Etiology of primary headaches: the importance of genes and environment

References

• Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The international classification of headache disorders. Second edition. Cephalalgia 24\(Suppl. 1), 1–160 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Martin N, Boomsma D, Machin G. A twin-pronged attack on complex traits. Natum Genet. 17,387–392 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Extensive review on twin designs as a tool to resolve the etiology for complex human traits.
   Google Scholar
• Boomsma D, Busjahn A, Peltonen L. Classical twin studies and beyond. Nature Rev Genet. 3,872–882 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Extensive review on the current resources for twin research.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen BK, Olesen J. Migraine with aura and migraine without aura: an epidemiological study. Cephalalgia 12, 221–228 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen BK, Jensen R, Schroll M, Olesen J. Interrelations between migraine and tension-type headache in the general population. Arch. Neural. 49,914–918 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olesen J. Clinical and pathophysiological observations in migraine and tension-type headache explained by integration of vascular, supraspinal and myofascial inputs. Pain 46,125–132 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May A, Goadsby PJ. The trigeminovascular system in humans: pathophysiologic implications for primary headache syndromes of the neural influences on the cerebral circulation. J. Cereb. Blood Row Metab. 19,115–127 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Reviews the origin of primary headaches in light of recent findings from brain imaging.
   Google Scholar
• Edvinsson L. Sensory nerves in the human cerebral circulation and trigeminal ganglion: role in primary headaches. J. Headache Pain. 3,7–14 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• •Reviews the role of neuropeptides and other vasoactive substances in reflex control of cerebral circulation and genesis of cranial pain disorders.
   Google Scholar
• Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB, Ferrari MD. Migraine — current understanding and treatment. N Engl. I Med. 346,257–270 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Extensive review on current ideas on migraine pathophysiology and treatment.
   Google Scholar
• Pietrobon D, Striessnig J. Neurobiology of migraine. Nature Rev Neurosci. 4,386–398 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Extensive review on the role of cortical and subcortical mechanisms in genesis of migraine.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen R, Olesen J. Tension-type headache: an update on mechanisms and treatment. Cur Opin. Neural. 13,285–289 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomsen LL, Olesen J. Nitric oxide in primary headaches. Cum. Opin. Neural. 14, 315–321 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen BK, Olesen J. Epidemiology of migraine and tension-type headache. Cum. Opin. Neural. 7,264–271 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau N, Rasmussen BK. The impact of migraine. Epidemiology, risk factors and comorbidities. Neurology 56 (Suppl. 1), S4—S12 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Finkel AG. Epidemiology of cluster headache. Cur Pain. Headache Rep. 7, 144–149 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ottman R, Hong S, Lipton RB. Validity of family history data on severe headache and migraine. Aiumlogy43, 1954–1960 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Russell MB, Fenger K, Olesen J. The family history of migraine. Direct versus indirect information. Cephalalgia 16,156–160 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Russell MB, Ostergaard S, Bendtsen L, Olesen J. Familial occurrence of chronic tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 19, 207–210 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell MB, Olesen J. Increased familial risk and evidence of genetic factor in migraine. Br. Medj 311,541–544 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •First large, population-based family study of expert interviewed index cases and relatives indicating a familial risk factor in migraine with and without aura.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart WF, Staffa J, Lipton RB, Ottman R. Familial risk of migraine: a population-based study. Ann. Neural. 41,166–172 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikangas KR, Merikangas JR, Angst J. Headache syndromes and psychiatric disorders: association and familial transmission. Pwchiat. Res. 27,197-210 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Mochi M, Sangiorgi S, Cortelli P et al. Testing models for genetic determination in migraine. Cephalalgia 13,389–394 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalfakis N, Panas M, Vassilopoulos D, Malliara-Loulakaki S. Migraine with aura: segregation analysis and heritability estimation. Headache 36,320–322 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostergaard S, Russell MB, Bendtsen L, Olesen J. Comparison of first degree relatives and spouses of people with chronic tension headache. BE Merl 1. 314, 1092–1093 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Kudrow L, Kudrow DB. Inheritance of cluster headache and its possible link to migraine. Headache 34,400–407 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell MB, Andersson PG, Thomsen LL. Familial occurrence of cluster headache. J. Nemo'. Neurosurg. Psychiatry58, 341–343 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montagna P, Mochi M, Prologo G et al Heritability of cluster headache. Eur. Neural 5,343–345 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leone M, Russell MB, Rigamonti A et al Increased familial risk of cluster headache. Neumlogy56, 1233–1236 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E1 Amrani M, Ducros A, Boulan P et at. Familial cluster headache: a series of 186 index patients. Headache 42,974–977 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• van Vliet JA, Ferrari MD, Haan J. Genetic factors in cluster headache. Expert Rev Neumtherapeutics3, 301–306 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomsen LL, Kirchman Eriksen M, Faerch Romer S et al An epidemiological survey of hemiplegic migraine. Cephalalgia 22, 361–375 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Nationwide case-finding approach to measure the occurrence of hemiplegic migraine in the entire Danish population.
   Google Scholar
• Ducros A, Denier C, Joutel A et al The clinical spectrum of familial hemiplegic migraine associated with mutations in a neuronal calcium channel. N Engl. I Med. 345,17–24 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Describes genotype—phenotype relationships in familial hemiplegic migraine.
   Google Scholar
• Ophoff RA, Terwindt GM, Vergouwe MN et al Familial hemiplegic migraine and episodic ataxia type-2 are caused by mutations in the Ca2+ channel gene CACNL1A4. Ce1187, 543–552 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• ••Genetic characterization of familialhemiplegic migraine Type I.
   Google Scholar
• De Fusco M, Marconi R, Silvestri L et al Haploinsufficiency of ATP1A2 encoding the Na/K pump 2 subunit associated with familial hemiplegic migraine Type 2. Natum Gen. 33,192–196 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Genetic characterization of familialhemiplegic migraine Type II.
   Google Scholar
• Kors E, Haan J, Ferrari M. Migraine genetics. Cum. Pain Headache Rep. 7, 212–217 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russell MB, Iselius L, Olesen J. Inheritance of migraine investigated by complex segregation analysis. Hum. Genet. 96, 726–730 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Russel MB, Iselius L, Ostergaard S, Olesen J. Inheritance of chronic tension-type headache investigated by complex segregation analysis. Hum. Genet. 102, 138–140 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell MB, Andersson PG, Thomsen LL, Iselius L. Cluster headache is an autosomal dominantly inherited disorder in some families: a complex segregation analysis. J. Med. Genet. 32,954–956 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tambs K, Eaves LJ, Moum T et al Age- specific genetic effects for blood pressure. Hypertension 22,789–795 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvald B, Hauge M. A catamnestic investigation of Danish twins. Danish Med. Bull. 3,150–158 (1956).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lucas RN. Migraine in twins. J. PTchosom. Res. 20,147–156 (1977).
   Google Scholar
• Corey LA, Berg K, Nance WE, Solaas MK, Delorenzo RJ. Migraine headache in Virginian and Norwegian twins. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 47(Suppl), 467 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Albakri EA, Concato J, Fayad PB, Hartigan PM, Page WF, Brass LM. Genetic contribution to migraine. Neurology 45 (Suppl. 4), A464 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Merikangas KR, Tierny C, Martin NG, Heath A. Genetics of migraine and its symptoms in the Australian twin registry. Am.j Hum. Genet. 55 (Suppl. 3), A158 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Gervil M, Ulrich V, Kyvik KO, Olesen J, Russell MB. Migraine without aura: a population-based twin study. Ann. Neural 46,606–611 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Ulrich V, Gervil M, Kyvik KO, Olesen J, Russell MB. Evidence of a genetic factor in migraine with aura: a population-based Danish twin study. Ann. Neural 45, 242–246 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Ulrich V, Olesen J, Gervil M, Russell MB. Possible risk factors and precipitants for migraine with aura in discordant twin-pairs: a population-based study. Cephalalgia 20,821–825 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainero I, Grimaldi LM, Salani G et al. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms in patients with migraine. Neurosci Lett. 317, 111–113 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goadsby PJ. Chronic tension-type headache: where are we? Brain 122, 1611–1612 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipton RB, Cady RK, Stewart WF, Winks K, Hall C. Diagnostic lessons from the Spectrum study. Neurology58\(Suppl. 6), S27—S31 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Blau JM, Dexter SL. The site of pain origin during migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 1, 143–147 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selby G, Lance JW. Observations on 500 cases of migraine and allied vascular headache. .1. Neural Neurosurg. Psychiatry 23,23–32 (1960).
