139
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Treatment options and paradigms in childhood temporal lobe epilepsy

&
Pages 785-801 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Bourgeois BF. Temporal lobe epilepsy in infants and children. Brain Dev. 20(3), 135–141 (1998).
  • Wieser HG. Surgically remediable temporal lobe syndromes. In: Surgical Treatment of the Epilepsies, Second Edition. Engel J Jr (Ed.). Raven Press, NY, USA, 49–63 (1993).
  • Bratz E. Ammonshornebefunde bei epileptikern. Arch. Psychiatr. Nervenkr. 32, 820–835 (1899).
  • French JA, Williamson PD, Thadani VM et al. Characteristics of medial temporal lobe epilepsy I. Results of history and physical examination. Ann. Neurol. 34, 774–780 (1993).
  • Mathern GW, Babb TL, Vickrey BG, Melendez M, Pretorius JK. The clinical-pathogenic mechanisms of hippocampal neurone loss and surgical outcomes in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain 118, 105–118 (1995).
  • Babb TL, Kupfer WR, Pretorius JK, Crandall PH, Levesque MF. Synaptic reorganization by mossy fibers in human epileptic fascia dentata. Neuroscience 42(2), 351–363 (1991).
  • Sutula T, Cascino G, Cavazos J, Parada I, Ramirez L. Mossy fiber synaptic reorganization in the epileptic human temporal lobe. Ann. Neurol. 26(3), 321–330 (1989).
  • Houser CR, Miyashiro JE, Swartz BE, Walsh GO, Rich JR, Delgado-Escueta AV. Altered patterns of dynorphin immunoreactivity suggest mossy fiber reorganization in human hippocampal epilepsy. J. Neurosci. 10(1), 267–282 (1990).
  • Mathern GW, Pretorius JK, Babb TL. Quantified patterns of mossy fiber sprouting and neurone densities in hippocampal and lesional seizures. J. Neurosurg. 82(2), 211–219 (1995).
  • Mathern GW, Pretorius JK, Babb TL. Influence of the type of initial precipitating injury and at what age it occurs on course and outcome in patients with temporal lobe seizures. J. Neurosurg. 82(2), 220–227 (1995).
  • Krishnan B, Armstrong DL, Grossman RG, Zhu ZQ, Rutecki PA, Mizrahi EM. Glial cell nuclear hypertrophy in complex partial seizures. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 53(5), 502–507 (1994).
  • Cendes F, Andermann F, Dubeau F et al. Early childhood prolonged febrile convulsions, atrophy and sclerosis of mesial structures and temporal lobe epilepsy: an MRI volumetric study. Neurology 43, 1083–1087 (1993).
  • Hudson LP, Munoz DG, Miller L et al. Amygdaloid sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann. Neurol. 33, 622–631 (1993).
  • Hufnagel A, Elger CE, Pels H et al. Prognostic significance of ictal and interictal activity in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 35, 1146–1153 (1994).
  • So N, Olivier A, Andermann F, Gloor P, Quesney LF. Results of surgical treatments in patients with bitemporal epileptiform abnormalities. Ann. Neurol. 25, 432–439 (1989).
  • Williamson PD, French JA, Thadani VM et al. Characteristics of medial temporal lobe epilepsy II. Interictal and ictal scalp electroencephalography, neuropsychological testing, neuroimaging, surgical results and pathology. Ann. Neurol. 34, 781–787 (1993).
  • Falconer MA. Genetic and other related etiologic factors in temporal lobe epilepsy: a review. Epilepsia 12, 13–31 (1971).
  • Falconer MA. Mesial temporal sclerosis as a common cause of epilepsy: aetiology, treatment and prevention. Lancet 2, 767–770 (1974).
  • Sagar HJ, Oxbury JM. Hippocampal neurone loss in temporal lobe epilepsy: correlation with early childhood convulsions. Ann. Neurol. 22, 334–340 (1987).
  • Margerison JH, Corsellis JAN. Epilepsy in the temporal lobes. Brain 89, 499–530 (1966)
  • King DW, Ajmone-Marsan C. Clinical features and ictal patterns in epileptic patients with EEG temporal lobe foci. Ann. Neurol. 2, 138–147 (1977).
  • Duncan JS, Sagar HJ. Seizure characteristics, pathology, and outcome after temporal lobectomy. Neurology 37(3), 405–409 (1987).
  • Palmini A, Gloor P. The localizing value of auras in partial seizures: a prospective and retrospective study. Neurology 42, 801–808 (1992).
