Clinical diagnosis of subcortical cerebral infarction

References

• Papers of special note have been highlighted as:
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• of interest
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• of considerable interest
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• Bamford J, Sandercock P, Jones L, Warlow C. The natural history of lacunar infarction: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. Stroke 18, 545551 (1987).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamford JM, Warlow CP. Evolution and testing of the lacunar hypothesis. Stroke 19, 10741082 (1988).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defines the lacunar hypothesis and sets out the evidence in favor of the concept, taking the presentation with defined clinical syndromes as the starting point.
   Google Scholar
• Bladin PF, Berkovic SF. Striatocapsular infarction: large infarcts in the lenticulostriate arterial territory. Neurology 34, 14231430 (1984).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnan GA, Bladin PF, Berkovic SF, Longley WA, Saling, MM. The stroke syndrome of striatocapsular infarction. Brain 114, 5170 (1991).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnan GA, Norrving B, Bamford JM, Bogousslavsky J. Subcortical infarction: classification and terminology. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 3, 248251 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinicoradiological consensus classification of subcortical infarcts which has stood the test of time and the arrival of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
   Google Scholar
• Gerraty RP, Parsons MW, Barber PA et al. Examining the lacunar hypothesis with diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 33, 20192024 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A prospective diffusion weighted imaging
   Google Scholar
• (DWI) and perfusion weighted imaging
   Google Scholar
• (PWI) study of lacunar syndromes which finds a low positive predictive value (PPV) for lacunar syndromes, with multiple acute infarcts or evolving restricted striatocapsular infarcts outnumbering lacunes.
   Google Scholar
• Bladin CF, Chambers BR. Clinical features, pathogenesis and computed tomographic characteristics of internal watershed infarction. Stroke 24, 19251932 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher CM. Lacunar strokes and infarcts: a review. Neurology 32, 871876 (1982).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher CM. Lacunar infarcts a review. Cereborvasc. Dis. 1, 311320 (1991).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnan GA, Tress BM, Bladin PF. A prospective study of lacunar infarction using computerized tomography. Neurology 32, 4956 (1982).
   Google Scholar
• Rascol A, Clanet M, Manelfe C, Guiraud B, Bonafe A. Pure motor hemiplegia: CT study of 30 cases. Stroke 13, 1117 (1982).
   Google Scholar
• Melo TP, Bogousslavsky J, van Melle G, Regli F. Pure motor stroke: a reappraisal. Neurology 42, 789795 (1992).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraix V, Besson G, Hommel M, Perret J. Brachiofacial pure motor stroke. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 12, 3438 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher CM. Capsular infarcts. The underlying vascular lesions. Arch. Neurol. 36, 6573 (1979).
   Google Scholar
• Lammie GA. Pathology of lacunar infarction. In: Subcortical Stroke. Donnan G, Norrving B, Bamford J, Bogousslavsky J (Eds). Oxford University Press, NY, USA, 3446 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• This chapter and the whole volume are an invaluable aid to the understanding of subcortical infarction. The status of lipohyalinosis is confirmed and a confusing literature is made much clearer.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher CM. Lacunes: small, deep cerebral infarcts. Neurology 15, 774784 (1965).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boiten J, Lodder J. Kessels F. Two clinically distinct lacunar infarct entities? A hypothesis. Stroke 24, 652656 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Boiten J, Lodder J. Risk-factors for lacunar infarction. In: Subcortical Stroke. Donnan G, Norrving B, Bamford J, Bogousslavsky J (Eds). Oxford University Press, NY, USA, 8797 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Lammie GA, Brannan F, Wardlaw JM. Incomplete lacunar infarction (Type Ib lacunes). Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 96, 163171 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Lammie A. The role of odema in lacune formation. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 8, 246 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardlaw JM, Dennis MS, Warlow CP, Sandercock PA. Imaging appearance of the symptomatic perforating artery in patients with lacunar infarction: occlusion or other vascular pathology? Ann. Neurol. 50, 208215 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sourander P, Walinder J. Hereditary multiinfarct dementia. Morphological and clinical studies of a new disease. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl) 39, 247254 (1977).
