Hippocampal sclerosis and the syndrome of medial temporal lobe epilepsy

References

• Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Epilepsia 30, 389–399 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson PD, Engel J, Munari C. Anatomic classification of localization-related epilepsies. In: Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook. Engel J, Pedley TA (Eds). Lippincott-Raven Publishers, PA, USA, 2405–2416 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Engel J, Williamson PD, Wieser H-G. Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. In: Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook. Engel J, Pedley TA (Eds). Lippincott-Raven Publishers, PA, USA, 2417–2426 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• •Chapter is an excellent overview of the subject, complete with many references.
   Google Scholar
• Burgerman RS, Sperling MR, French JA, Saykin AJ, O'Connor MJ. Comparison of mesial versus neocortical onset temporal lobe seizures: neurodiagnostic findings and surgical outcome. Epikpsia 36,662–670 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walczak TS. Neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy: characterizing the syndrome. Epilepsia 36,633–635 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pacia SV, Devinsky 0, Perrine K etal. Clinical features of neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann. Neural 40,724–730 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Berkovic SF, McIntosh A, Howell RA, Mitchell A, Sheffiel LJ, Hopper JL. Familial temporal lobe epilepsy: a common disorder identified in twins. Ann. Neural. 40,227–235 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cendes F, Lopes-Cendes I, Andermann E, Andermann E Familial temporal lobe epilepsy: a clinically heterogeneous syndrome. Neurology50,554–557 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gambardella A, Messina D, LePiane E et al Familial temporal lobe epilepsy: autosomal dominant inheritance in a large pedigree from southern Italy. Epilepsy Res. 38,127–132 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi E, Lopes-Cendes I, Guerreiro CAM, Sousa SC, Guerreiro MM, Cendes F. Seizure outcome and hippocampal atrophy in familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 56, 166–172 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi E, Li LM, Lopes-Cendes I, Cendes E Magnetic resonance imaging evidence of hippocampal sclerosis in asymptomatic, first-degree relatives of patients with familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Azrh. Neural. 59,1891–1894 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Berkovic SF, Jackson GD. The hippocampal sclerosis whodunit: enter the genes. Ann Neural. 47,557–558 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Editorial provides an excellent discussion of the various theories concerning the etiology and pathogenesis of hippocampal sclerosis.
   Google Scholar
• Kanemoto K, Kawasaki J, Miyamoto T, Obayashi H, Nishimura M. Interleukin (IL)-113, IL-la and IL-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphisms in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann. Neural. 47,571-574 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Ozkara C, Altintas A, Yilmaz E eta]. An association between mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis and human leukocyte antigens. Epilepsia 43, 236–239 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Stogmann E, Zimprich A, Baumgartner C, Aull-Watschinger S, Hollt V, Zimprich E A functional polymorphism in the prodynorphin gene promotor is associated with temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann. Neural. 51,260–263 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottman R, Risch N, Hauser WA etal. Localization of a gene for partial epilepsy to chromosome 10q. Nature Genet. 10,56-60 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Poza JJ, Saenz A, Martinez-Gil A eta! Autosomal dominant lateral temporal epilepsy: clinical and genetic study of a large Basque pedigree linked to chromosome 10q. Ann. Neural. 45, 182–188 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Winawer MR, Ottman R, Hauser WA, Pedley TA. Autosomal dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features: defining the phenotype. Neurology54,2173–2176 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelucci R, Passarelli D, Pitzalis S, Dal Corso G, Tassinari CA, Nobile C. Autosomal dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features: description of a new family. Epilepsia 41,967–970 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baulac S, Picard F, Herman A eta]. Evidence for digenic inheritance in a family with both febrile convulsions and temporal lobe epilepsy implicating chromosomes 18qter and 1q25—q31. Ann. Neural. 49, 786–792 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Abou-Khalil B, Ge Q, Desai R eta! Partial and generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus and a novel SCN1A mutation. Neurology57, 2265–2272 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winawer MR, Boneschi FM, Barker- Cummings C eta! Four new families with autosomal dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features: clinical description and linkage to chromosome 10q24. Epilepsia 43,60–67 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward N, Evanson J, Cockerell OC. Idiopathic familial temporal lobe epilepsy with febrile convulsions. Seizure 11,16–19 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Kanemoto K, Kawasaki J. Familial aphasic episodes: another variant of partial epilepsy with simple inheritance? Epilepsia 41, 1036–1038 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodtkorb E, Gu W, Nakken KO, Fischer C, Steinlein OK. Familial temporal lobe epilepsy with aphasic seizures and linkage to chromosome 10q22—q24. Epilepsia 43, 228–235 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Depondt C, Van Paesschen W, Matthijs G eta! Familial temporal lobe epilepsy with febrile seizures. Neurology58,1429–1433 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babb TL, Brown WJ. Pathological findings in epilepsy. In: Surgical Treatment of the Epilepsies. Engel J Jr (Ed.). Raven Press Ltd, NY, USA, 511–540 (1987).
   Google Scholar
• Margerison JH, Corsellis JAN. Epilepsy and the temporal lobes. Brain 89,499–530 (1966).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falconer MA, Serafetinides EA, Corsellis JAN. Etiology and pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy. Azrh. Neural 10, 233–248 (1964).
   Google Scholar
• Bruton CJ. The Neuropathology of Timporal Lobe Epilepsy Oxford University Press, NY, USA, (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Mathern GW, Babb TL, Armstrong DL. Hippocampal sclerosis. In: Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook. Engel J, Pedley TA (Eds). Lippincott-Raven Publishers, PE, USA, 133–155 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Gloor P Mesial temporal sclerosis: historical background and an overview from a modern perspective. In: Epilepsy Surgery. Luders H (Ed.). Raven Press Ltd, NY, USA, 689–703 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Sloviter RS, Pedley TA. Subtle hippocampal malformation: importance in febrile seizures and development of epilepsy. Neumlogy50,846–849 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez G, Effenberger 0, Vinz B eta! Hippocampal malformation as a cause of familial febrile convulsions and subsequent hippocampal sclerosis. Neumlogy50, 909–917 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardimann O, Burke T, Phillips J eta! Microdysgenesis in resected temporal neocortex: incidence and clinical significance in focal epilepsy. Neurology38, 1041–1047 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond AA, Fish DR, Stevens JM, Cook MJ, Sisodiya SM, Shorvon SD. Association of hippocampal sclerosis with cortical dysgenesis in patients with epilepsy. Neurology44, 1841–1845 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levesque MF, Nakasato N, Vinters HV, Babb TL. Surgical treatment of limbic epilepsy associated with extrahippocampal lesions: the problem of dual pathology. J. Neurosurg. 75,364–370 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cendes F, Cook MJ, Watson C eta]. Frequency and characteristics of dual pathology in patients with lesional epilepsy. Neurology 45, 2058–2064 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Jackson GD, McIntosh AM, Briellmann RS, Berkovic SE Hippocampal sclerosis studied in identical twins. Neumlogy51, 78–84 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz R, Ebner A. Prolonged febrile convulsions and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in an identical twin. Neurology57, 318–320 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cendes F, Andermann F, Gloor P eta! Relationship between atrophy of the amygdala and ictal fear in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain 117,739–746 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmini A, Gloor P The localizing value of auras in partial seizures: a prospective and retrospective study. Neurology 42,801–808 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson PD, French JA, Thadani VIVI eta! Characteristics of medial temporal lobe epilepsy II. Interictal and ictal scalp electroencephalography, neuropsychological testing, neuroimaging, surgical results and pathology. Ann Neural 34,781–787 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Risinger MW Engel J, Van Ness PC, Henry TR, Crandall PH. Ictal localization of temporal lobe seizures with scalp/ sphenoidal recordings. Neurology39, 1288–1293 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson C, Moore GJ, Chugani HT Neuroimaging in epilepsy. Neurologist 2, 96–118 (1996).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack CR Jr, Sharbrough FVV, Twomey CK eta]. Temporal lobe seizures: lateralization with MR volume measurements of the hippocampal formation. Radiology175, 423–429 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzniecky R, de la Sayette V, Ethier R eta! Magnetic resonance imaging in temporal lobe epilepsy: pathological correlation. Ann Neural 22,341–347 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkovic SF, Andermann F, Olivier A eta]. Hippocampal sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neural 29, 175–182 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Watson C, Jack CR, Cendes F. Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging: clinical applications and contributions to the understanding of temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch. Neural 54,1521–1531 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• •Comprehensive review of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its role in the diagnosis and understanding of medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) due to hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Many references are included.
   Google Scholar
• Watson C, Cendes F, Fuerst D eta! Specificity of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging in detecting hippocampal sclerosis. Arch. Neural 54, 67–73 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jack CR Jr. MRI-based hippocampal volume measurements in epilepsy. Epilepsia 35 (Suppl. 6), S21—S29 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Jack CR Jr, Rydberg CH, Krecke KN eta! Comparison of FLAIR and spin echo MR imaging in the diagnosis of mesial temporal sclerosis. Radiology199,367–373 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson GD, Berkovic SF, Duncan JS, Connelly A. Optimizing the diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis using MR imaging. AJNR14, 753–762 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson C, Andermann F, Gloor P eta! Anatomic basis of amygdaloid and hippocampal volume measurement by magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology42, 1743–1750 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson GD, Connelly A, Duncan JS, Grunewald RA, Gadian DG. Detection of hippocampal pathology in intractable partial epilepsy: increased sensitivity with quantitative magnetic resonance T2 relaxometry. Neurology 43,1793–1799 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Pitkanen A, Looks° M, Kalviainen R eta! Severity of hippocampal atrophy correlates with the prolongation of MRI T2 relaxation time in temporal lobe epilepsy but not in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 46,1724–1730 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laxer KD, Hubesch B, Sappey-Marinier D, Weiner MW. Increased pH and inorganic phosphate in temporal seizure foci demonstrated by J1P MRS. Epilepsia 33, 618–623 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Kuzniecky R, Elgavish GA, Hetherington HP, Evanochko WT, Pohost GM. In vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 42,1586–1590 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Cendes F, Andermann F, Preul MC, Arnold DL. Lateralization of temporal lobe epilepsy based on regional metabolic abnormalities in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic images. Ann Neural 35,211–216 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng TC, Comair YG, Xue M eta! Temporal lobe epilepsy: presurgical localization with proton chemical shift imaging. Radiology193,465–472 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson C, Nielsen SL, Cobb C, Burgerman R, Williamson B. Pathological grading system for hippocampal sclerosis: correlation with magnetic resonance imaging-based volume measurements of the hippocampus. J. Epilepsy 9,56–64 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Lee N, Tien RD, Lewis DV eta! Fast spin- echo, magnetic resonance imaging-measured hippocampal volume: correlation with neuronal density in anterior temporal lobectomy patients. Epilepsia 36,899–904 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascino GD, Jack CR, Parisi JE eta! Magnetic resonance imaging-based volume studies in temporal lobe epilepsy: pathological correlations. Ann Neural 30, 31–36 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lencz T, McCarthy G, Bronen RA et al Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in temporal lobe epilepsy: relationship to neuropathology and neuropsychological function. Ann Neural 31,629–637 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack CR, Sharbrough FVV, Cascino GD, Hirschhorn IKA, O'Brien PC, Marsh WR. Magnetic resonance imaged-based hippocampal volumetry: correlation with outcome after temporal lobectomy. Ann Neural 31,138–146 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry TR, Mazziotta JC, Engel J. Interictal metabolic anatomy of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch Neural 50,582–589 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Henry TR, Frey IKA, Sackellares JC eta! In vivo cerebral metabolism and central benzodiazepine-receptor binding in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 43, 1998–2006 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juhasz C, Nagy F, Watson C eta]. Glucose and [11C] flumazenil positron emission tomography abnormalities of thalamic nuclei in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 53,2037-2045 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Koepp MJ, Richardson MP, Brooks DJ eta! Cerebral benzodiazepine receptors in hippocampal sclerosis: an objective in vivo analysis. Brain 119,1677–1687 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koepp MJ, Richardson MP, Labbe C etal. 11C-Rumazenil PET volumetric MRI and quantitative pathology in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neutology49, 764–773 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Juhasz C, Nagy F, Muzik 0, Watson C, Shah J, Chugani HT [11C1Flumazenil PET in patients with epilepsy with dual pathology. Epilepsia 40,566–574 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Markand ON, Salanova V, Worth RM, Park H-M, Wellman HH. Ictal brain imaging in presurgical evaluation of patients with medically intractable complex partial seizures. Acta Neural Land. 152, 137–144 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Ho SS, Berkovic SF, McKay WJ, Kalnins RM, Bladin PP. Temporal lobe epilepsy subtypes: differential patterns of cerebral perfusion on ictal SPECT. Epilepsia 37, 788–795 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien TJ, Therefore, EL, Mullan BP et al Subtraction ictal SPECT coregistered to MRI improves clinical usefulness of SPECT in localizing the surgical seizure focus. Neurology 50, 445–454 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattson RII, Cramer JA, Collins JF eta! Comparison of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin and primidone in partial and secondarily generalized tonic—clonic seizures. N Engl. I Merl 313, 145–151 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattson RII, Cramer JA, Collins JF eta]. A comparison of valproate with carbamazepine for the treatment of complex partial seizures and secondarily generalized tonic—clonic seizures in adults. N. Engl. Merl 327, 765–771 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Semah F, Picot M-C, Adam C eta! Is the underlying cause of epilepsy a major prognostic factor for recurrence? Neurology 51, 1256–1262 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Reports on the response to antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy in a large series of patients with mainly refractory epilepsy of many etiologies. It compares the response rate of patients with HS with those of groups of patients with other causes of their seizures.
   Google Scholar
• Stephen LJ, Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Does the cause of localization-related epilepsy influence the response to antiepileptic drug treatment? Epilepsia 42, 357–362 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• •Reports on the response to AED therapy in a large series of patients with epilepsy of many etiologies. However, a large percentage of the patients in this study are newly diagnosed and previously untreated. It also compares the response rate of patients with HS with those of groups of patients with other causes of their seizures.
   Google Scholar
• Wieser HG, Williamson PD. Ictal semiology. In: Surgical Treatment of the Epilepsies. Engel J (Ed.). Raven Press, NY, USA, 161–172 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, Eliasziw M. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N Engl. Med. 345, 311–318 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••To date, the first randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy and safety of surgical versus medical therapy in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) due to any cause (i.e., not all patients had HS). Landmark study in the understanding of the appropriate management of medically refractory TLE.
   Google Scholar
• Sutula TP, Hermann B. Progression in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 45, 553–556 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Editorial which provides an excellent discussion, with many references, of the experimental and clinical evidence supporting the concept that HS is a progressive disorder.
   Google Scholar
• Tasch E, Cendes F, Li LM eta]. Neuroimaging evidence of progressive neuronal loss and dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neural 45, 569–576 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Theodore WH, Bhatia S, Hatta J et al. Hippocampal atrophy, epilepsy duration and febrile seizures in patients with partial seizures. Neurology52, 132–136 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies KG, Hermann BP, Dohan PC eta! Relationship of hippocampal sclerosis to duration and age of onset of epilepsy and childhood febrile seizures in temporal lobectomy patients. Epilepsy Res. 24, 119–126 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trenerry MR, Jack CR, Sharbrough FW eta! Quantitative MRI hippocampal volumes: association with onset and duration of epilepsy and febrile convulsions in temporal lobectomy patients. Epilepsy Res. 15, 247–252 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer SS, McCarthy G, Spencer DD. Diagnosis of medial temporal lobe seizure onset: relative specificity and sensitivity of quantitative MRI. Neurology 43, 2117–2124 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalviainen R, Salmenpera T, Partanen K et al. Recurrent seizures may cause hippocampal damage in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 50, 1377–1382 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien TJ, Therefore, EL, Meyer FB eta! Progressive hippocampal atrophy in chronic intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neural 45, 526–529 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson GD, Chambers BR, Berkovic SE Hippocampal sclerosis: development in adult life. Dev Neutusci. 21, 207–214 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briellmann RS, Newton MR, Wellard M, Jackson GD. Hippocampal sclerosis following brief generalized seizures in adulthood. Neurology57, 315–317 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuerst D, Shah J, Kupsky WJ eta! Volumetric MRI, pathological and neuropsychological progression in hippocampal sclerosis. Neurology57, 184–188 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Uses a cross-sectional design to provide volumetric MRI, neuropathological and neuropsychological evidence that medically refractory HS is a progressive disorder.
   Google Scholar
• Fuerst D, Shah J, Shah A, Watson C. Hippocampal sclerosis is a progressive disorder: a longitudinal volumetric MRI study. Ann Neural 53, 413–416 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Uses a longitudinal design to show progressive hippocampal atrophy in patients with medically refractory MTLE due to HS.
   Google Scholar
• Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Eng J Merl 342, 314–319 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••landmark study demonstrates the success rateof AED therapy in a large group of newly diagnosed and previously untreated patients with all types of epilepsy It also established that patients with refractory epilepsy can be identified early and that years of AED treatment are not required to determine which patients are refractory
   Google Scholar
• Brodie MJ, Kwan P. Staged approach to epilepsy management. Neurology58\(Suppl. 5), S2—S8 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• •Describes the manifestations of refractory epilepsy and offers an approach for the logical and systematic management of patients with epilepsy.
   Google Scholar
• Brodie MJ, Leach JP Success or failure with antiepileptic drug therapy: beyond empiricism? Neurology60, 162–163 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar