy J, Lepori D, Genton C, Kraftsik R, Pillevuit O, Bosman FT Curly fiber and tangle-like structures in the ependyma and the choroid plexus — A pathogenetic relationship with the cortical Alzheimer-type changes? I Neuropathol Exp. Neural 57,104–114 (1998).
  • Cagnin A, Brooks DJ, Gunn RN et al 117 vivo measurement of activated microglia in dementia. Lancet 358,461–467 (2001).
  • •One of the first demonstrations of activated microglia in a patient using PET.
  • Schubert P, Banati R, Dux E, Gehrmann J, Rudolphi K, Kreutzberg GW. Reactive oxygen intermediates in microglial cells differentiating into brain macrophages: depression by propentofylline and relation to adenosine. Krieglstein J, Oberpichler H (Eds). Wiss Verl Ges, Stuttgart, Germany, 461–467 (1992).
  • Schubert P, Ogata T, Rudolphi K etal Support of Homestatic glial cells signaling: A novel therapeutic approach by propentofylline Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 826, 337–347 (1997)
  • McRae A, Schubert P, Ogata T et al. Post ischemic glial responses and amyloid accumulation are modified by propentofylline Neuroprotective pharmacon for Alzheimer’s disease? In: Alzheimer’s Disease: Biology, Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Iqbal I, Winblad B, Nishimura T, Takeda M,Wisniewski HM (Eds). John Wiley & Sons Publishers, New York, NY, USA, 757–765 (1997).
  • Guilian D, Baker TJ, Shih LCN eta]. Interleukin I of the central nervous system is produced by amoeboid microglia I. Exp. Med. 164,594–604 (1986).
  • •One of the first publications demonstrating that activated microglia produce cytoldnes.
  • Koriyama Y, Yamazaki M, Chiba K, Mohri T Evaluation of neurotoxicity of Alzheimer's amyloid beta protein (beta42) in cultured hippocampal cells and its prevention by propentofylline. Jpn Pharmacol 82,301–306 (2000).
  • Rother M, Erkinjuntti T, Roessner M et al. Propentofylline in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia: a review of Phase III trials. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. Suppl. 1, 36–43 (1998).
  • • First report of a clinical trial in which a drug demonstrated the ability to treat the progression of AD.
  • McRae-Degueurce A, Haglid K Rosengren et al. Antibodies recognizing cholinergic neurons and thyroglobuline are found in the cerebrospinal fluid of a subgroup of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Drug Devel. Res. 15, 153–163 (1988).
  • Ewins D, Rossor M, Butler J. Association between autoimmune thyroid disease and familial Alzheimer's disease Cl/n. Endocrinology35, 93–96 (1991).
  • Genovesi G, Paolini P, Marcellini L etal Relationship between autoimmune thyroid disease and Alzheimer's disease. Panminerva Med. 38,61–63 (1996).
  • McRae A, Ling EA. Microglia; an antigen for Alzheimer's cerebrospinal fluid antibodies In: Topical Issues in Microglia Research. Ling EA, Tan CK, Tan CBS (Eds). Goh Bros Enterprise Humanities Press Publisher, Singapore, 109–117 (1996).
  • Benveniste EN, Nguyen VT, O'Keefe GM. Immunological aspects of microglia: relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem. Int. 39,381-391 (2001)
  • McGeer PL, Schulzer M, McGeer EG. Arthritis and anti-inflammatory agents as possible protective factors for Alzheimer's disease: a review of 17 epidemiologic studies. Neurology47,425-432 (1996). Extensive report of epidemiological studies which emphasized the significance of inflammation in AD.
  • Veld BA, Launer LJ, Hoes AW etal NSAIDs and incidence Alzheimer's disease. The Rotterdam study. Neurobial Aging19, 607–611 (1998).
  • Stewart WF, Kawas C, Corrada M, Meter EJ. Risk of Alzheimer's disease and duration of NSAID use. Neurology48, 626–632 (1997).
  • Lim GP, Yang F, Chu T et al Ibuprofen suppresses plaque pathology and inflammation in a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. I Neurosci. 20,5709-5714. (2000). One of the first reports to demonstrate that NSAIDs have the potential to interfere with plaques formation.
  • Mackenzie I. Post mortem studies of the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on Alzheimer's type pathology and associated inflammation. Neurobial Aging22, 819–822 (2001).
  • Tan J, Town T Paris D etal Microglial activation resulting from CD4O—CD4OL interaction after beta amyloid stimulation. Science 286,2352–2355 (1999).
  • Tan J, Town T, Mori T CD45 opposes beta amyloid peptide induced microglial activation via inhibition of pp44/42 mitogen activated protein kinase Neumsci. 20,7587–7594 (2000).
  • Eikelenboom P, Stam FC. Immunoglobulines and complement factors in senile plaques. An immunoperoxidase study. Acta Neuropathol 57,239–242 (1982).
  • Ishii T, Haga S. Immunoelectron microscopic localization of immunoglobulines in amyloid fibrils of senile plaques. Acta Neuropathol 36,243–249 (1976).
  • •Probably the earliest account of the existence of IgG in AD plaques.
  • Rogers J, Cooper NR, Webster S etal Complement activation by beta amyloid in Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA 89,10016–10020 (1992).
  • •Initial report indicating that a major component of AD pathology could activate complement.
  • Haga S, Ikeda K, Sato M, Ishii T Synthetic Alzheimer amyloid 13/A4 peptides enhance production of complement C3 component by cultured microglial cells. Brain Res. 601, 88–94 (1993).
  • Yong Shen Lih-Fen Lue Li-Bang Yang eta]. Complement activation by neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease Neurosci _Lett. 305,165–168 (2001).
  • Singh VK. Neuroimmune axis as a basis of therapy in Alzheimer's disease Frog. Drug Res. 34,383–393 (1990).
  • Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ etal Gene dose of apolipoprotein E Type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 261 921–923 (1993).
  • Papassotiropoulos A, Bagli M, Jessen F et al A genetic variant of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 delays the onset the initial onset and reduces the risk for sporadic Alzheimer's disease Ann. Neural 45,666–668 (1999).
  • Nissl E Ueber einige Beziehungen zwischen Nervenzellener-krankungen und glisen Erscheinungen bei verschiedenen Psychosen. Arch. Psych. 32,1–21 (1899).
  • Griffin WST, Sheng JG, Roberts G. Interleukin-1 expression in different plaques types in Alzheimer's disease. Significance in plaque formation. J: Neuropathol Exp. Neural 54,276–281 (1995)
  • Sheng JG, Mrak RE, Griffin WST. Neuritic plaque evolution in Alzheimer's disease is accompanied by transition of activated microglia from primed to enlarged to phagocytic forms. Acta Neuropathol 94,1–5 (1997)
  • Hao SA-J, Dheen T, Ling E-A. Expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and its in microglia activation is linked to teratogen-induced neuronal damage. Neuroscience 112,889–900 (2002).
  • Giulian D, Haverkamp LJ, Yu JH etal Specific domains of beta-amyloid from Alzheimer plaque elicit neurone killing in human microglia. j Neurosci 16,6021–6037 (1996).
  • Rio-Hortega P Microglial. In: Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System (Vol. 2). Penfield W (Ed.), Paul B Hoeber Publisher, New York, NY, USA, 481–584 (1932).
  • •The beginning of the marvelous microglia.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.