Therapy of trigeminal neuralgia secondary to multiple sclerosis

References

• Papers of special note have been highlighted as:
   Google Scholar
• of interest
   Google Scholar
• of considerable interest
   Google Scholar
• Cruccu G, Berardelli A, Manfredi M. Afferents for the human corneal reflex. J. Neurol. 234, 64 (1987).
   Google Scholar
• Cruccu G, Ferracuti S, Leardi MG, Fabbri A, Manfredi M. Nociceptive quality of the orbicularis oculi reflexes as evaluated by distinct opiate- and benzodiazepineinduced changes in man. Brain Res. 556, 209217 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Leandri M, Gottlieb A, Cruccu G. Head extensor reflex evoked by trigeminal stimulation in humans. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112, 18281832 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Young RF. The Trigeminal nerve and its central pathways. Physiology of facial sensation and pain. In: Trigeminal Neuralgia. Rovit RL, Murali R, Jannetta P (Eds). Williams & Wilkins, MD, USA, 2751 (1990)
   Google Scholar
• Task Force on Taxonomy. Classification of chronic pain. Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. Second Edition. Merskey H, Bogduk N, IASP Press, WA, USA (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Selby G. Diseases of the Fifth Cranial Nerve. In: Peripheral Neuropathy (Second Edition). Dick PJ, Thomas PK, Lambert EH, Bunge E (Eds).WB Saunders, PA, USA, 12241265 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Excellent review of functional anatomy of the trigeminal nerve, its diseases with pathophysiology, epidemiology and hints at therapy. Although slightly outdated by the third edition of the book, this chapter still retains extremely valuable information of great clarity.
   Google Scholar
• Leandri M, Parodi CI, Favale E. Early trigeminal evoked potentials in tumours of the base of the skull and trigeminal neuralgia. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 71, 114124 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell RE. Clinical diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia and differential diagnosis of facial pain. In: Trigeminal Neuralgia Rovit RL, Murali R, Jannetta P (Eds). Williams & Wilkins, MD, USA, 5377 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Meaney JF, Eldridge PR, Dunn LT et al. Demonstration of neurovascular compression in trigeminal neuralgia with magnetic resonance imaging. Comparison with surgical findings in 52 consecutive operative cases. J. Neurosurg. 83, 799805 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Yoshimasu F, Kurland LT, Elveback LR. Tic douloureux in Rochester, MN, USA, 19451969. Neurology 22, 952956 (1972).
   Google Scholar
• Katusic S, Beard CM, Bergstralh E, Kurland LT. Incidence and clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia, Rochester, MN, USA, 19451984. Ann. Neurol. 27, 8995 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Rosati G. The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the world: an update. Neurol. Sci. 22, 117139 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugliatti M, Sotgiu S, Rosati G. The worldwide prevalence of multiple sclerosis. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 104, 182191 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Rushton JG, Olafson RA. Trigeminal neuralgia associated with multiple sclerosis. A case report. Arch. Neurol. 13, 383386. (1965).
   Google Scholar
• Hooge JP, Redekop WK. Trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 45, 12941296 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Most recent epidemiological study on trigeminal neuralgia occurring in multiple sclerosis patients, thoroughly performed, with hints at therapeutic procedures and their outcomes.
   Google Scholar
• Harris W. Rare forms of paroxysmal trigeminal neuralgia and their relation to disseminated sclerosis. Br. Med. J. 2, 10151019 (1950).
   Google Scholar
• Jensen TS, Rasmussen P, Reske-Nielsen E. Association of trigeminal neuralgia with multiple sclerosis: clinical and pathological features. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 65, 182189 (1982).
   Google Scholar
• Kerr FWL. Evidence for a peripheral etiology of trigeminal neuralgia. J. Neurosurg. 26, 168174 (1967).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King RB. Evidence for a central etiology of tic doloreux. J. Neurosurg. 26, 175180 (1967).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromm GH, Terrence CF, Maroon JC. Trigeminal neuralgia. Current concepts regarding etiology and pathogenesis. Arch. Neurol. 41, 12041207 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Dubner R, Sharav Y, Gracely RH, Price DD. Idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: sensory features and pain mechanisms. Pain 31, 2333 (1987).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappaport ZH, Devor M. Trigeminal neuralgia: the role of self-sustaining discharge in the trigeminal ganglion. Pain 56, 127138 (1994).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Well thought and soundly based speculation upon the most probable mechanisms of pathophysiology of trigeminal neuralgia. It analyses several characteristics of trigeminal neuralgia, giving very reasonable answers to each question, included the one concerning why some antiepileptics are effective, while pain killers are not.
   Google Scholar
• Leandri M, Eldridge P, Miles J. Recovery of nerve conduction following microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology 51, 1641 1646 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Love S, Coakham HB. Trigeminal neuralgia: pathology and pathogenesis. Brain 124, 23472360 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Love S, Gradidge T, Coakham HB. Trigeminal neuralgia due to multiple sclerosis: ultrastructural findings in trigeminal rhizotomy specimens. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 27, 238244 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Pagni CA. The origin of tic douloureux: a unified view. J. Neurosurg. Sci. 37, 185 194 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Boecher-Schwarz HG, Bruehl K, Kessel G et al. Sensitivity and specificity of MRA in the diagnosis of neurovascular compression in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. A correlation of MRA and surgical findings. Neuroradiology 40, 8895 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Chang JW, Chang JH, Park YG, Chung SS. Microvascular decompression in trigeminal neuralgia: a correlation of threedimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography and surgical findings. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 74, 167174 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akimoto H, Nagaoka T, Nariai T et al. Preoperative evaluation of neurovascular compression in patients with trigeminal neuralgia by use of three-dimensional reconstruction from two types of highresolution magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurgery 51, 952961 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda H, Ishikawa M, Okumura R. Demonstration of neurovascular compression in trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm with magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with surgical findings in 60 consecutive cases. Surg. Neurol. 59, 93100 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Dandy WE. Concerning the cause of trigeminal neuralgia. Am. J. Surg. 24, 447 455 (1934).
   Google Scholar
• Jannetta PJ. Arterial compression of the trigeminal nerve at the pons in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. J. Neurosurg. 26, 159162 (1967).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gass A, Kitchen N, MacManus DG et al. Trigeminal neuralgia in patients with multiple sclerosis: lesion localization with magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology 49, 11421144 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima I, Fujihara K, Kimpara T et al. Linear pontine trigeminal root lesions in multiple sclerosis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging studies in 5 cases. Arch. Neurol. 58, 101104 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• van der Meijs AH, Tan IL, Barkhof F. Incidence of enhancement of the trigeminal nerve on MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 8, 6467 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Cruccu G, Leandri M, Feliciani M, Manfredi M. Idiopathic and symptomatic trigeminal pain. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 53, 10341042 (1990).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leandri M, Favale E. Diagnostic relevance of trigeminal evoked potentials following infraorbital nerve stimulation. J. Neurosurg. 75, 244250 (1991).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruccu G, Leandri M, Iannetti GD et al. Small-fiber dysfunction in trigeminal neuralgia: carbamazepine effect on laserevoked potentials. Neurology 56, 1722 1726 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner WJ, Miklos MV. Response of trigeminal neuralgia to decompression of sensory root. Discussion of cause of trigeminal neuralgia. JAMA 170, 1773 1776 (1959).
   Google Scholar
• Barker FG, 2nd, Jannetta PJ, Bissonette DJ, Larkins MV, Jho HD. The long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 10771083 (1996).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meaney JF, Watt JW, Eldridge PR et al. Association between trigeminal neuralgia and multiple sclerosis: role of magnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 59, 253259 (1995).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broggi G, Ferroli P, Franzini A et al. Role of microvascular decompression in trigeminal neuralgia and multiple sclerosis. Lancet 354, 18781879 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strongly supports the view that even in multiple sclerosis, vascular compression of the trigeminal root plays a key role in generating the neuralgic pain. This author finds that there are many objections and strongly disagrees with that view. However, it is a paper that merits attention by the inquisitive mind.
   Google Scholar
• Broggi G, Ferroli P, Franzini A, Servello D, Dones I. Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: comments on a series of 250 cases, including 10 patients with multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 68, 5964 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Resnick DK, Jannetta PJ, Lunsford LD, Bissonette DJ. Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia in patients with multiple sclerosis. Surg. Neurol. 46, 358361 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• This paper is by the research group that most popularized the microvascular decompression surgery for trigeminal neuralgia. Its conclusion is against the use of this procedure in multiple sclerosis patients with trigeminal neuralgia.
   Google Scholar
• Adams CB. Microvascular compression: an alternative view and hypothesis. J. Neurosurg. 70, 112 (1989).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• One of the most relevant, detailed and recent criticisms to the rationale underlying microvascular decompression for TGN. The author provides convincing arguments that, however, have been in part outdated and contradicted by subsequent neurophysiological findings.
   Google Scholar
• Bergouignan M. Cures heureuses de nvralgies faciales essentelles par le diphenyl-hydantoinate de soude. Rev. Laryngol. Otol. Rhinol. 63, 3441 (1942).
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald RL. Carbamazepine. Mechanisms of Action. In: Antiepileptic Drugs Fourth Edition. Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS (Eds). Raven Press, NY, USA, 491498 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Blom S. Trigeminal neuralgia: its treatment with a new anticonvulsant drug (G- 328883). Lancet 1, 829849 (1962).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fields HL. Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 11251126 (1996).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheshire WP. Trigeminal neuralgia. A guide to drug choice. CNS Drugs 7, 98110 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comprehensive and still updated review of available medical therapies for trigeminal neuralgia.
   Google Scholar
• Tomson T, Tybring G, Bertilsson L, Ekbom K, Rane A. Carbamazepine therapy in trigeminal neuralgia: clinical effects in relation to plasma concentration. Arch. Neurol. 37, 699703 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Tomson T, Tybring G, Bertilsson L, Ekbom K, Rane A. Carbamazepine in trigeminal neuralgia: clinical effects in relation to plasma-concentration. Ups. J. Med. Sci. Suppl. 31, 4546 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Hunter SF, Lim N, Nashville TN. Carbamazepine (CBZ)-induced exacerbation of weakness in severe demyelinating disease. Neurology 52 (S2), A135 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Leach MJ, Lees G, Dieter RR. Lamotrigine. Mechanisms of action. In: Antiepileptic Drugs. Fourth Edition. Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS (Eds). Raven Press, NY, USA, 861869 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Canavero S, Bonicalzi V, Ferroli P et al. Lamotrigine control of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 59, 646 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canavero S, Bonicalzi V. Lamotrigine control of trigeminal neuralgia: an expanded study. J. Neurol. 244, 527 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunardi G, Leandri M, Albano C et al. Clinical effectiveness of lamotrigine and plasma levels in essential and symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology 48, 1714 1717 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakrzewska JM, Chaudhry Z, Nurmikko TJ, Patton DW, Mullens EL. Lamotrigine (lamictal) in refractory trigeminal neuralgia: results from a double-blind placebocontrolled crossover trial. Pain 73, 223230 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leandri M, Lunardi G, Inglese M et al. Lamotrigine in trigeminal neuralgia secondary to multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. 247, 556558 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solaro C, Messmer Uccelli M, Uccelli A, Leandri M, Mancardi GL. Low-dose gabapentin combined with either lamotrigine or carbamazepine can be useful therapies for trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis. Eur. Neurol. 44, 4548 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kut H. Phenytoin. Interactions with other drugs: clinical aspects. In: Antiepileptic Drugs. Fourth Edition. Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS (Eds). Raven Press, NY, USA, 315328 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Bruni J. Phenytoin. Toxicity. In: Antiepileptic Drugs. Fourth Edition. Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS (Eds). Raven Press, NY, USA, 345350 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Kangrga I, Jiang MC, Randic M. Actions of (-)-baclofen on rat dorsal horn neurons. Brain Res. 562, 265275 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Fromm GH, Terrence CF, Chattha AS, Glass JD. Baclofen in trigeminal neuralgia: its effect on the spinal trigeminal nucleus: a pilot study. Arch. Neurol. 37, 768771 (1980).
   Google Scholar
• Fromm GH, Terrence CF, Chattha AS. Baclofen in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: double-blind study and long-term follow-up. Ann. Neurol. 15, 240244 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Steardo L, Leo A, Marano E. Efficacy of baclofen in trigeminal neuralgia and some other painful conditions. A clinical trial. Eur. Neurol. 23, 5155 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Parmar BS, Shah KH, Gandhi IC. Baclofen in trigeminal neuralgia-a clinical trial. Indian J. Dent. Res. 1, 109113 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Dam M, Ostergaard LH. Other Antiepileptic drugs. Oxcarbazepine. In: Antiepileptic Drugs Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS (Eds). Raven Press, NY, USA, 987995 (1995)
   Google Scholar
• Zakrzewska JM, Patsalos PN. Oxcarbazepine: a new drug in the management of intractable trigeminal neuralgia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 52, 472476 (1989).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakrzewska JM, Patsalos PN. Long-term cohort study comparing medical (oxcarbazepine) and surgical management of intractable trigeminal neuralgia. Pain 95, 259266 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beydoun A, Kutluay E. Oxcarbazepine. Exp. Opin. Pharmacother. 3, 5971 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Fariello RG, Varasi M, Smith MC. Valproic acid. Mechanisms of action. In: Antiepileptic drugs. Fourth Edition. Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS (Eds). Raven Press, NY, USA (1995)
   Google Scholar
• Peiris JB, Perera GL, Devendra SV, Lionel ND. Sodium valproate in trigeminal neuralgia. Med. J. Aust. 2, 278 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreifuss FE. Valproic acid. Toxicity. In: Antiepileptic Drugs. Fourth Edition. Levy E, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS (Eds). Raven Press, NY, USA, 641648 (1995)
   Google Scholar
• Merren MD. Gabapentin for treatment of pain and tremor: a large case series. South Med. J. 91, 739744 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valzania F, Strafella AP, Nassetti SA. Gabapentin for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology 50, A379 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheshire W. Defining the role for gabapentin in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: a retrospective study. J. Pain 3, 137142 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan OA. Gabapentin relieves trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis patients. Neurology 51, 611614 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solaro C, Lunardi GL, Capello E et al. An open-label trial of gabapentin treatment of paroxysmal symptoms in multiple sclerosis patients. Neurology 51, 609611 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAleo G, Rifici C, Sessa E, Di Bella P, Bramanti P. R3 nociceptive reflex in multiple sclerosis patients with paroxysmal symptoms treated with gabapentin. Funct. Neurol. 15, 205209 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Menachem E. Potential antuiepileptic drugs. Topiramate. In: Antiepileptic drugs. Fourth Edition. Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS (Eds). Raven Press, NY, USA, 10631070 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Zvartau-Hind M, Din MU, Gilani A, Lisak RP, Khan OA. Topiramate relieves refractory trigeminal neuralgia in MS patients. Neurology 55, 15871588 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Gilron I, Booher SL, Rowan JS, Max MB. Topiramate in trigeminal neuralgia: a randomized, placebo-controlled multiple crossover pilot study. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 24, 109112 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheshire WP. Felbamate relieved trigeminal neuralgia. Clin. J. Pain 11, 139142 (1995).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caccia MR. Clonazepam in facial neuralgia and cluster headache. Clinical and electrophysiological study. Eur. Neurol. 13, 560563 (1975).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra B. The use of clonazepam in the treatment of tic douloureux (a preliminary report). Proc. Aust. Assoc. Neurol. 13, 119 122 (1976).
   Google Scholar
• Court JE, Kase CS. Treatment of tic douloureux with a new anticonvulsantc(clonazepam). J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 39, 297299 (1976).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smirne S, Scarlato G. Clonazepam in cranial neuralgias. Med. J. Aust. 1, 9394 (1977).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lechin F, van der Dijs B, Lechin ME et al. Pimozide therapy for trigeminal neuralgia. Arch. Neurol. 46, 960963 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Ecker A. Pimozide therapy for trigeminal neuralgia. Arch. Neurol. 47, 382 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kugelberg E, Lindblom U. The mechanism of pain in trigeminal neuralgia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 22, 3643 (1959).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilder BJ. Phenytoin. Clinical use. In: Antiepileptic Drugs. Second Edition. Levy EI, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS (Eds). Raven Press, NY, USA, 339344 (1995)
   Google Scholar
• Cheshire WP. Fosphenytoin: an intravenous option for the management of acute trigeminal neuralgia crisis. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 21, 506510 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, Bissonette DJ. Long-term results after glycerol rhizotomy for multiple sclerosis-related trigeminal neuralgia. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 21, 137140 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Kirschner M. Die Punktionstechnik und die Elektrokoagulation des Ganglion Gasseri. Arch. Klin. Chir. 176, 581 (1933).
   Google Scholar
• Sweet WH, Wepsic JG. Controlled thermocoagulation of trigeminal ganglion and rootlets for differential destruction of pain fibers. 1. Trigeminal neuralgia. J. Neurosurg. 40, 143156 (1974).
   Google Scholar
• Sweet WH. The treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux). N. Engl. J. Med. 315, 174177 (1986).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Authoritative, well-balanced review mainly aimed at surgical therapy by one of the authors who perfected the radiofrequency thermolesion, perhaps the most widely used surgery for trigeminal neuralgia. Although published more than 15 years ago, it is still a useful reference to know pros and cons of surgical procedures.
   Google Scholar
• Yoon KB, Wiles JR, Miles JB, Nurmikko TJ. Long-term outcome of percutaneous thermocoagulation for trigeminal neuralgia. Anaesthesia 54, 803808 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegfried J. 500 percutaneous thermocoagulations of the gasserian ganglion for trigeminal pain. Surg. Neurol. 8, 126131 (1977).
   Google Scholar
• Brett DC, Ferguson GG, Ebers GC, Paty DW. Percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy. Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia secondary to multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 39, 219221 (1982).
   Google Scholar
• Brisman R. Trigeminal neuralgia and multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 44, 379 381 (1987).
   Google Scholar
• Leandri M, Parodi CI, Favale E. Early evoked potentials detected from the scalp of man following infraorbital nerve stimulation. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 62, 99107 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Leandri M, Campbell JA. Origin of early waves evoked by infraorbital nerve stimulation in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 65, 1319 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Leandri M, Gottlieb A. Trigeminal evoked potential-monitored thermorhizotomy: a novel approach for relief of trigeminal pain. J. Neurosurg. 84, 929939 (1996).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Describes how the radiofrequency thermorhizotomy can be performed with the sole aid of electrophysiological monitoring under sustained anesthesia. Precise lesions can be performed with little sensory loss, at the price of a surgical procedure made more complicated by the massive participation of the neurophysiologist.
   Google Scholar
• Hakanson S. Trigeminal neuralgia treated by the injection of glycerol into the trigeminal cistern. Neurosurgery 9, 638646 (1981).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet WH, Poletti CE. Problems with retrogasserian glycerol in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Appl. Neurophysiol. 48, 252257 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Brown JA, Hoeflinger B, Long PB et al. Axon and ganglion cell injury in rabbits after percutaneous trigeminal balloon compression. Neurosurgery 38, 9931004 (1996).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown JA, Gouda JJ. Percutaneous balloon compression of the trigeminal nerve. Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 8, 5362 (1997).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullan S, Lichtor T. Percutaneous microcompression of the trigeminal ganglion for trigeminal neuralgia. J. Neurosurg. 59, 10071012 (1983).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanusso M, Curri D, Landi A et al. Pressure monitoring inside Meckels cave during percutaneous microcompression of gasserian ganglion. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 56, 3743 (1991).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landi A, Zanusso M, Curri D, Colombo F, Benedetti A. Trigeminal evoked potentials in patients undergoing percutaneous microcompression of gasserian ganglion. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 56, 2836 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Brown JA, Preul MC. Trigeminal depressor response during percutaneous microcompression of the trigeminal ganglion for trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurgery 23, 745748 (1988).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meglio M, Cioni B, Moles A, Visocchi M. Microvascular decompression versus percutaneous procedures for typical trigeminal neuralgia: personal experience. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 5455, 7679 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Fraioli B, Esposito V, Guidetti B, Cruccu G, Manfredi M. Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia by thermocoagulation, glycerolization and percutaneous compression of the gasserian ganglion and/ or retrogasserian rootlets: long-term results and therapeutic protocol. Neurosurgery 24, 239245 (1989).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown JA, McDaniel MD, Weaver MT. Percutaneous trigeminal nerve compression for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: results in 50 patients. Neurosurgery 32, 570573 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Belber CJ, Rak RA. Balloon compression rhizolysis in the surgical management of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurgery 20, 908 913 (1987).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown JA, Preul MC. Percutaneous trigeminal ganglion compression for trigeminal neuralgia. Experience in 22 patients and review of the literature. J. Neurosurg. 70, 900904 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Lichtor T, Mullan JF. A 10-year follow-up review of percutaneous microcompression of the trigeminal ganglion. J. Neurosurg. 72, 4954 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Lobato RD, Rivas JJ, Sarabia R, Lamas E. Percutaneous microcompression of the gasserian ganglion for trigeminal neuralgia. J. Neurosurg. 72, 546553 (1990).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdennebi B, Bouatta F, Chitti M, Bougatene B. Percutaneous balloon compression of the Gasserian ganglion in trigeminal neuralgia. Long-term results in
   Google Scholar
• cases. Acta. Neurochir. (Wien) 136, 72 74 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Abdennebi B, Mahfouf L, Nedjahi T. Longterm results of percutaneous compression of the gasserian ganglion in trigeminal neuralgia (series of 200 patients). Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 68, 190195 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Correa CF, Teixeira MJ. Balloon compression of the Gasserian ganglion for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 71, 8389 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skirving DJ, Dan NG. A 20-year review of percutaneous balloon compression of the trigeminal ganglion. J. Neurosurg. 94, 913 917 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Kondziolka D, Lacomis D, Niranjan A et al. Histological effects of trigeminal nerve radiosurgery in a primate model: implications for trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery. Neurosurgery 46, 971977 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers CL, Shetter AG, Ponce FA et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia associated with multiple sclerosis. J. Neurosurg. 97, 529532 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urgosik D, Vymazal J, Vladyka V, Liscak R. Gamma knife treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: clinical and electrophysiological study. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 70\(Suppl. 1), 200209 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj S, Cummins TR, Black JA. Sodium channels and pain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 76357639 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novakovic SD, Tzoumaka E, McGivern JG et al. Distribution of the tetrodotoxinresistant sodium channel PN3 in rat sensory neurons in normal and neuropathic conditions. J. Neurosci. 18, 21742187 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Novakovic SD, Eglen RM, Hunter JC. Regulation of Na+ channel distribution in the nervous system. Trends Neurosci. 24, 473478 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Veneroni O, Maj R, Calabresi M et al. Antiallodynic effect of NW-1029, a novel Na(+) channel blocker, in experimental animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Pain 102, 1725 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laird JM, Carter AJ, Grauert M, Cervero F. Analgesic activity of a novel use-dependent sodium channel blocker, crobenetine, in mono-arthritic rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 134, 17421748 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar