Measuring the severity of chronic pain: a research perspective

References

• Papers of special note have been highlighted as:
   Google Scholar
• of interest
   Google Scholar
• of considerable interest
   Google Scholar
• Rudy T, Turk D, Brena S, Steig R, Brody M. Quantification of biomedical findings of chronic pain patients: development of an index of pathology. Pain 42, 167182 (1990).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan MD, Turner JA, Romano J. Chronic pain in primary care: identification and management of psychological factors. J. Fam. Pract. 32, 193199 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• McDowell I, Newell C. Measuring Health. A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnires (2nd Edition). Oxford University Press, NY, USA (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Provides a guide to numerous pain scales and questionnaires, and provides a description of the scale, its purpose and conceptual basis, information on its reliability and validity and key references for the scales and their development.
   Google Scholar
• De Williams AC, Nicholas MK, Richardson PH et al. Evaluation of a cognitive behavioural programme for rehabilitating patients with chronic pain. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 43, 513518 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postlethwaite R, Grieve N, Santacroce T. An analysis of pain produced by the submaximum effort tourniquet test. In: Problems in Pain. Peck C, Wallace M (Eds). Pergamon Press, Sydney, Australia, 128 135 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Fairbank JCT, Couper J, Davies JB, OBrien JP. The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. Physiotherapy 66, 271273 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Jerome A, Gross RT. Pain disability index: construct and discriminant validity. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab. 72, 920922 (1991).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zung WWK. A self-rating pain and distress scale. Psychosomatics 24, 887984 (1983).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huskisson EC. Measurement of pain. Lancet 2, 11271131 (1974).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen MP, Karloy P, Braver S. The measurement of clinical pain intensity: a comparison of six methods. Pain 27, 117 126 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormack HM, Horne D JdeL, Sheather S. Clinical applications of visual analogue scales: a critical review. Psych. Med. 18, 10071019 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Scott J, Huskisson EC. Graphic representation of pain. J. Rheum. 2, 175 184 (1976).
   Google Scholar
• Von Korff M. Epidemiological and survey methods: assessment of chronic pain. In: Handbook of Pain Assessment (2nd Edition). Turk DC, Melzack R (Eds). Guildford Press, NY, USA and London, UK, 603618 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• This chapter provides a useful and important discussion around some of the key issues of epidemiological methods for assessing chronic pain, focussing on retrospective assessment of pain and issues around recall bias.
   Google Scholar
• Miller JS, Pinnington MA, Stanley IM. The early stages of low back pain: a pilot study of patient diaries as a source of data. Fam. Pract. 16, 395401 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Smith WB. Safer MA. Effects of present pain level on recall of chronic pain and medication use. Pain 55, 355361 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Stone AA, Shiffman S, Schwartz JE, Broderick JE, Hufford MR. Patient noncompliance with paper diaries. Br. Med. J. 324, 11931194 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Jamison RN, Raymond SA, Levine JG, Slawsby EA, Nedeljkovic SS, Katz NP. Electronic diaries for monitoring chronic pain: 1 year validation study. Pain 91, 277 285 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melzack R. The McGill pain questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain 1, 277299 (1975).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holroyd KA, Holm JE, Keefe FJ et al. A multicenter evaluation of the McGill Pain Questionnaire: results from more than 1700 chronic pain patients. Pain 48, 301 311 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gracely RH. Evaluation of multidimensional pain scales. Pain 48, 297300 (1992).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tursky B, Jamner LD, Friedman R. The pain perception profile: a psychological approach to the assessment of pain report. Behav. Therapy 13, 376394 (1982).
   Google Scholar
• Cleeland CS. Pain assessment in cancer. In: Effect of Cancer on Quality of Life. Osaba D (Ed.). CRC Press, FL, USA, 293305 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Cleeland CS, Gonin R, Hatfield AK et al. Pain and its treatment in outpatients with metastatic cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 330, 592596 (1994).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerns RD, Turk DC, Rudy TE. The West HavenYale multidimensional pain inventory. Pain 23, 345356 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Sherbourne CD. Pain measures. In: Measuring Functioning and Well-being: the Medical Outcomes Study Approach. Stewart AL, Ware JE (Eds). Duke University Press, Durham, UK and NC, USA, 220234 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Von Korff M, Dworkin SF, Le Resche L. Graded chronic pain status: an epidemiologic evaluation. Pain 40, 279 291 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Korff M, Ormel J, Keefe FJ, Dworkin SF. Grading the severity of chronic pain. Pain 50, 133149 (1992).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Describes the original development of the Chronic Pain Grade including information on how the instrument was devised, its reliability and validity, and how the domains are scored.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. Report of the multicenter criteria committee. Arthritis Rheum. 33, 160172 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Von Korff M, Stewart WF, Lipton RB. Assesssing headache severity. New directions. Neurology 44, S40S46 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Streiner DL, Norman GR. Health Measurement Scales. A Practical Guide to their Development and Use (2nd Edition). Oxford Medical Publications, Oxford, UK (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Smith BH, Penny KI, Purves AM et al. The Chronic Pain Grade Questionnaire: validation and reliability in postal research. Pain 71, 141147 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Describes the testing of the Chronic Pain Grade for use as an epidemiological measurement instrument in postal surveys of the general population. Its acceptability, reliability and validity as such an instrument is reported.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas RJ, McEwen J, Asbury AJ. The Glasgow Pain Questionnaire: a new generic measure of pain: development and testing. Int. J. Epidemiol. 25, 10601067 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Elliott AM, Smith BH, Penny KI, Smith WC, Chambers WA. The epidemiology of chronic pain in the community. Lancet 354, 12481252 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• International Association for the Study of Pain. Classification of chronic pain. Pain 3, S1S225 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Smith BH, Elliott AM, Chambers WA, Smith WC, Hannaford PC, Penny KI. The impact of chronic pain in the community. Fam. Pract. 18, 292299 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott AM, Smith BH, Smith WC, Chambers WA. Changes in chronic pain severity over time: the chronic pain grade as a valid measure. Pain 88, 303308 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Describes the testing of the Chronic Pain Grade's responsiveness to change over time, in order to determine whether it is a useful and appropriate instrument for use in longitudinal studies of chronic pain.
   Google Scholar
• Hemingway H, Stafford M, Stansfield S, Shipley M, Marmot M. Is the SF-36 a valid measure of change in population health? Results from the Whitehall II study. Br. Med. J. 315, 12731279 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Elliott AM, Smith BH, Hannaford PC, Smith WC, Chambers WA. The course of chronic pain in the community: results of a 4 year follow-up study. Pain 99, 297307 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Elliott AM, Smith BH, Smith WC, Chambers WA, Hannaford PC. Assessing change in chronic pain severity: the Chronic Pain Grade compared with retrospective perceptions. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 52, 269274 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Compares and contrasts the use of the Chronic Pain Grade questionnaire against the use of patient retrospective perceptions for measuring pain. It raises important issues about differences between measures and the importance of standardised measures for clinical practice.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer D, Stewart AL, Bloch DA, Lorig K, Laurent D, Holman H. Capturing the patients view of change as a clinical outcome measure. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 282, 11571162 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams A C de C, Davies HTO, Chadury Y. Simple pain rating scales hide complex idiosyncratic meanings. Pain 85, 457463 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Dalton JA, Feuerstein M, Carlson J et al. Biobehavioral Pain Profile: development and psychometric properties. Pain 57, 95 107 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerome A, Gross RT. Pain disability index: construct and discriminant validity. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab. 72, 920922 (1991).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark WC, Yang JC. Applications of sensory decision theory to problems in laboratory and clinical pain. In: Pain Measurement and Assessment. Melzack R (Ed.). Raven Press, NY, USA, 1525 (1983).
   Google Scholar
• Ware JE. Monitoring and evaluating health services. Med. Care 23, 705709 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Bayley KB, London MR, Grunkemeier GL, Lansky DJ. Measuring the success of treatment in patient terms. Med. Care 33, AS226AS235 (1995).
   Google Scholar