   Google Scholar
• Tournier-Lasserve E, Joutel A, Melki J et al. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy maps to chromosome 19r12. Nat. Genet. 3, 256259 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• OSullivan M, Jarosz JM, Martin RJ et al. MRI hyperintensities of the temporal lobe and external capsule in patients with CADASIL. Neurology 56, 628634 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Markus HS, Martin RJ, Simpson MA et al. Diagnostic strategies in CADASIL. Neurology 59, 11341138 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Den Boom R, Lesnik Oberstein SA, van Duinen SG et al. Subcortical lacunar lesions: an MR imaging finding in patients with cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. Radiology 224, 791796 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodder J, Bamford JM, Sandercock PA, Jones LN, Warlow CP. Are hypertension or cardiac embolism likely causes of lacunar infarction? Stroke 21, 375381 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Norrving B, Cronqvist S. Clinical and radiologic features of lacunar versus nonlacunar minor stroke. Stroke 20, 5964 (1989).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boiten J, Lodder J. Lacunar infarcts. Pathogenesis and validity of the clinical syndromes. Stroke 22, 13741378 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Landi G, Cella E, Boccardi E, Musicco, M. Lacunar versus nonlacunar infarcts: pathogenetic and prognostic differences. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 55, 441445 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Mead GE, Lewis SC, Wardlaw JM, Dennis MS, Warlow CP. Should computed tomography appearance of lacunar stroke influence patient management? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 67, 682684 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Arboix A, Morcillo C, Garcia-Eroles L et al. Different vascular risk- factor profiles in ischemic stroke subtypes: a study from the Sagrat Cor Hospital of Barcelona Stroke Registry. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 102, 264270 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inzitari D, Eliasziw M, Sharpe BL, Fox AJ, Barnett HJ. Risk-factors and outcome of patients with carotid artery stenosis presenting with lacunar stroke. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Group. Neurology 54, 660666 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Arboix A, Garcia-Eroles L, Massons J, Oliveres M, Targa C. Lacunar infarcts in patients aged 85 years and older. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 101, 2529 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Kazui S, Levi CR, Jones EF et al. Riskfactors for lacunar stroke: a case-control transesophageal echocardiographic study. Neurology 54, 13851387 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazui S, Levi CR, Jones EF et al. Lacunar stroke: transoesophageal echocardiographic factors influencing long-term prognosis. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 12, 325330 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerraty RP, Parsons MW, Barber PA, Darby DG, Davis SM. The volume of lacunes. Stroke 32, 19371938 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Lindgren A, Staaf G, Geijer B et al. Clinical lacunar syndromes as predictors of lacunar infarcts. A comparison of acute clinical lacunar syndromes and findings on diffusion-weighted MRI. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 101, 128134 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Warlow CP, Dennis MS, van Gijn GJ et al. Stroke. A Practical Guide to Management. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, UK (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Sohn YH, Lee BI, Sunwoo IN, Kim KW, Suh JH. Effect of capsular infarct size on clinical presentation of stroke. Stroke 21, 12581261 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Nelson RF, Pullicino P, Kendall BE, Marshall J. Computed tomography in patients presenting with lacunar syndromes. Stroke 11, 256261 (1980).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullicino P, Nelson RF, Kendall BE, Marshall J. Small deep infarcts diagnosed on computed tomography. Neurology 30, 10901096 (1980).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodder J, Bamford J, Kappelle J, Boiten J. What causes false clinical prediction of small deep infarcts? Stroke 25, 8691 (1994).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Important early paper looking at the reasons for diagnostic errors with lacunar syndromes. lenticulostriate arterial territory. Neurology 34, 14231430 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Donnan GA, Bladin PF, Berkovic SF, Longley WA, Saling, MM. The stroke syndrome of striatocapsular infarction. Brain 114, 5170 (1991).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnan GA, Norrving B, Bamford JM, Bogousslavsky J. Subcortical infarction: classification and terminology. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 3, 248251 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinicoradiological consensus classification of subcortical infarcts which has stood the test of time and the arrival of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
   Google Scholar
• Gerraty RP, Parsons MW, Barber PA et al. Examining the lacunar hypothesis with diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 33, 20192024 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A prospective diffusion weighted imaging
   Google Scholar
• (DWI) and perfusion weighted imaging
   Google Scholar
• (PWI) study of lacunar syndromes which finds a low positive predictive value (PPV) for lacunar syndromes, with multiple acute infarcts or evolving restricted striatocapsular infarcts outnumbering lacunes.
   Google Scholar
• Bladin CF, Chambers BR. Clinical features, pathogenesis and computed tomographic characteristics of internal watershed infarction. Stroke 24, 19251932 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher CM. Lacunar strokes and infarcts: a review. Neurology 32, 871876 (1982).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher CM. Lacunar infarcts a review. Cereborvasc. Dis. 1, 311320 (1991).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnan GA, Tress BM, Bladin PF. A prospective study of lacunar infarction using computerized tomography. Neurology 32, 4956 (1982).
   Google Scholar
• Rascol A, Clanet M, Manelfe C, Guiraud B, Bonafe A. Pure motor hemiplegia: CT study of 30 cases. Stroke 13, 1117 (1982).
   Google Scholar
• Melo TP, Bogousslavsky J, van Melle G, Regli F. Pure motor stroke: a reappraisal. Neurology 42, 789795 (1992).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraix V, Besson G, Hommel M, Perret J. Brachiofacial pure motor stroke. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 12, 3438 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher CM. Capsular infarcts. The underlying vascular lesions. Arch. Neurol. 36, 6573 (1979).
   Google Scholar
• Lammie GA. Pathology of lacunar infarction. In: Subcortical Stroke. Donnan G, Norrving B, Bamford J, Bogousslavsky J (Eds). Oxford University Press, NY, USA, 3446 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• This chapter and the whole volume are an invaluable aid to the understanding of subcortical infarction. The status of lipohyalinosis is confirmed and a confusing literature is made much clearer.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher CM. Lacunes: small, deep cerebral infarcts. Neurology 15, 774784 (1965).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boiten J, Lodder J. Kessels F. Two clinically distinct lacunar infarct entities? A hypothesis. Stroke 24, 652656 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Boiten J, Lodder J. Risk-factors for lacunar infarction. In: Subcortical Stroke. Donnan G, Norrving B, Bamford J, Bogousslavsky J (Eds). Oxford University Press, NY, USA, 8797 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Lammie GA, Brannan F, Wardlaw JM. Incomplete lacunar infarction (Type Ib lacunes). Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 96, 163171 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Lammie A. The role of odema in lacune formation. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 8, 246 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardlaw JM, Dennis MS, Warlow CP, Sandercock PA. Imaging appearance of the symptomatic perforating artery in patients with lacunar infarction: occlusion or other vascular pathology? Ann. Neurol. 50, 208215 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sourander P, Walinder J. Hereditary multiinfarct dementia. Morphological and clinical studies of a new disease. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl) 39, 247254 (1977).
   Google Scholar
• Tournier-Lasserve E, Joutel A, Melki J et al. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy maps to chromosome 19r12. Nat. Genet. 3, 256259 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• OSullivan M, Jarosz JM, Martin RJ et al. MRI hyperintensities of the temporal lobe and external capsule in patients with CADASIL. Neurology 56, 628634 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Markus HS, Martin RJ, Simpson MA et al. Diagnostic strategies in CADASIL. Neurology 59, 11341138 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Den Boom R, Lesnik Oberstein SA, van Duinen SG et al. Subcortical lacunar lesions: an MR imaging finding in patients with cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. Radiology 224, 791796 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodder J, Bamford JM, Sandercock PA, Jones LN, Warlow CP. Are hypertension or cardiac embolism likely causes of lacunar infarction? Stroke 21, 375381 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Norrving B, Cronqvist S. Clinical and radiologic features of lacunar versus nonlacunar minor stroke. Stroke 20, 5964 (1989).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boiten J, Lodder J. Lacunar infarcts. Pathogenesis and validity of the clinical syndromes. Stroke 22, 13741378 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Landi G, Cella E, Boccardi E, Musicco, M. Lacunar versus nonlacunar infarcts: pathogenetic and prognostic differences. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 55, 441445 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Mead GE, Lewis SC, Wardlaw JM, Dennis MS, Warlow CP. Should computed tomography appearance of lacunar stroke influence patient management? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 67, 682684 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Arboix A, Morcillo C, Garcia-Eroles L et al. Different vascular risk- factor profiles in ischemic stroke subtypes: a study from the Sagrat Cor Hospital of Barcelona Stroke Registry. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 102, 264270 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inzitari D, Eliasziw M, Sharpe BL, Fox AJ, Barnett HJ. Risk-factors and outcome of patients with carotid artery stenosis presenting with lacunar stroke. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Group. Neurology 54, 660666 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Arboix A, Garcia-Eroles L, Massons J, Oliveres M, Targa C. Lacunar infarcts in patients aged 85 years and older. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 101, 2529 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Kazui S, Levi CR, Jones EF et al. Riskfactors for lacunar stroke: a case-control transesophageal echocardiographic study. Neurology 54, 13851387 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazui S, Levi CR, Jones EF et al. Lacunar stroke: transoesophageal echocardiographic factors influencing long-term prognosis. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 12, 325330 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerraty RP, Parsons MW, Barber PA, Darby DG, Davis SM. The volume of lacunes. Stroke 32, 19371938 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Lindgren A, Staaf G, Geijer B et al. Clinical lacunar syndromes as predictors of lacunar infarcts. A comparison of acute clinical lacunar syndromes and findings on diffusion-weighted MRI. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 101, 128134 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Warlow CP, Dennis MS, van Gijn GJ et al. Stroke. A Practical Guide to Management. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, UK (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Sohn YH, Lee BI, Sunwoo IN, Kim KW, Suh JH. Effect of capsular infarct size on clinical presentation of stroke. Stroke 21, 12581261 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Nelson RF, Pullicino P, Kendall BE, Marshall J. Computed tomography in patients presenting with lacunar syndromes. Stroke 11, 256261 (1980).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullicino P, Nelson RF, Kendall BE, Marshall J. Small deep infarcts diagnosed on computed tomography. Neurology 30, 10901096 (1980).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodder J, Bamford J, Kappelle J, Boiten J. What causes false clinical prediction of small deep infarcts? Stroke 25, 8691 (1994).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Important early paper looking at the reasons for diagnostic errors with lacunar syndromes. lenticulostriate arterial territory. Neurology
   Google Scholar
• , 14231430 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Donnan GA, Bladin PF, Berkovic SF, Longley WA, Saling, MM. The stroke syndrome of striatocapsular infarction. Brain 114, 5170 (1991).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnan GA, Norrving B, Bamford JM, Bogousslavsky J. Subcortical infarction: classification and terminology. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 3, 248251 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinicoradiological consensus classification of subcortical infarcts which has stood the test of time and the arrival of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
   Google Scholar
• Gerraty RP, Parsons MW, Barber PA et al. Examining the lacunar hypothesis with diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 33, 20192024 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A prospective diffusion weighted imaging
   Google Scholar
• (DWI) and perfusion weighted imaging
   Google Scholar
• (PWI) study of lacunar syndromes which finds a low positive predictive value (PPV) for lacunar syndromes, with multiple acute infarcts or evolving restricted striatocapsular infarcts outnumbering lacunes.
   Google Scholar
• Bladin CF, Chambers BR. Clinical features, pathogenesis and computed tomographic characteristics of internal watershed infarction. Stroke 24, 19251932 (1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher CM. Lacunar strokes and infarcts: a review. Neurology 32, 871876 (1982).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher CM. Lacunar infarcts a review. Cereborvasc. Dis. 1, 311320 (1991).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnan GA, Tress BM, Bladin PF. A prospective study of lacunar infarction using computerized tomography. Neurology 32, 4956 (1982).
   Google Scholar
• Rascol A, Clanet M, Manelfe C, Guiraud B, Bonafe A. Pure motor hemiplegia: CT study of 30 cases. Stroke 13, 1117 (1982).
   Google Scholar
• Melo TP, Bogousslavsky J, van Melle G, Regli F. Pure motor stroke: a reappraisal. Neurology 42, 789795 (1992).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraix V, Besson G, Hommel M, Perret J. Brachiofacial pure motor stroke. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 12, 3438 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher CM. Capsular infarcts. The underlying vascular lesions. Arch. Neurol. 36, 6573 (1979).
   Google Scholar
• Lammie GA. Pathology of lacunar infarction. In: Subcortical Stroke. Donnan G, Norrving B, Bamford J, Bogousslavsky J (Eds). Oxford University Press, NY, USA, 3446 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• This chapter and the whole volume are an invaluable aid to the understanding of subcortical infarction. The status of lipohyalinosis is confirmed and a confusing literature is made much clearer.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher CM. Lacunes: small, deep cerebral infarcts. Neurology 15, 774784 (1965).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boiten J, Lodder J. Kessels F. Two clinically distinct lacunar infarct entities? A hypothesis. Stroke 24, 652656 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Boiten J, Lodder J. Risk-factors for lacunar infarction. In: Subcortical Stroke. Donnan G, Norrving B, Bamford J, Bogousslavsky J (Eds). Oxford University Press, NY, USA, 8797 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Lammie GA, Brannan F, Wardlaw JM. Incomplete lacunar infarction (Type Ib lacunes). Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 96, 163171 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Lammie A. The role of odema in lacune formation. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 8, 246 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardlaw JM, Dennis MS, Warlow CP, Sandercock PA. Imaging appearance of the symptomatic perforating artery in patients with lacunar infarction: occlusion or other vascular pathology? Ann. Neurol. 50, 208215 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sourander P, Walinder J. Hereditary multiinfarct dementia. Morphological and clinical studies of a new disease. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl) 39, 247254 (1977).
   Google Scholar
• Tournier-Lasserve E, Joutel A, Melki J et al. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy maps to chromosome 19r12. Nat. Genet. 3, 256259 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• OSullivan M, Jarosz JM, Martin RJ et al. MRI hyperintensities of the temporal lobe and external capsule in patients with CADASIL. Neurology 56, 628634 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Markus HS, Martin RJ, Simpson MA et al. Diagnostic strategies in CADASIL. Neurology 59, 11341138 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Den Boom R, Lesnik Oberstein SA, van Duinen SG et al. Subcortical lacunar lesions: an MR imaging finding in patients with cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. Radiology 224, 791796 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodder J, Bamford JM, Sandercock PA, Jones LN, Warlow CP. Are hypertension or cardiac embolism likely causes of lacunar infarction? Stroke 21, 375381 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Norrving B, Cronqvist S. Clinical and radiologic features of lacunar versus nonlacunar minor stroke. Stroke 20, 5964 (1989).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boiten J, Lodder J. Lacunar infarcts. Pathogenesis and validity of the clinical syndromes. Stroke 22, 13741378 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Landi G, Cella E, Boccardi E, Musicco, M. Lacunar versus nonlacunar infarcts: pathogenetic and prognostic differences. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 55, 441445 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Mead GE, Lewis SC, Wardlaw JM, Dennis MS, Warlow CP. Should computed tomography appearance of lacunar stroke influence patient management? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 67, 682684 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Arboix A, Morcillo C, Garcia-Eroles L et al. Different vascular risk- factor profiles in ischemic stroke subtypes: a study from the Sagrat Cor Hospital of Barcelona Stroke Registry. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 102, 264270 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inzitari D, Eliasziw M, Sharpe BL, Fox AJ, Barnett HJ. Risk-factors and outcome of patients with carotid artery stenosis presenting with lacunar stroke. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Group. Neurology 54, 660666 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Arboix A, Garcia-Eroles L, Massons J, Oliveres M, Targa C. Lacunar infarcts in patients aged 85 years and older. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 101, 2529 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Kazui S, Levi CR, Jones EF et al. Riskfactors for lacunar stroke: a case-control transesophageal echocardiographic study. Neurology 54, 13851387 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazui S, Levi CR, Jones EF et al. Lacunar stroke: transoesophageal echocardiographic factors influencing long-term prognosis. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 12, 325330 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerraty RP, Parsons MW, Barber PA, Darby DG, Davis SM. The volume of lacunes. Stroke 32, 19371938 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Lindgren A, Staaf G, Geijer B et al. Clinical lacunar syndromes as predictors of lacunar infarcts. A comparison of acute clinical lacunar syndromes and findings on diffusion-weighted MRI. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 101, 128134 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Warlow CP, Dennis MS, van Gijn GJ et al. Stroke. A Practical Guide to Management. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, UK (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Sohn YH, Lee BI, Sunwoo IN, Kim KW, Suh JH. Effect of capsular infarct size on clinical presentation of stroke. Stroke 21, 12581261 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Nelson RF, Pullicino P, Kendall BE, Marshall J. Computed tomography in patients presenting with lacunar syndromes. Stroke 11, 256261 (1980).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullicino P, Nelson RF, Kendall BE, Marshall J. Small deep infarcts diagnosed on computed tomography. Neurology 30, 10901096 (1980).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodder J, Bamford J, Kappelle J, Boiten J. What causes false clinical prediction of small deep infarcts? Stroke 25, 8691 (1994).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Important early paper looking at the reasons for diagnostic errors with lacunar syndromes.
   Google Scholar
• Gan R, Sacco RL, Kargman DE et al. Testing the validity of the lacunar hypothesis: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study experience. Neurology 48, 12041211 (1997).
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• Toni D, Fiorelli M, De Michele M et al. Clinical and prognostic correlates of stroke subtype misdiagnosis within 12 h from onset. Stroke 26, 18371840 (1995).
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• Important study of the inaccuracy of hyperacute clinical assessment of stroke and the low PPV of lacunar syndromes.
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• Barber PA, Darby DG, Desmond PM et al. Identification of major ischemic change. Diffusion-weighted imaging versus computed tomography. Stroke 30, 20592065 (1999).
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• One of the few well conducted comparisons of DWI and CT.
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