New insights into brain dysfunction in migraine

References

• Wolff HG. Headache and Other Head Pain. Second edtion. Oxford University Press, New York, USA (1963).
   Google Scholar
• Lashley KS. Patterns of cerebral integration indicated by the scotomas of migraine. Arch. Neurol. Psych. 46, 331–339 (1941).
   Google Scholar
• Leao AAP. Spreading depression of activity in the cerebral cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 8, 379–390 (1944).
   Google Scholar
• Teive HAG, Kowacs PA, Maranhão Filho P, Piovesan EJ, Werneck LC. Leão’s cortical spreading depression: from experimental “artifact” to physiological principle. Neurology 65, 1455–1459 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch KMA, D’ Andrea G, Tepley N, Barkley G, Ramadan NM. The concept of migraine as a state of central neuronal hyperexcitabiliy. Neurol. Clin. 8, 817–828 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ophoff RA, Terwindt GM, Vergouwe MN et al. Familial hemiplegic migraine and episodic ataxia type-2 are caused by mutations in the Ca+2 channel gene CACNL1A4. Cell 87, 543–552 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao Y, Welch KMA, Aurora SK, Vikingstad EM. Functional MRI-BOLD of visually triggered headache and visual change in migraine sufferers. Arch. Neurol. 56, 548–554 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner-Medwin AR, Bruggen NV, Williams SR, Ahier RG. Magnetic resonance imaging of propagating waves of spreading depression in the anaesthetised rat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14, 7–11 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Hadjikhani N, Sanchez Del Rio M, Wu O et al. Mechanisms of migraine aura revealed by functional MRI in human visual cortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98(8), 4687–4692 (2001)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez del Rio M, Bakker D, Wu O et al. Perfusion weighted imaging during migraine spontaneous visual aura and headache. Cephalalgia 19(8), 701–707 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowyer SM, Okada YC, Papuashvili N et al. Analysis of MEG signals of spreading cortical depression with propagation constrained to a rectangular cortical strip: I. lissencephalic rabbit model. Brain Research 843, 79–86 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowyer SM, Tepley N, Papuashvili N et al. Analysis of MEG signals of spreading cortical depression with propagation constrained to a rectangular cortical strip: II. Gyrencephalic swine model. Brain Res. 843, 71–78 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley GL, Tepley N, Nagel-Leiby S, Moran JE, Simkins RT, Welch KMA. Magnetoencephalograhic studies of migraine. Headache 30(7), 428–434 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowyer SM, Aurora SK, Moran JE, Tepley N, Welch KMA. Magnetoencephalographic fields from patients with spontaneous and induced migraine aura. Ann. Neurol. 50, 582–587 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowyer SM, Moran JE, Tepley N, Mitsias PD. Cortical hyperexcitability in a migraine patient before and after sodium valproate treatment. J. Clin. Neurophys. 22, 65–67 (2005)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raskin NH, Hosobuchi Y, Lamb S. Headache may arise from perturbation of the brain. Headache 27, 416–420 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskowitz MA. The neurobiology of vascular head pain. Ann. Neurol. 15, 157–168 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goadsby PJ, Gundlach AL. Localization of 3H-dihydroergotamine-binding sites in cat central nervous system: relevance to migraine. Ann. Neurol. 29, 91–94 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longmore J, Shaw D, Smith D et al. Differential distribution of 5-HT 1D and 5-HT 1B immunoreactivity within the human trigemino-cerebrovascular system: implications for the discovery of new anti-migraine drugs. Cephalalagia 17, 835–842 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Weiller C, May A, Limmroth V et al. Brainstem activation in spontaneous human migraine attacks. Nature Med. 1, 658–660 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch KMA, Cao Y, Aurora SK, Wiggins G, Vikingstad EM. MRI of the occipital cortex, red nucleus, and substantia nigra during visual aura of migraine. Neurology 51, 1465–1469 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao Y, Aurora SK, Vikingstad EM, Patel SC, Welch KMA. Functional MRI of the red nucleus and occipital cortex during visual stimulation of subjects with migraine. Cepahalagia 19, 462 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Iadarola MJ, Berman KF, Zeffiro TA et al. Neural activation during acute capsaicin-evoked pain and allodynia assessed with PET. Brain. 121(Pt 5), 931–947 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch KMA, Nagesh V, Aurora SK, Gelman N. Periaqueductal gray matter dysfunction in migraine: cause or the burden of illness. Headache 41, 629–637 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahra A, Matharu MS, Buchel C, Frackowiak RSI, Goadsby PJ. Brainstem activation specific to migraine headache. Lancet 357, 1016–1017 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight YE, Goadsby PJ. The periaqueductal grey matter modulates trigeminovascular input: a role in migraine? Neuroscience 106, 793–800 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight YE, BartschT, Kaube H, GoadsbyPJ. P/Q-type calcium-channel blockade in the periaqueductal gray facilitates trigeminal nociception: a functional genetic link for migraine. J. Neurosci. 22, 1–6 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolay M, Reuter U, Dunn A, Huang Z, Boas D, Moskowitz M. Intrinsic brain activity triggers trigeminal meningeal afferents in a migraine model. Nature Med. 8(2), 136–142 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olesen J, Iversen HK, Thomsen LL. Nitric oxide supersensitivity: a possible molecular mechanism of migraine pain. Neuroreport 4, 1027–1030 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter U, Bolay H, Jansen-Olsen I et al. Delayed inflammation in rat meninges: implications for migraine pathophysiology. Brain 124, 2490–2502 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read SJ, Smith MI, Hunter AJ, Parsons AA. Enhanced nitric oxide release during cortical spreading depression following infusion of glyceryl trinitrate in the anaesthetized cat. Cephalalgia 17(3), 159–165 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepien A, Chalimoniuk M. Level of nitric oxide-dependent cGMP in patients with migraine. Cephalalgia 18, 631–634 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronseth GS. Greenberg MK. The utility of the electroencephalogram in the evaluation of patients presenting with headache: a review of the literature. Neurology 45(7), 1263–1267 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golla FL, Winter AL. Analysis of cerebral responses to flicker in patients complaining of episodic headache. Electroencephalopgr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 53, 270–276 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon RH, Zimmerman AW, Tasman A, Hale MS. Spectral analysis of photic stimulation in migraine. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 53(3), 270–276 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pechadre JC, Gibert J. Demonstration, by the cartographic test, of an unusual reaction to intermittent light stimulation in patients with migraine. Encephale 13(4), 245–247 (1987).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nyrke T, Kangasniemi P, Lang AH. Difference of steady-state visual evoked potential in classic and common migraine. Electroencephalopgr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 73, 284–294 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Nyrke T, Kangasniemi P, Lang AH. Steady-state visual evoked potentials during migraine prophylaxis by propranolol and femoxetine. Acta Neurol. Scand. 69, 9–14 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Schoenen J, Wang W, Albert A, Delwaide PJ. Potentiation instead of habituation characterizes visual evoked potentials in migraine patients between attacks. Eur. J. Neurol. 2, 115–122 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Afra J, Cecchini AP, DePasqua V, Albert A, Schoenen J. Visual evoked potentials during long periods of pattern-reversal stimualtion in migraine. Brain 121(Pt 2), 233–241 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Timsit-Berthier M, Schoenen J. Intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials is pronounced in migraine: an indication of cortical potentiation and low serotonergic neurotransmission? Neurology 46, 1404–1409 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cecchini AP, Afra J, Schoenen J. Intensity dependence of the cortical auditory evoked potentials as a surrogate marer of CNS serotonin transmision in man: demonstration of a central effect for the 5-HT1B/1D agonist zomitriptan (311C90, Zomig). Cephalalgia 17, 1–18 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Barker AT, Freeston IL, Jalinous R, Jarratt JA. Magnetic stimulation of the human brain and peripheral nervous system: an introduction and the results of an initial clinical evaluation. Neurosurgery 20, 100–109 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet 1, 1106–1107 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maertens de Noordhout AL, Pepin JL, Schoenen J, Delwaide PJ. Percutaneous magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in migraine. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 85, 110–115 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bettucci D, Cantello R, Gianelli M, Naldi P, Mutani R. Menstrual migraine without aura: cortical excitability to magnetic stimulation. Headache 32, 345–347 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kamp W, Maassenvandenbrink A, Ferrari MD, vanDijk JG. Interictal cortical hyperexcitability in migraine patients demonstrated with transcranial magnetic stimulation. J. Neurol. Sci. 139, 106–110 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kamp W, Maassenvandenbrink A, Ferrari MD, vanDijk JG. Interictal cortical excitability to magnetic stimulation in familial hemiplegic migraine. Neurology 48, 1462–1464 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werhahn KJ, Förderreuther S, Straube A. Effects of serotonin 1B/1D receptor agonist zolmitriptan on motor cortical excitability in humans. Neurology 51, 896–898 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afra J, Mascia A, Gérard P, Maertens de Noordhout A, Schoenen J. Interictal cortical excitability in migraine: a study using transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor and visual cortices. Ann. Neurol. 44, 209-215 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aurora SK, Al-Sayed F, Welch KMA. The cortical silent period is shortened in migraine with aura. Cephalalgia 19, 708–712 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aurora SK, Al-Sayed F, Welch KMA. The threshold for magnetophoshenes is lower in migraine. Neurology 52(6), A472 (1999).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aurora SK, Welch KMA. Phosphene generation in migraine. Ann. Neurol. 45, 416. (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggugia M, Zibetti M, Febbraro A, Mutani R. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in migraine with aura: further evidence of occipital cortex hyperexcitability. Cephalalgia 19, 465 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Aurora SK, Cao Y, Bowyer SM, Welch KMA. The occipital cortex is hyperexcitable in migraine; evidence from TMS, fMRI and MEG studies (Wolff Award). Headache 39, 469–476 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battelli L, Black KR, Wray SH. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of visual area V5 in migraine. Neurology 58, 1066–1069 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aurora SK, Barrodale P, Chronicle EP, Mulleners WM. Cortical inhibition is reduced in chronic and episodic migraine and demonstrates a spectrum of illness. Headache 45, 546–552 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar