Recent advances in the neuropathology of focal lesions in epilepsy

References

• Palmini A, Najm I, Avanzini G et al. Terminology and classification of the cortical dysplasias. Neurology 62, S2—S8 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Reviews and refines the currentterminology and classification issues of focal dysplasias with potential clinical relevance to epileptologists, neuroradiologists and neuropathologists.
   Google Scholar
• Tassi L, Columba N, Garbelli R et aLFocal cortical dysplasia, neuropathological subtypes, EEG neuroimaging and surgical outcome. Brain 125,1719–1732 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •Introduces a three-tiered system for the classification of dysplasias.
   Google Scholar
• Palmini A, Luders HO. Classification issues in malformations caused by abnormalities of cortical development. Neurosurg. Clinics North Am. 37,1–16 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Cepeda C, Hurst RS, Flores-Hernandez et aL Morphological and electrophysiological characterisation of abnormal cell types in pediatric cortical dysplasia. j Neurosci. Res 72,472–486 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••In this study, abnormal cell types aremorphologically characterized in fresh slices from focal cortical dysplasias (FCD) lesions and abnormal intrinsic membrane properties are demonstrated which may be relevant to the epileptogenesis of this lesion.
   Google Scholar
• Tassi L, Pasquier B, Minotti L et aL Cortical dysplasia, electroclinical, imaging and neuropathological study of 13 patients. Epilepsia 42,1112–1123 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boonyapisit K, Najm I, Klem G et al. Epileptogenicity of focal malformations due to abnormal cortical development, Direct electrocorticographic-histopathologic correlations. Epilepsia 44, 69–76 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •A study of 15 FCD lesions suggesting that balloon cell-rich areas are less epileptogenic than those with dysplastic neurons only.
   Google Scholar
• Thom M, Harding BN, Lin WR et al. Cajal Retzius cells, inhibitory interneuronal populations and NPY expression in focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and microdysgenesis (MD). Acta Neuropathologica 105,561–569 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasper BS, Stefan H, Buchfelder M, Paulus W Temporal lobe microdysgenesis in epilepsy versus control brains. J NeuropathoL Exp. NeuroL 58,22–28 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalnins RM, McIntosh A, Saling MM et aL Subtle microscopic abnormalities in hippocampal sclerosis do not predict clinical features of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 45,940–947 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bothwell S, Meredith GE, Phillips J et al. Neuronal hypertrophy in the neocortex of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurosci. 42,1399–402 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Luyken C, Blumcke I, Fimmers R et aL Supratentorial gangliomgliomas, Histopathological grading and tumor recurrence in 184 patients with median follow-up of 8 years. Cancer101, 146–155 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumcke I, Wiestler OD. Gangliogliomas, an intriguing tumor entity associated with focal epilepsies. I NeuropathoL Exp. NeuroL 61,575–584 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cenacch G, Giangaspero E Emerging tumor entities and variants of CNS neoplasms. J. NeuropathoL Exp. NeuroL 63, 185–192 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumcke I, Luyken C, Urbach H, Schramm J, Wiestler OD. An isomorphic subtype of long-term epilepsy associated astrocytomas associated with benign prognosis. Acta Neuropathoologica 107, 381–388 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Bruton C. The Neuropathology of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Oxford University Press, NY, USA (1987).
   Google Scholar
• Thom M Sisodiya SM, Beckett A et al. Cytoarchitectural abnormalities in hippocampal sclerosis. J. NeuropathoL Exp. NeuroL 61,510–551 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker MC, White HS, Sander JWAS. Disease modification in partial epilepsy. Brain 125,1937–1950 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Briellmann R, Berkovic S, Syngeniotis S, King M, Jackson GD. Seizure associated hippocampal volume loss, a longitudinal magnetic resonance study of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology51,642–644 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Weiser HG. Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. ILAE commission report. Epilepsia 45,695–714 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Report detailing the current consensusdecisions regarding the pathogenesis, imaging and natural history of hippocampal sclerosis.
   Google Scholar
• De Lannerolle NC, Kim JH, Williamson A et aL A retrospective analsysis of hippocampal pathology in human temporal lobe epilepsy, Evidence for distinctive patient subcategories. Epilepsia 44,677–687 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baulac M, De Grissac N, Hasboun D et al Hippocampal developmental changes in patients with partial epilepsy, magnetic resonance imaging and clinical aspects. Ann. NeuroL 44,223–233 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thom M, Sisodiya SM, Lin WR et al. Bilateral isolated hippocampal malformation in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology58, 1683–1686 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloviter RS, Kudrimoti HS, Laxer KD et al. Tectonic hippocampal malformations in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 59,123–153 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• •• Detailed histological analysis of hippocampal malformations involving the CAlisubicular region and possible relationship of these lesions to febrile seizures and epilepsy.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez G, Effenberger 0, Vinz B et al. Hippocampal malformation as a cause of familial febrile convulsions and subsequent hippocampal sclerosis. Neurology 50, 909–917 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Sisodiya SM, Thom M, Lin WR et aL Abnormal expression of cdk5 in focal cortical dysplasia in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 16,217-220 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Hua Y, Crino PB. Single cell lineage analysis in human focal cortical dysplasia. Cerebral Cortex 13,693–699 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker AJ, Urbach H, Scheffler B et aL Focal cortical dysplasia of Taylor's balloon cell type, mutational analysis of the TSC1 gene indicates a pathogenic relationship to tuberous sclerosis. Ann. NeuroL 52,29–37 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Fassunke J, Bliimcke I, Lahl R et al. Analysis of chromosomal instability in focal cortical dysplasia of Taylor's balloon cell type. Acta Neuropathologica 108,129–134 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Kam R, Chen J, Blumcke I et aL The reelin pathway components disabled-1 and p35 in gangliogliomas — a mutation and expression analysis. NeuropathoL AppL NeurobioL 30, 225–232 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzel HJ, Robbins CA, Tsa LH et al. Abnormal morphological and functional organisation in a p35 mutant models of cortical dysplasia associated with spontaneous seizures. j Neurosci. 31, 953–999 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Scharfmann HE, Goodman JH, Sollas AL. Granule like neurons at the hilar/CA3 border after status epilepticus and their synchrony with area CA3 pyramidal cells, functional implication of seizure-free induced neurogenesis. I Neurosci. 20, 6144–6158 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Frotscher M, Hass CA, Forster E. Reelin controls granule cell migration in the dentate gyrus by acting on the radial glial scaffold. Cerebral Cortex 13,634–640 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• •Demonstrates the relationship of reelin to radial glial patterns in the hippocampus in animal models. Parallel studies are shown suggesting possible dysfunction of the reelin pathway in human epilepsy tissues.
   Google Scholar
• Maldonado M, Baybis M, Newman D et al. Expression of ICAM-1, TNF-a, NFKB and MAPK in tubers of the tuberous sclerosis complex. NeurobioL Dis. 14, 279–290 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan W Yoshida M, Wu XR, Huntley GW, Colman DR. Neural N-cadherin a synaptic adhesion molecule is induced in hippocampal mossy fibre sprouts by seizures. j Neurosci. Res. 69,292–304 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita M, Aihara N, Yamamoto M et al. Regulation of rat hippocampal neural cadherin in kainic acid induced seizures. Neurosci. Lett. 297,13–16 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronica E, Troost D, Rozemuller AJ et al. Expression and regulation of voltage-gated sodium channel B1 subunit protein in human gliosis associated pathologies. Acta NeuropathoL 105,515–523 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vezzani A, Moneta D, Richichi C et al. Functional role of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in seizures. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 548,123–133 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cresper A, Coubes P, Rousset MC et al. Inflammatory reactions in human medial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Brain Res. 952,159–169 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempermann G, Jessberger S, Steiner B, Kronenberg G. Milestones of neuronal development in the adult hippocampus. Trends Neurosci. 27(8), 447–452(2004).
   Google Scholar
• Schousboe A. Role of astrocytes in the maintenance and modulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. Neurochem. Res. 28, 347–352 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifert G, Huttmann K, Schramm J, Steinhauser C. Enhanced relative expression of glutamate receptor subunits in hippocampal astrocytes of epilepsy patients with Ammon's horn sclerosis. Neurosci. 24,1996–2003 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avail M, Louvel J, Mattia D et aL Epileptiform synchronisation in the human dysplastic cortex. Epileptic Disord. 2, S45–550 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Najm I, Ying Z, Babb T et al. Mechanisms of epileptogenicity in cortical dysplasias. Neurology 62, S9—S13 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ••Review of the potential cellularmechanisms causing cortical dysplasia to be epieleptogenic, including alterations to glutamate and y-aminobutyric acid receptors.