  • Van Buren JM. The abdominal aura: a study of abdominal sensations occurring in epilepsy and produced by depth stimulation. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 15, 1–19 (1963).
  • Kotagal P, Lüders H, Morris HH et al. Dystonic posturing in complex partial seizures of temporal lobe onset: a new lateralizing sign. Neurology 39, 196–201(1989).
  • Fakhoury T, Abou-Khalil B. Association of ipsilateral head turning and dystonia in temporal lobe seizures. Epilepsia 36(11), 1065–1070 (1995).
  • Newton MR, Berkovic SF, Austin MC, Reutens DC, McKayWJ, Bladin PF. Dystonia, clinical lateralization, and regional blood flow changes in temporal lobe seizures. Neurology 42(2), 371–377 (1992).
  • Cascino GD, Jack CR Jr, Parisi JE et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-based volume studies in temporal lobe epilepsy: pathological correlations. Ann. Neurol. 30(1), 31–36 (1991).
  • Ebner A, Hoppe M. Noninvasive electroencephalography and mesial temporal sclerosis. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 12(1), 23–31 (1995).
  • Ebersole JS, Pacia SV. Localization of temporal lobe foci by ictal EEG patterns. Epilepsia 37(4), 386–399 (1996).
  • King D, Spencer S. Invasive electroencephalography in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 12(1), 32–45 (1995).
  • Duchowny M, Levin B, Jayakar P et al. Temporal lobectomy in early childhood. Epilepsia 33(2), 298–303 (1992).
  • Wyllie E, Comair YG, Kotagal P, Bulacio J, Bingaman W, Ruggieri P. Seizure outcome after epilepsy surgery in children and adolescents. Ann. Neurol. 44(5), 740–748 (1998).
  • Brockhaus A, Elger CE. Complex partial seizures of temporal lobe origin in children of different age groups. Epilepsia 36(12), 1173–1181 (1995).
  • Fogarasi A, Jokeit H, Faveret E, Janszky J, Tuxhorn I. The effect of age on seizure semiology in childhood temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 43(6), 638–643(2002).
  • Dravet C, Catani C, Bureau M, Roger J. Partial epilepsies in infancy: a study of 40 cases. Epilepsia 30(6), 807–812 (1989).
  • Yamamoto N, Watanabe K, Negoro T et al. Complex partial seizures in children: ictal manifestations and their relation to clinical course. Neurology 37(8), 1379–1382 (1987).
  • Oller-Daurella L, Oller LF. Partial epilepsy with seizures appearing in the first three years of life. Epilepsia 30(6), 820–826(1989).
  • Hamer HM, Wyllie E, Luders HO, Kotagal P, Acharya J. Symptomatology of epileptic seizures in the first three years of life. Epilepsia 40(7), 837–844 (1999).
  • Acharya JN, Wyllie E, Luders HO, Kotagal P, Lancman M, Coelho M. Seizure symptomatology in infants with localization-related epilepsy. Neurology 48(1), 189–196 (1997).
  • Wyllie E, Chee M, Granstrom ML et al. Temporal lobe epilepsy in early childhood. Epilepsia 34(5), 859–868 (1993).
  • Commission on classification and terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Proposal for classification of epilepsies and epilepsy syndromes. Epilepsia 26, 268–278 (1985).
  • Wyllie E. Developmental aspects of seizure semiology: problems in identifying localized-onset seizures in infants and children. Epilepsia 36(12), 1170–1172 (1995).
  • Chugani HT, Shields WD, Shewmon DA, Olson DM, Phelps ME, Peacock WJ. Infantile spasms: I. PET identifies focal cortical dysgenesis in cryptogenic cases for surgical treatment. Ann. Neurol. 27(4), 406–413 (1990).
  • Shinnar S, Berg AT, Moshe SL et al. The risk of seizure recurrence after a first unprovoked afebrile seizure in childhood: an extended follow-up. Pediatrics 98(2 Pt 1), 216–225 (1996).
  • Shinnar S, Berg AT. Does anti-epileptic drug therapy prevent the development of ‘chronic’ epilepsy? Epilepsia 47(2), 562–568 (1996).
  • Camfield P, Camfield C, Dooley J, Smith E, Garner B. A randomized study of carbamazepine versus no medication after a first unprovoked seizure in childhood. Neurology 39(6), 851–852 (1989).
  • Musicco M, Beghi E, Solari A, Viani F. Treatment of first tonic-clonic seizure does not improve the prognosis of epilepsy. First Seizure Trial Group (FIRST Group). Neurology 49(4), 991–998 (1997).
  • Hauser WA, Rich SS, Lee JR, Annegers JF, Anderson VE. Risk of recurrent seizures after two unprovoked seizures. N. Engl. J. Med. 338(7), 429–434 (1998).
  • Canadian Study Group for Childhood Epilepsy. Clobazam has equivalent efficacy to carbamazepine and phenytoin as monotherapy for childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia 39, 952–959 (1998).
  • De Silva M, MacArdle B, McGowan M et al. Randomised comparative monotherapy trial of phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, or sodium valproate for newly diagnosed childhood epilepsy. Lancet 347(9003), 709–713 (1996).
  • Verity CM, Hosking G, Easter DJ. A multicentre comparative trial of sodium valproate and carbamazepine in paediatric epilepsy. The Paediatric EPITEG Collaborative Group. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 37(2), 97–108 (1995).
  • Bourgeois BF. New anti-epileptic drugs. Arch. Neurol. 55, 1181–1183 (1998).
  • Bourgeois BF. New anti-epileptic drugs in children: which ones for which seizures? Clin. Neuropharm. 23(3), 119–132 (2000).
  • French JA, Kanner JM, Bautista J et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the new anti-epileptic drugs I: treatment of new onset epilepsy: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee and Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology 62(8), 1261–1273 (2004).
  • French JA, Kanner JM, Bautista J et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the new anti-epileptic drugs II: treatment of refractory epilepsy: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee and Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology 62(8), 1252–1260 (2004).
  • Berg AT, Levy SR, Novotny EJ, Shinnar S. Predictors of intractable epilepsy in childhood: a case-control study. Epilepsia 37(1), 24–30 (1996).
  • Chawla S, Aneja S, Kashyap R, Mallika V. Etiology and clinical predictors of intractable epilepsy. Pediatr. Neurol. 27(3), 186–191 (2002)
  • Kong KL, Sung WY, Wong SN, So KT. Early predictors of medical intractability in childhood epilepsy. Pediatr. Neurol. 29(1), 46–52 (2003).
  • Dlugos DJ, Samuel MD, Strom BL, Farrar JT. Response to first drug trial predicts outcome in childhood temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 57(12), 2259–2264 (2001).
  • Rosenow F, Luders H. Presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. Brain 124(Pt 9), 1683–1700 (2001).
  • Kim R, Spencer D. Surgery for Mesial Temporal Sclerosis. In: Epilepsy Surgery. Second Edition. Luders HO, Comair YG (Eds). Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 643–652 (2001).
  • Goldstein LH, Polkey CE. Short-term cognitive changes after unilateral temporal lobectomy or unilateral amygdalo-hippocampectomy for the relief of temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 56(2), 135–140 (1993).
  • Arruda F, Cendes F, Andermann F et al. Mesial atrophy and outcome after amygdalohippocampectomy or temporal lobe removal. Ann. Neurol. 40(3), 446–450 (1996).
  • Clusmann H, Schramm J, Kral T et al. Prognostic factors and outcome after different types of resection for temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurosurg. 97(5), 1131–1141 (2002).
  • Clusmann H, Kral T, Gleissner U et al. Analysis of different types of resection for pediatric patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurosurgery 54(4), 847–860 (2004).
  • Mohamed A, Wyllie E, Ruggieri P et al. Temporal lobe epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis in pediatric candidates for epilepsy surgery. Neurology 56(12), 1643–1649 (2001).
  • Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, Eliasziw M. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 345(5), 311–318 (2001).
  • Engel J Jr, Wiebe S, French J et al. Practice parameter: temporal lobe and localized neocortical resections for epilepsy. Epilepsia 44(6), 741–751 (2003).
  • Cataltepe O, Turanli G, Yalnizoglu D, Topcu M, Akalan N. Surgical management of temporal lobe tumor-related epilepsy in children. J. Neurosurg. 102(Suppl. 3), 280–287 (2005).
  • Terra-Bustamante VC, Inuzuca LM, Fernandes RM et al. Temporal lobe epilepsy surgery in children and adolescents: clinical characteristics and post-surgical outcome. Seizure 14(4), 274–281 (2005).
  • Sylaja PN, Radhakrishnan K, Kesavadas C, Sarma PS. Seizure outcome after anterior temporal lobectomy and its predictors in patients with apparent temporal lobe epilepsy and normal MRI. Epilepsia 45(7), 803–808 (2004).
  • Assaf BA, Ebersole JS. Visual and quantitative ictal EEG predictors of outcome after temporal lobectomy. Epilepsia 40(1), 52–61 (1999).
  • Gilliam F, Bowling S, Bilir E et al. Association of combined MRI, interictal EEG, and ictal EEG results with outcome and pathology after temporal lobectomy. Epilepsia 38(12), 1315–1320 (1997).
  • Goldstein R, Harvey AS, Duchowny M et al. Preoperative clinical, EEG, and imaging findings do not predict seizure outcome following temporal lobectomy in childhood. J. Child. Neurol. 11(6), 445–450 (1996).
  • Salanova V, Markand O, Worth R. Longitudinal follow-up in 145 patients with medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy treated surgically between 1984 and 1995. Epilepsia 40(10), 1417–1423 (1999).
  • Tellez-Zenteno JF, Dhar R, Wiebe S. Long-term seizure outcomes following epilepsy surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain 128(Pt 5), 1188–1198 (2005).
  • Fish DR, Smith SJ, Quesney LF, Andermann F, Rasmussen T. Surgical treatment of children with medically intractable frontal or temporal lobe epilepsy: results and highlights of 40 years’ experience. Epilepsia 34(2), 244–247 (1993).
  • Keene DL, Higgins MJ, Ventureyra EC. Outcome and life prospects after surgical management of medically intractable epilepsy in patients under 18 years of age. Childs Nerv. Syst. 13(10), 530–535 (1997).
  • Iannelli A, Guzzetta F, Battaglia D, Iuvone L, Di Rocco C. Surgical treatment of temporal tumors associated with epilepsy in children. Pediatr. Neurosurg. 32(5), 248–254 (2000).
  • Paolicchi JM, Jayakar P, Dean P et al. Predictors of outcome in pediatric epilepsy surgery. Neurology 54(3), 642–647 (2000).
  • Jarrar RG, Buchhalter JR, Meyer FB, Sharbrough FW, Laws E. Long-term follow-up of temporal lobectomy in children. Neurology 59(10), 635–637 (2002).
  • Wheless JW. Vagus nerve stimulation. In: The Treatment of Epilepsy. Third Edition. Wyllie E (Ed.). Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1007–1018 (2001).
  • Alsaadi TM, Laxer KD, Barbaro NM, Marks WJ Jr, Garcia PA. Vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of bilateral independent temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 42(7), 954–956 (2001).
  • Kuba R, Brazdil M, Novak Z, Chrastina J, Rektor I. Effect of vagal nerve stimulation on patients with bitemporal epilepsy. Eur. J. Neurol. 10(1), 91–94 (2003).
  • Nordli DR Jr, De Vivo DC. The ketogenic diet. In: The Treatment of Epilepsy. Third Edition. Wyllie E (Ed). Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1001–1006 (2001).
  • Schwartz RH, Eaton J, Bower BD, Aynsley-Green A. Ketogenic diets in the treatment of epilepsy: short-term clinical effects. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 31(2), 145–151 (1989).
  • Noh HS, Kim YS, Lee HP et al. The protective effect of a ketogenic diet on kainic acid-induced hippocampal cell death in the male ICR mice. Epilepsy Res. 53(1–2), 119–128 (2003).
  • Loscher W, Schmidt T. New horizons in the development of anti-epileptic drugs: the search for new targets. Epilepsy Res. 60(2–3), 77–159 (2004).
  • Bialer M, Johanessen SI, Kupferberg HJ, Levy RH, Perucca E, Tomson T. Progress report on new anti-epileptic drugs: a summary of the Seventh Eilat Conference (EILAT VII). Epilepsy Res. 61(1–3), 1–48 (2004).
  • French J. Anti-epileptic drug development. In: The Treatment of Epilepsy (Third Edition). Wyllie E (Ed.), Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 719–727 (2001).
  • Mizrahi EM, Kellaway P, Grossman RG et al. Anterior temporal lobectomy and medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy of childhood. Epilepsia 31(3), 302–312 (1990).
  • Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 342(5), 314–319 (2000).
  • Momjian S, Seghier M, Seeck M, Michel CM. Mapping of the neuronal networks of human cortical brain functions. Adv. Tech. Stand. Neurosurg. 28, 91–142 (2003).

Websites

  • American Epilepsy Society www.aesnet.org/Visitors/PatientsPractice/aed/index.cfm (Accessed October 2005)
  • Early Randomized Epilepsy Trial www.erset.org (Accessed October 2005)

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.