   Google Scholar
• Bille B. A 40-year follow-up of school children with migraine. Cephalalgia 17, 488–491 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spierings ELH. Migraine, big and small. Headache 41,918–919 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iversen HK, Langemark M, Andersson PG, Hansen PE, Olesen J. Clinical characteristics of migraine and episodic tension-type headache in relation to old and new diagnostic criteria. Headache 30, 514–519 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Ulrich V, Russell MB, Jensen R, Olesen J. A comparison of tension-type headache in migraineurs and in nonmigraineurs: a population-based study. Pain 67,501–506 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Cady R et al. Sumatriptan for the range of headaches in migraine sufferers: results of the Spectrum study. Headache 40,783–791 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eadie MJ, Sutherland JM. Migrainous neuralgia. Med Aust. 1,1053–1057 (1966).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Couturier EGM, Hering R, Steiner TJ. The first report of cluster headache in identical twins. Neurology 41, 761 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Roberge C, Bouchard J-P, Simard D, Gagne R. Cluster headache in twins. Neurology42, 1255–1256 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjaastad 0, Shen J-M, Stovner LJ, Elsas T Cluster headache in identical twins. Headache 33,214–217 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampl C. Left-sided migraine headache interrupted by periods of right-sided cluster headaches in identical twins — another puzzle for modular headache theory? Cephalalgia 22,583 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Schuh-Hofer S, Meisel A, Reuter U, Arnold G. Monozygotic twin sisters suffering from cluster headache and migraine without aura. Neumlogy1864-1865 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Kowacs PA, Piovesan EJ, Werneck LC, Fameli H, Lange MC, Raskin S. A gene for cluster headache? Report of cluster headache on a pair of monozygous twins. Cephalalgia 23,665 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Svensson DA, Ekbom K, Pedersen NL, Traff H, Waldenlind E. A note on cluster headache in a population-based twin register. Cephalalgia 23,376–380 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Amico D, Centonze V, Grazzi L, Leone M, Ricchetti G, Bussone G. Coexistence of migraine and cluster headache: report of 10 cases and possible pathogenetic implications. Headache 37,21–25 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson PG. Migraine in patients with cluster headache. Cephalalgia 5,11–16 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon S, Cappa KG. The time relationships of migraine and cluster headache when occurring in the same patient. Headache 26,500–502 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posthuma D, Beem AL, de Geus EJC et al Theory and practice in quantitative genetics. Twin Res. 6,361–376 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •Comprehensive review of quantitative genetic methods for twin data.
   Google Scholar
• Honkasalo ML, Kaprio J, Winter T, Heikkila K, Sillanpaa M, Koskenvuo M. Migraine and concomitant symptoms among 8167 adult twin pairs. Headache 35, 70–78 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson B, Bille B, Pedersen NL. Genetic influences in headaches: a Swedish twin study. Headache 35,513–519 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mulder EJ, van Baal C, Gaist D et al Genetic and environmental influences on migraine: a twin study across six countries. Twin Res. 6,422–431 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• •Shows genetic and environmental influences on migraine across six countries participating in the GenomEUtwin project.
   Google Scholar
• Lipton RB, Stewart WE Scher AT. Epidemiology of migraine. Monogr Clin. Neurosci 17,2–15 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien B, Goeree R, Streiner D. Prevalence of migraine headache in Canada: a population-based survey. int. J. Epidemial 23,1020–1026 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai F, Igarashi H. Prevalence of migraine in Japan: a nationwide survey. Cephalalgia 17,15–22 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozen TD, Swanson JVV, Stang PE, McDonnell SK, Rocca WA. Increasing incidence of medically recognized migraine headache in a United States population. Neurology53, 1468–1473 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Lea RA, Shepherd AG, Curtain RP et al A typical migraine susceptibility region localizes to chromosome 1q31. Neurogenetics 4, 17–22 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson DA, Larsson B, Waldenlind E, Pedersen NL. Shared rearing environment in migraine: results from twins reared apart and twins reared together. Headache 43, 235–244 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler DK, Hur YM, Bouchard TJ, Hassanein RS, Barter R. Migraine in twins raised together and apart. Headache. 38, 417–422 (1998) soGervil M, Ulrich V, Olesen J, Russell MB. Screening for migraine in the general population: validation of a simple questionnaire. Cephalalgia 18,342–348 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Ulrich V, Gervil M, Fenger K, Olesen J, Russell MB. The prevalence and characteristics of migraine in twins from the general population. Headache 39, 173–180 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Ulrich V, Gervil M, Kyvik KO, Olesen J, Russell MB. The inheritance of migraine with aura estimated by means of structural equation modelling. J. Med. Genet. 36, 225–227 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• •Population-based quantitative genetic study of migraine with aura using expert interviews.
   Google Scholar
• Gervil M, Ulrich V, Kaprio J, Olesen J, Russell MB. The relative role of genetic and environmental factors in migraine without aura. Neurology53,995–999 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• •Population-based quantitative genetic study of migraine without aura using expert interviews.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen BK, Jensen R, Olesen J. Questionnaire versus clinical interview in the diagnosis of headache. Headache 31, 290–295 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tzourio C, Gagnière B, El Amrani M, Bousser M-G, Alpérovitch A. Lay versus expert interviews for the diagnosis of migraine in a large sample of elderly people. .1. Neural. Neumsurg. Fiychiatry74, 238–241 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Russell MB, Olesen J. Migraine associated with head trauma. Eur. J. Neural. 3, 424–428 (1996).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves U. The lifetime history of major depression in women: reliability of diagnosis and heritability. Atli. Gen. PTchiatry50,863–870 (1993).
   Google Scholar
• Russell MB, Ulrich V, Gervil M, Olesen J. Migraine without aura and migraine with aura are distinct disorders. A population-based twin study. Headache 42,332–336 (2002)
   Google Scholar
• Kallela M, Wessman M, Farkkila M et al Clinical characteristics of migraine concordant monozygotic twin pairs. Acta Neural. Scant/. 100,254–259 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessman M, Kallela M, Kaunisto MA et al A susceptibility locus for migraine with aura, on chromosome 4q24. Am J. Hum. Genet. 70,652-662 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Biornsson A, Gudmundsson G, Gudfinnsson E et al Localization of a gene for migraine without aura to chromosome 4q21. Am.j Hum. Genet. 73,986-993 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Soragna D, Vettori A, Carraro G et al A locus for migraine without aura maps on chromosome 14q21.2—q22.3. Ain.j Hum. Genet. 72,161-167 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Carlsson A, Forsgren L, Nylander PO et al Identification of a susceptibility locus for migraine with and without aura on 6p12.2—p21.1. Neurology59, 1804–1807 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Jones KW, Ehm MG, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL, Boyd PR, Peroutka SJ. Migraine with aura susceptibility locus on chromosome 19p13 is distinct from the familial hemiplegic migraine locus. Genomic578, 150–154 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Nyholt DR, Curtain RP, Griffiths LR. Familial typical migraine: significant linkage and localization of a gene to Xq24-28. Hum. Genet. 107,18-23 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Rainero I, Grimaldi LME, Salani G, Valfré W, Rivoiro C, Savi L, Pinessi L. Association between the tumor necrosis factor-a-308 G/A polymorphism and migraine. Neurology62, 141–143 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Svensson DA, Larsson B, Waldenlind E, Pedersen NL. Genetic and environmental influences on expression of recurrent headaches as a function of the reporting age in twins. Twin Res. 5,277–286(2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipton RB. Fair winds and foul headaches. Risk factors and triggers of migraine. Neurology54, 280–281 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau N, Chilcoat HD, Andreski Further evidence on the link between migraine and neuroticism. Neurology 47, 663–667 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Prospective follow-up study in young adult women suggesting an association between neuroticism and migraine.
   Google Scholar
• MacGregor EA. 'Menstrual' migraine: towards a definition. Cephalalgia 16, 11–21 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Chee E, Sawyer J, Silberstein SD. Menstrual cycle and headache in a population sample of migraineurs. Neurology55, 1517–1523 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• •Prospective follow-up diary study in women showing a relationship between menstruation and migraine attacks.
   Google Scholar
• Somerville BW. The role of estrogen-withdrawal in the etiology of migraine. Neumlogy22, 355–365 (1972).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overeem S, van Vliet JA, Lammers GJ, Zitman FG, Swaab DF, Ferrari MD. The hypothalamus in episodic brain disoders. Lancet Neumlogy1,437–444 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson DA, Larsson B, Bille B, Lichtenstein P. Genetic and environmental influences on recurrent headaches in eight to nine-year-old twins. Cephalalgia 19, 866–872 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner TJ, Guha P, Capildeo R, Clifford Rose E Migraine in patients attending a migraine clinic: an analysis by computer of age, sex and family history. Headache 20, 190–195 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baier WK. Genetics of migraine and migraine accompagneé: a study of eighty-one children and their families. Neumpediatrics 16,84–91 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devoto M, Lozito A, Staffa G, D'Alessandro R, Sacquegna T, Romeo G. Segregation analysis of migraine in 128 families. Cephalalgia 6,101–105 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Rainero I, Pinessi L, Salani G et al A polymorphism in the interleukin-1 a gene influences the clinical features of migraine. Headache 42,337–340 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neale MC. Mx: Statistical Modeling: Fifth Edition. Department of Psychiatry, VA, USA (1999). www.vcu.edu/mx/ (Accessed April 2004)
   Google Scholar