   Google Scholar
• Urbach H, Scheffler B, Heinrichsmeier T et al. Focal cortical dysplasia of Taylor's Balloon cell type, A clinicopathological entity with characteristic neuroimaging and histopathological features and favourable post surgical outcome. Epilepsia 43,33–40 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avail M, Bernasconi A, Mattia D et al. Epileptiform discharges in the human dysplastic neocortex, in vitro physiology and pharmacology. Ann. Neurol 46, 816–826 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathern GW, Cepeda C, Hurst TS et al. Neuron recording from pediatric epilepsy surgery patients. Epilepsia 41, S162—S167 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• D'Antuono M, Louvel J, Kohling R et al. GABA a receptor-dependent synchronization leads to ictogenesis in the human dysplastic cortex. Brain 127, 1626–1640 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Ying Z, Babb TL, Comair YG et aL Induced expression of NMDAR2 proteins and differential expression of NMDAR1 splice variants in dysplastic neurons of human epileptic neocortex. I NeuropathoL Exp. NeuroL 57,47–62 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Najm IM, Ying Z, Babb T et aL Epileptogenicity correlated with increased NMDA receptor subunit NR2VB in human focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia 41, 971–976 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andre VM, Flores-Hernandez J, Cepeda C et aL NMDA receptor alterations in neurones from pediatric cortical dysplasia tissue. Cerebral Cortex 14,634–646 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronica E, Garter JA, Jansen GH et aL Expression and cell distribution of group I and group II metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in Taylor-type cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia 44,785–795 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loup F, Wiesere HG, Yonekawa Y et al. Selective alterations in GABAA receptor subtypes in human temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurosci. 20,5401–5419 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arelllano JI, Munoz A, Ballesteros-Yanez I, Sola RG, DeFelipe J. Histopathology and reorganisation of chandelier cells in the human epileptic sclerotic hippocampus. Brain 127,45–64 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• •Demonstrates reorganization of the chandelier cell terminals in the dentate gyms and hippocampus using immunohistochemistry.
   Google Scholar
• Magloczky Z, Winner L, Borhegyi Z et al. Changes in the distribution and connectivity of interneurons in the epileptic human dentate gyrus. Neuroscience 96, 7–25 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Parent JM, Yu TW, Leibowitz RT, Geschwind DH, Sloviter RS, Lowenstine DH. Dentate granule cell neurogenesis is increased by seizures and contributes to aberrant network reorganisation in the adult rat hippocampus. j Neurosci. 17, 3727–3738 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Blumcke I, Schewe JC, Normal S et al. Increase of nestin neuronal precursor cells in the dentate gyrus of pediatric patients with early-onset temporal lobe epilepsy. Hippocampus 11, 311–321 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Rao MS, Shetty AK. Efficacy of doublecortin as a marker to analyse the absolute number and dendritic growth of newly generated neurons in the adult dentate gyrus. Eur. j Neurosci. 19, 234–246 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huttmann K, Sadgrove M, Wallraff et al. Seizures preferentially stimulate proliferation of radial glial like astrocytes in the dentate gyrus, functional and immunohistochemical analysis. Eur. Neurosci. 18,2769–2778 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seri B, Garda-Verdugo JM, McEwen BS, Alvarez-Buylla A. Astrocytes give rise to new neurons in the adult mammalian hippocampus.j Neurosci. 21,7153–7160 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell OW, Scharfman HE, Herzog H, Sundstrom LE, Beck-Sickinger A, Gray WP. Neuropeptide Y is neuroproliferative for post-natal hippocampal precursor cells. J. Neurochem. 86,646–659 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Sisodiya SM, Lin WR, Harding BN et al. Drug resistance in epilepsy; expression of drug resistance proteins in common causes of refractory epilepsy. Bruin 125, 22–31 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remy S, Gabriel S, Urban BW et al. A novel mechanism underlying drug resistance in chronic epilepsy. Ann. Neural. 52,469–479 (1997).
   Google Scholar