44
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Utilizing combination therapy in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Pages 799-808 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Evans DA, Funkenstein HH, Albert MS et al Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in a community population of older persons. Higher than previously reported. JAIVIA 262(18), 2551–2556 (1989).
  • Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Bienias JL, Bennett DA, Evans DA. Alzheimer's disease in the US population: prevalence estimates using the 2000 census. Arch. Neural. 60(8), 1119–1122 (2003).
  • Brookmeyer R, Gray S, Kawas C. Projections of Alzheimer's disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset. Am. J. Public Health 88(9), 1337–1342 (1998).
  • Hebert LE, Beckett LA, Scherr PA, Evans DA. Annual incidence of Alzheimer's disease in the United States projected to the years 2000 through 2050. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disarl 15(4), 169–173 (2001).
  • Bartus RT, Dean RL III, Beer B, Lippa AS. The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science 217(4558), 408–414 (1982). Excellent evidence-based description of the cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Wessel T, Yuan W Galantamine in AD: a 6-month randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a 6-month extension. The Galantamine USA-1 Study Group. Neurology54(12), 2261–2268 (2000).
  • Tariot PN, Solomon PR, Morris JC et al A 5-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of galantamine in AD. The Galantamine USA-10 Study Group. Neurology54(12), 2269–2276 (2000).
  • Wilcock GK, Lilienfeld S, Gaens E. Efficacy and safety of galantamine in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: multicentre randomised controlled trial. Galantamine International-1 Study Group. Br Merl 321(7274), 1445–1449 (2000).
  • Rosler M, Anand R, Cicin-Sain A et al Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease: international randomised controlled trial. BE Merl 318(7184), 633–638 (1999).
  • Corey-Bloom J, Anand R, Veach J. A randomized trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of ENA 713 (rivastigmine tartrate), a new acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease. kit. J. Geriatric PTchopharmacol 1,55–65 (1998).
  • Schneider LS, Anand R, Farlow MR. Systematic review of the efficacy of rivastigmine for patients with Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Geriatric Bychophalmacol l(Suppl. 1), S26—S34 (1998).
  • Rogers SL, Doody RS, Mohs RC, Friedhoff LT Donepezil improves cognition and global function in Alzheimer's disease: a 15-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Donepezil Study Group. Awl?. Intern. Merl 158(9), 1021–1031 (1998).
  • Rogers SL, Farlow MR, Doody RS, Mohs R, Friedhoff LT A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Donepezil Study Group. Neurology50(1), 136–145 (1998).
  • Potkin SG. The ABC of Alzheimer's disease: ADL and improving day-to-day functioning of patients. int. Rychogeriah: 14\(Suppl. 1), 7–26 (2002).
  • Wynn ZJ, Cummings JL. Cholinesterase inhibitor therapies and neuropsychiatric manifestations of Alzheimer's disease. Dement. Geriatr Cogn. Bisonl. 17(1–2), 100–108 (2004).
  • Geldmacher DS. Alzheimer's disease: current pharmacotherapy in the context of patient and family needs. J. Am. Geriatr Soc. 51(5 Suppl. Dementia), S289—S295 (2003).
  • Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Truyen L, Kershaw P, Damaraju CV The cognitive benefits of galantamine are sustained for at least 36 months: a long-term extension trial. Arch. Neural. 61(2), 252–256 (2004).
  • Finucane TE. Another advertisement for donepezil. jAm. Geriatr Soc. 52(5), 843 (2004).
  • Karlawish JH. Donepezil delay to nursing home placement study is flawed. J. Am. Geriatr Soc. 52(5), 845 (2004).
  • Royall. DR. Donepezil's effects remain uncertain. jAm. Geriati: Soc. 52 (5), 843–844 (2004).
  • Doody RS, Geldmacher DS, Gordon B, Perdomo CA, Pratt RD. Open-label, multicenter, Phase III extension study of the safety and efficacy of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Atrh. Neural. 58(3), 427–433 (2001).
  • Rogers SL, Doody RS, Pratt RD, Ieni JR. Long-term efficacy and safety of donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: final analysis of a US multicentre open-label study. Eur. Neumpsychophalmacol 10(3), 195–203 (2000).
  • Greenamyre JT, Maragos WF, Albin RL, Penney JB, Young AB. Glutamate transmission and toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry 12 (4), 421–430 (1988). Landmark report of the role of excitotoxicity in AD.
  • Doble A. The role of excitotoxicity in neurodegenerative disease: implications for therapy. Phatmacol Ther 81(3), 163–221 (1999).
  • Olney JW, Wozniak DF, Farber NB Excitotoxic neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. New hypothesis and new therapeutic strategies. Arch. Neural 54(10), 1234–1240 (1997).
  • Potkin S, Peskin ER, Pomara N et al. Memantine monotherapy is effective and safe for the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: a randomized controlled trial. 56th Annual Meeting- of the American Academy of Neurology CA, USA (2004).
  • Winblad B, Poritis N. Memantine in severe dementia: results of the M-BEST Study (benefit and efficacy in severely demented patients during treatment with memantine). Int. J. Ceriatr Psychiatry 14(2), 135–146 (1999).
  • Reisberg B, Doody R, Stoffler A et al Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. N Engl. J. Med. 348(14), 1333–1341 (2003).
  • Reisberg B, MObius H-J, Schmitt F, Doody R. Long-term efficacy and safety benefits from treatment with the NMDA antagonist memantine: results of a 24-week, open-label extension study in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol 13\(Suppl. 4), S388 (2003).
  • Rutten BP, Steinbusch HW, Korr H, Schmitz C. Antioxidants and Alzheimer's disease: from bench to bedside (and back again). Curi: Opin. Gun. Nub: Metab. Cate 5(6), 645–651 (2002).
  • Christen Y. Oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease. Ainj Gun. Nub: 71 (2), S621—S629 (2000).
  • Pratico D, Delanty N. Oxidative injury in diseases of the central nervous system: focus on Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Med. 109 (7), 577–585 (2000).
  • Zandi PP, Anthony JC, Khachaturian AS et al Reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease in users of antioxidant vitamin supplements: the Cache County Study. Arch. Neural. 61(1), 82–88 (2004).
  • Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL et al. Dietary intake of anti-oxidant nutrients and the risk of incident of Alzheimer's disease in a biracial community study. JAIVIA 287(24), 3230–3237 (2002).
  • Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Ruitenberg A et al Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 287(24), 3223–3229 (2002).
  • Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG et al A controlled trial of selegiline, a-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's Disease. The Alzheimer's disease Co-operative Study. N Engl. J. Med. 336 (17), 1216–1222 (1997).
  • •Pivotal study that demonstrated a lack of benefit of combination of selegiline and vitamin E over monotherapy.
  • Cummings JL, Cole G. Alzheimer's disease. JAIVIA 287(18), 2335–2338 (2002).
  • Doody RS, Stevens JC, Beck C et al Practice parameter: management of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 56 (9), 1154–1166 (2001).
  • •Evidence-based review, albeit slightly out of date, which concludes that despite modest benefits, cholinesterase inhibitors (ChM) should be considered standard of care for AD treatment, and vitamin E should be considered as adjunctive treatment.
  • Tabet N, Feldmand H. Ibuprofen for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2), CD004031 (2003).
  • Laurin D, Masaki IKH, Foley DJ, White LR, Launer U. Midlife dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of late-life incident dementia: the Honolulu—Asia Aging Study. Am. Epidernial 159(10), 959–967 (2004).
  • Luchsinger JA, Tang MX, Shea S, Mayeux R. Antioxidant vitamin intake and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neural 60(2), 203–208 (2003).
  • Zandi PP, Breitner JC. Do NSAIDs prevent Alzheimer's disease? And, if so, why? The epidemiological evidence. Neumbial Aging 22(6), 811–817 (2001).
  • McGeer PL, McGeer EG. The inflammatory response system of brain: implications for therapy of Alzheimer and other neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res. Rev 21(2), 195–218 (1995).
  • Akiyama H, Barger S, Barnum S et al Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobial Aging21(3), 383–421 (2000).
  • Scharf S, Mander A, Ugoni A, Vajda F, Christophidis N. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of diclofenadmisoprostol in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology53(1), 197–201 (1999).
  • Sainati SM, Talwalker S. Results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of celecoxib in the treatment of progression of Alzheimer's disease. Stockholm—Springfield Symposium on Alzheimer Therapy Stockholm, Sweden (2002).
  • Aisen PS. Evaluation of selective COX-2 inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 23\(Suppl. 4), S35—S40 (2002).
  • Block G, Norman B, Liu G, Lines C, Reines S. A clinical trial of rofecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging23, S1—S606 (2002).
  • Stewart WF, Kawas C, Corrada M, Metter EJ. Risk of Alzheimer's disease and duration of NSAID use. Neumlogy 48(3), 626–632 (1997).
  • McGeer PL, McGeer EG. Anti- inflammatory drugs in the fight against Alzheimer's disease. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 777,213–220 (1996).
  • t' Veld BA, Ruitenberg A, Hofman A et al Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. N Engl. J. Med. 345(21), 1515–1521 (2001).
  • Etminan M, Gill S, Samii A. Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on risk of Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BE Med 327(7407), 128 (2003).
  • Baldereschi M, Di Carlo A, Lepore V et al Estrogen-replacement therapy and Alzheimer's disease in the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Neumlogy 50(4), 996–1002 (1998).
  • Tang MX, Jacobs D, Stern Y et al Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 348(9025), 429–432 (1996).
  • Mulnard RA, Cotman CW, Kawas C et al Estrogen replacement therapy for treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Alzheimer's disease Co-operative Study. JAMA 283(8), 1007–1015 (2000).
  • Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix SL, Limacher M et al Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative: a randomized trial. JA/V/A 289 (20), 2673–2684 (2003).
  • Shumaker SA, Legault C, Thal L et al Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. JA1VIA 289(20), 2651–2662 (2003).
  • Shumaker SA, Legault C, Kuller L et al Conjugated equine estrogens and incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. JAIVIA 291(24), 2947–2958 (2004).
  • Espeland MA, Rapp SR, Shumaker SA et al Conjugated equine estrogens and global cognitive function in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. JAIVIA 291(24), 2959–2968 (2004).
  • Birks J, Grimley EV, Van Dongen M. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev 4, CD003120 (2002).
  • Jick H, Zornberg GL, Jick SS, Seshadri S, Drachman DA. Statins and the risk of dementia. Lancet 356 (9242), 1627–1631 (2000).
  • Wolozin B, Kellman W Ruosseau P, Celesia GG, Siegel G. Decreased prevalence of Alzheimer's disease associated with 3–
  • •• hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Arch. Neural. 57(10), 1439–1443 (2000).
  • Tariot PN, Farlow MR, Grossberg GT et al. Memantine treatment in patients with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease already receiving donepezil: a randomized controlled trial. JAIVIA 291(3), 317–324 (2004).
  • •Key trial demonstrating benefit of memantine in moderate—severe AD patients stabilized on donepezil.
  • Klatte ET, Scharre DW, Nagaraja HN, Davis RA, Beversdorf DQ. Combination therapy of donepezil and vitamin E in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 17(2), 113–116 (2003).
  • •Retrospective chart review demonstrating that donepezil and vitamin E in combination is more effective than placebo in slowing cognitive decline.
  • Sobow T, Kloszewska I, Karlinska I. Addition of vitamin E to donepezil as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer Rep. 2(3), 143–146 (1999).
  • Schneider LS, Olin JT, Pawluczyk S. A double-blind crossover pilot study of 1-deprenyl (selegiline) combined with cholinesterase inhibitor in Alzheimer's disease. Am. Psychiatry150(2), 321–323 (1993).
  • Birks J, Flicker L. Selegiline for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.(1), CD000442 (2003).
  • Mann DB, Bierer LM, Lawlor BA et al L- deprenyl and physostigmine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry Res. 58(3), 181–189 (1995).
  • Wilcock GK, Birks J, Whitehead A, Evans SJ. The effect of selegiline in the treatment of people with Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of published trials. int. j Ceriatr fiychiatry 17 (2), 175–183 (2002) .
  • Schneider LS, Farlow MR, Henderson VW Pogoda JM. Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on response to tacrine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 46(6), 1580–1584 (1996).
  • •Multicenter trial demonstrating that estrogen therapy enhances clinical response to tacrine.
  • Rigaud AS, Andre G, Vellas B, Touchon J, Pere JJ. No additional benefit of HRT on response to rivastigmine in menopausal women with AD. Neurology60(1), 148–149 (2003).
  • Wenk GL, Quack G, Moebius HJ, Danysz W No interaction of memantine with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors approved for clinical use. Life Sci. 66(12), 1079–1083 (2000).
  • Periclou A, Ventura D, Sherman T, Rao N, Abramowitz W A pharmacokinetic study of the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine and donepezil in healthy young subjects.j Am Ceriatr Soc. 51 (S4), S225 (2003).
  • Hartmann S, Mobius HJ. Tolerability of memantine in combination with cholinesterase inhibitors in dementia therapy. Int. Gun. Bychopharmacol 18(2), 81–85 (2003).
  • ••Postmarketing safety report detailing thetolerability of memantine in combination with ChEls.
  • Buckalew LW, Buckalew NM. Survey of the nature and prevalence of patients' noncompliance and implications for intervention. fiychol. Rep. 76 (1), 315–321 (1995).
  • Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J et al A 24-week, randomized, double-blind study of donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Neurology57 (4), 613–620 (2001).
  • Blesa R, Davidson M, Kurz A et al Galantamine provides sustained benefits in patients with advanced moderate Alzheimer's disease for at least 12 months. Dement. Ceriatr Cogn. Disord. 15(2), 79–87 (2003).
  • Wilkinson DG, Hock C, Farlow M, van Baelen B, Schwalen S. Galantamine provides broad benefits in patients with 'advanced moderate' Alzheimer's disease (MMSE 12) for up to 6 months. Int. J. Gun. Pract. 56(7), 509–514 (2002).
  • Doraiswamy PM, Krishnan KR, Anand R et al Long-term effects of rivastigmine in moderately severe Alzheimer's disease: does early initiation of therapy offer sustained benefits? Pmg. Neuropsychopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry26(4), 705–712 (2002).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.