Gender disparities in Parkinson’s disease

References

• Wooten GF, Currie LJ, Bovbjerg VE, Lee JK, Patrie J. Are men at greater risk for Parkinson’s disease than women? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych. 75, 637–639 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson Study Group. DATATOP: a multicenter controlled clinical trial in early Parkinson’s disease. Arch. Neurol. 46, 1052–1060 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons KE, Hubble JP, Troster AI, Pahwa R, Koller WC. Gender differences in Parkinson’s disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 21, 118–121 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajput MI, Rajput A, Rajput AH. Gender differences in Parkinson’s disease presentation in a movement disorder clinic. Mov. Disord. 19(9), 1118–1134 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Scott B, Borgman A, Engler H, Johnels B, Aquilonius SM. Gender differences in Parkinson’s disease symptom profile. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 102(1), 37–43 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malecki EA, Vaughan CG, Anderson KE et al. What symptoms are most troubling to patients with Parkinson’s Disease. Neurology 62(Suppl. 5), A50 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Hariz GM, Hariz MI. Gender distribution in surgery for Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 6(3), 155–157 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hariz GM, Lindberg M, Hariz MI, Bergenheim AT. Gender differences in disability and health-related quality of life in patients with Parkinson’ disease treated with stereotactic surgery. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 108(1), 28–37 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragonese P, D’Amelio M, Salemi G et al. Risk of Parkinson disease in women: effect of reproductive characteristics. Neurology 62, 2010–2014 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thulin P, Carter JH, Nichols MD, Kurth M, Nutt JG. Menstrual-cycle related changes in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 46, A376 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Kompoliti K, Comella CL, Jaglin JA, Leurgans S, Raman R, Goetz CG. Menstrual-related changes in motoric function in women with Parkinson's disease. Neurology 28, 55(10), 1572–1575 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Horstink MW, Strijkse E, Dulzen DE. Estrogen and Parkinson's disease. Adv. Neurol. 91, 107–114 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giladi N, Honigman S. Hormones and Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 45, 1028–1029 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Gao X, Dluzen DE. Tamoxifen abolishes estrogen’s neuroprotective effect upon methamphetamine neurotoxicity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Neuroscience. 103(2), 385–394 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behl C, Skutella T, Lezoualch F et al. Neuroprotection against oxidative stress by estrogens: structure-activity relationship. Mol. Pharmacol. 51, 535–541 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchet PJ, Fang J, Hyland K, Arnold LA, Mouradian MM, Chase TN. Short-term effects of high-dose 17[b] estradiol in postmenopausal PD patients: a crossover study. Neurology 53(1), 91–95 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Disshon KA, Dluzen DE. Estrogen reduces acute striatal dopamine responses in vivo to the neurotoxin MPP+ in female, but not male rats. Brain Res. 868(1), 95–104 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman Y, Bruce AJ, Cheng B, Mattson MP. Estrogens attenuate and corticosterone exacerbates excitotoxicity, oxidative injury and amyloid β peptide toxicity in hippocampal neurons. Neurochem. 66, 1836–1833 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenchappa RS, Diawakar L, Annepu J, Ravindranath V. Estrogen and neuroprotection: higher constitutive expression of glutaredoxin in female mice offers protection against MPTP-mediated neurodegeneration. FASEB J. 18, 1102–1104 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer CA, Rogers KL, Dorsa DM. Modulation of Bcl-2 expression – a potential component of estrogen protection in NT2 neurons. Neuroreport 9, 3565–3568 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Miller DB, Ali SF, O’Callaghan JP, Laws SC. The impact of gender and estrogen on striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 844, 153–165 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders-Pullman R. Estrogens and Neuroprotection. Endocrine. 21(1), 81–88 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman LM, Minagar A, Weiner WJ. The effect of pregnancy in Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 15(1), 132–135 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang KL, Ho SL, Lo SK. Estrogen improves motor disability in parkinsonian postmenopausal women with motor fluctuations. Neurology 54, 2292–2298 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt PJ, Nieman L, Danaceua MA et al. Estrogen replacement in perimenopause-related depression: a preliminary report. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 183(2), 414–420 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiklund I, Karlberg J, Mattsson LA. Quality of life of postmenopausal women on a regimen of transdermal estradiol therapy: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 168(3), 824–830 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Cognition and dementia. Obstet. Gynecol. 104(4 Suppl.), 25S–40S (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Grady D, Yaffe K, Kristof M, Lin F, Richards C, Barrett-Connor E. Effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on cognitive function: the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study. Am. J. Med. 113, 543–548 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumaker SA. Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the women’s health initiative memory study: a randomized control trial. JAMA 289(20), 2651–2662 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senanarong V, Vannasaeng S, Poungvarin N et al. Endogenous estradiol in elderly individuals: cognitive and non-cognitive associations. Arch. Neurol. 59, 385–389, (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thulin PC, Filoteo JV, Roberts JW, O'Brien SA. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on cognitive and motor function in women with Parkinson's disease. Neurology 50(Suppl.4), A280 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Marder K, Tang MX, Alfaro B et al. Postmenopausal estrogen use and Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia. Neurology 50, 1141–1143 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumaker SA, Legault C, Kuller L et al. Conjugated equine estrogens and incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA 291, 2947–2958 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Women’s Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the WHI randomized control trial. JAMA 291(14), 1701–1712 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner CM, Goldman SM. Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. Neurol. Clin. 14(2), 317–335 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldereschi M, Di Carlo A, Rocca WA et al. Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonism in a longitudinal study: two fold higher incidence in men. Neurology 55, 1358–1363 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower JH, Maraganore DM, McDonnell SK, Rocca WA. Incidence and distribution of parkinsonism in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976–1990. Neurology 52(6), 1214–1220 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Diamond SG, Markham MD, Hoehn MD, McDowell FH, Muenter MD. An examination of male-female differences in progression and mortality of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 40, 763–766 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marras C, McDermott MP, Rochon PA et al and Parkinson Study group. Survival in Parkinson disease: thirteen-year follow-up of DATATOP cohort. Neurology 64, 87–93 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernan MA. A meta-analysis of coffee drinking, cigarettes smoking and the risk of Parkinson’s disease. Ann. Neurol. 52, 276–284 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascherio A, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA et al. Caffeine, postmenopausal estrogen and risk of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 60, 790–795 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascherio A, Weisskopf MG, O’Reilly EJ et al. Coffee consumption, gender and parkinson’s disease mortality in the cancer prevention study II cohort: the modifying effects of estrogen. Am. J. Epidemiol. 160(10), 977–984 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu K, Xu Y, Brown-Jermyn D et al. Estrogen prevents neuroprotection by caffeine in the mouse MPTP model of Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurosci. 26(2), 535–541 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho SC, Woo J, Lee CM. Epidemiologic study of Parkinson's disease in Hong Kong. Neurology 39, 1314–1318 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner CM, Chen B, Wang W et al. Environmental factors and Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in China. Neurology 39, 660–664 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Schoenberg BS, Wang C et al. A prevalence survey of Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders in the People’s Republic of China. Arch. Neurol. 42, 655–657 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proulx M, de Courval FP, Wiseman MA, Panisset M. Salivary production in Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 20(2), 204–207 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyasaki JM, Martin W, Suchowersky O, Weiner WJ, Lang AE. Practice parameter: initiation of treatment for Parkinson’s disease: an evidence-based review. Neurology 58, 11–17 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schapira AH. Present and future drug treatment for Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 76(11), 1472–1478 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchowersky O. Parkinson's disease: medical treatment of moderate to advanced disease. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 2(4), 310–316 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ravina BM, Fagan SC, Hart RG et al. Neuroprotective agents for clinical trials in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic assessment. Neurology 60(8), 1234–1240 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson Study Group. Impact of deprenyl and tocopherol treatment on Parkinson’s disease in DATATOP patients requiring levodopa. Ann. Neurol. 39, 37–45 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Growden JH, Kieburtz K, McDermott MP et al. Levodopa improves motor function without impairing cognition in mild non-demented Parkinson’s disease patients. Neurology 50, 1327–1231 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zappia M, Annesi G, Nicoletti G et al. Sex differences in clinical and genetic determinants of levodopa peak-dose dyskinesias in Parkinson disease: an exploratory study. Arch. Neurol. 62, 601–605 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinelli P, Contin M, Scaglione C, Riva R, Albani F, Baruzzi A. Levodopa pharmacokinetics and dyskinesias: are there sex-related differences. Neurol. Sci. 24(3), 192–193 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zappia M, Crescibene L, Arabia G et al. Body weight influences pharmacokinetics of levodopa in Parkinson’s disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 25(2), 79–82 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kompoliti K. Gender and pramipexole effects on levodopa pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Neurology 58, 1412–1422 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright CE, Sisson TL, Ichhpurani AK, Peters GR. Steady-state pharmacokinetic properties of pramipexole in healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 37(6), 520–525 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorga KM. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of tolcapone: a review of early studies in volunteers. Neurology 50(5 Suppl. 5), S31–S38 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Parashos SA. Frequency, reasons, and risk factors of entacapone discontinuation in Parkinson disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 27(3), 119–123 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn NP, Marsden CD. Menstrual-related fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 1, 85–87 (1986).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiner WJ, Lang AE. In: Movement Disorders, a Comprehensive Survey. NY, USA: Futura (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Benedetti MD, Marganore DM, Bower JH et al. Hysterectomy, menopause, and estrogen use preceding Parkinson's disease: an exploratory case–control study. Mov. Disord. 16(5), 830–837 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popat RA, Van Den Eden SK, Tanner CM et al. Effect of reproductive factors and postmenopausal hormone use on the risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology 65, 383–390 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocca WA, Grossardt BR, Bower JH et al. The Mayo clinic cohort study of oopherectomy and aging: results for parkinsonism and Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 64(Suppl. 1) A283 (2005) [Abstract].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie LJ, Harrison MB, Trugman JM, Bennett JP, Wooten GF. Postmenopausal estrogen use affects risk for Parkinson disease. Arch. Neurol. 61, 886–888 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dluzen DE, McDermott JL. Developmental and genetic influences upon gender differences in methamphetamine-induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1025, 205–220 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedard P, Langelier P, Villeneuve A. Oestrogen and extrapyramidal system. Lancet 2, 1367–1368 (1977).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Session DR, Pearlstone MM, Jewelewicz R, Kelly AC. Estrogens and Parkinson’s disease. Med. Hypotheses 42, 280–282 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson TL, Certain ME. Estrogen mediated inhibition of dopamine transport in the striatum: regulation by G alpha i/o. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 511, 121–126 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Disshon KA, Boja JW, Dluzen DE. Inhibition of striatal dopamine transporter activity by 17B-estradiol. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 345, 207–211 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuppers E, Ivanova T, Karolezak M, Beyer C. Estrogen: a multifunctional messenger to nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. J. Neurocytol. 29, 375–385 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kita T, Wagner GC, Nakashima TJ. Current research on methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: animal models of monoamine disruption. Pharmacol. Sci. 92(3), 178–195 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Langston JW, Langston EB, Irwin I. MPTP-induced parkinsonism in human and non-human primates-clinical and experimental aspects. Acta. Neurol. Scand. (Suppl.) 100, 49–54 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Kenchappa RS, Reandrancth V. Glutaredoxin is essential for maintenance of brain mitochondrial complex I: studies with MPTP. FASEB J. 17(6), 717–719 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene RA. The role of reproductive hormones in maintaining cognition. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. 29(3), 437–453 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer CA, Figueroa-Mascot XA, Batchelor RH et al. The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathaway mediates estrogen neuroprotection after glutamate toxicity in primary cortical neurons. J. Neurosci. 19, 2455–2463 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dluzen DE, Horstink M. Estrogen as a neuroprotectant of nigrostriatal dopaminergic system: laboratory and clinical studies. Endocrine 21, 67–76 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaasinen V, Nurmi E, Bruck A et al. Increased frontal [18F]fluorodopa uptake in early Parkinson’s disease: sex differences in the prefrontal cortex. Brain 124, 1125–1130 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie T, Ho SL, Ramsden D. Characterization and implications of estrogenic down-regulation of human catechol-O-methyltransferase gene transcription. Mol. Pharmacol. 56(1), 31–38 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudikoua B, Szumlanski C, Maidak B, Weinschilboum R. Human liver catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 48(4), 381–389 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang H, Xie T, Ramsden DB, Ho SL. Human catechol-O-methyltransferase down-regulation by estradiol. Neuropharmacology 45, 1011–1018 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders-Pullman R, Gordon-Elliott J, Parides M et al. The effect of estrogen replacement on early Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 52(7), 1417–1421 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez HH, Lapane KL. Estrogen use among nursing home residents with a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 15(6), 1119–1124 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koller WC, Barr A, Biary N. Estrogen treatment of dyskinetic disorders. Neurology 32, 547–549 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayeux R, Denaro J, Hemeneildo N, Marder M-X, Cote LJ, Stern Y. A population-based investigation of Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia. Relationship to age and gender. Arch. Neurol. 49, 492–497 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naessen T, Lindmark B, Larsen HC. Better postural balance in elderly women receiving estrogens. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 177(2), 412–416 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seely, DG, Cauley JA, Grady D et al. Is Postmenopausal estrogen therapy associated with neuromuscular function or falling in elderly women? Arch. Intern. Med. 155, 293–299 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strijks E, Kremer JA, Horstink MW. Effects of sex steroids on Parkinson’s disease in postmenopausal women. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 22, 93–97 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kompoliti K. Estrogen and Parkinson's disease. Front. Biosci. 1(8), s391–s400 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Shulman LM. Is there a connection between estrogen and Parkinson’s disease? Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 8, 289–295 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar