Clinical utility and pharmacology of high-dose methotrexate in the treatment of primary CNS lymphoma

References

• Freeman C, Berg JW, Cutler SJ. Occurrence and prognosis of extranodal lymphomas. Cancer29, 252–260 (1972).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine HA, Mayer RJ. Primary central nervous system lymphoma. Ann. Intern. Med.119, 1093–1104 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller DC, Hochberg FH, Harris NL, Gruber ML, Louis DN, Cohen H. Pathology with clinical correlations of primary central nervous system non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The Massachusetts General Hospital experience 1958–1989. Cancer74, 1383–1397 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochberg FH, Miller DC. Primary central nervous system lymphoma. J. Neurosurg.68(6), 835–853 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corn BW, Marcus SM, Topham A, Hauck W, Curran WJ Jr. Will Central nervous system lymphoma be the most frequent brain tumor diagnosed in the year 2000? Cancer79, 2409–2413 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahsan H, Neugut AI, Bruce JN. Trends in incidence of primary malignant brain tumors in USA, 1981–1990. Int. J. Epidemiol.24, 1078–1085 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schabet M. Epidemiology of primary CNS lymphoma. J. Neurooncol.43, 199–201 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson JE, Janney CA, Rao RD et al. The continuing increase in the incidence of primary central nervous system non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer95, 1504–1510 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krogh-Jensen M, D'Amore F, Jensen MK et al. Clinicopathological features, survival and prognostic factors of primary central nervous system lymphomas: Trends in incidence of primary central nervous system lymphomas and primary malignant brain tumors in a well-defined geographical area. Population-based data from the Danish lymphoma Registry, LYFO, and the Danish cancer Registry. Leuk. Lymphoma19, 223–233 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krogh-Jensen M, d'Amore F, Jensen MK et al. Incidence, clinicopathological features and outcome of primary central nervous system lymphomas. Population-based data from a Danish lymphoma registry. Danish Lymphoma Study Group, LYFO. Ann. Oncol.5, 349–354 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plotkin SR, Batchelor TT. Primary nervous-system lymphoma. Lancet Oncol.2, 354–365 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferreri AJ, Abrey LE, Blay JY et al. Summary statement on primary central nervous system lymphomas from the Eighth International Conference on Malignant Lymphoma, Lugano, Switzerland, e12 to 15, 2002. J. Clin. Oncol.21, 2407–2414 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonstein W, Tabaddor K, Llena JF. Solitary primary CNS lymphoma: long term survival following total resection. Med. Oncol.15, 61–65 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrlinger U, Schabet M, Clemens M et al. Clinical presentation and therapeutic outcome in 26 patients with primary CNS lymphoma. Acta. Neurol. Scand.97, 257–264 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferracini R. Primary malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the central nervous system in immunocompetent patients: diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic criteria. Pathologica89, 146–154 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bromberg JE, Siemers MD, Taphoorn MJ. Is a "vanishing tumor" always a lymphoma? Neurology59, 762–764 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson DF, Martz KL, Bonner H et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the brain: can high dose, large volume radiation therapy improve survival? Report on a prospective trial by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG), RTOG 8315. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.23, 9–17 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mead GM, Bleehen NM, Gregor A et al. A medical research council randomized trial in patients with primary cerebral non-Hodgkin lymphoma: cerebral radiotherapy with and without cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone chemotherapy. Cancer89, 1359–1370 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen PL, Chakravarti A, Finkelstein DM, Hochberg FH, Batchelor TT, Loeffler JS. Results of whole-brain radiation as salvage of methotrexate failure for immunocompetent patients with primary CNS lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 1507–1513 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omuro AM, Ben-Porat LS, Panageas KS et al. Delayed neurotoxicity in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Arch. Neurol.62, 1595–1600 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeAngelis LM, Seiferheld W, Schold SC, Fisher B, Schultz CJ. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study 93–10. Combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma: radiation therapy oncology group study 93–10. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 4643–4648 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeAngelis LM. Primary central nervous system lymphoma: a curable brain tumor. J. Clin. Oncol.21, 4471–4473 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine HA. Primary central nervous system lymphoma: time to ask the question. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 4615–4617 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Neill BP, O'Fallon JR, Earle JD, Colgan JP, Brown LD, Krigel RL. Primary central nervous system non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: survival advantages with combined initial therapy? Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.33, 663–673 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz C, Scott C, Sherman W et al. Preirradiation chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and dexamethasone for primary CNS lymphomas: initial report of radiation therapy oncology group protocol 88–06. J. Clin. Oncol.14, 556–564 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenkier TN, Voss N, Chhanabhai M et al. The treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma in 122 immunocompetent patients: a population-based study of successively treated cohorts from the British Columbia Cancer Agency. Cancer103, 1008–1017 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blay JY. Primary cerebral non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in non-immunocompromised Subjects. Bull. Cancer84, 976–980 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pech IV, Peterson K, Cairncross JG. Chemotherapy for brain tumors. Oncology12, 537–553 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreri AJ, Reni M, Villa E. Therapeutic management of primary central nervous system lymphoma: lessons from prospective trials. Ann. Oncol.11, 927–937 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrey LE, DeAngelis LM, Yahalom J. Long-term survival in primary CNS lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol.16, 859–863 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cher L, Glass J, Harsh GR, Hochberg FH. Therapy of primary CNS lymphoma with methotrexate-based chemotherapy and deferred radiotherapy: preliminary results. Neurology46, 1757–1759 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlborg SA, Petrillo A, Crossen JR et al. The potential for complete and durable response in nonglial primary brain tumors in children and young adults with enhanced chemotherapy delivery. Cancer J. Sci. Am.4, 110–124 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlegel U, Pels H, Glasmacher A et al. Combined systemic and intraventricular chemotherapy in primary CNS lymphoma: a pilot study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry71, 118–122 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batchelor TT, Carson K, O'Neill A et al. Treatment of primary CNS lymphoma with methotrexate and deferred radiotherapy: a report of NABTT 96–07. J. Clin. Oncol.21(6), 1044–1049 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrlinger U, Schabet M, Brugger W et al. German Cancer Society Neuro-Oncology Working Group NOA-03 multi-center trial of single-agent high-dose methotrexate for primary CNS lymphoma. Ann. Neurol.51(2), 247–252 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrey LE, Yahalom J, DeAngelis LM. Treatment for primary CNS lymphoma: the next step. J. Clin. Oncol.18(17), 3144–3150 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poortmans PM, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Haaxma-Reiche H et al. High-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy followed by consolidating radiotherapy in non-aids-related primary central nervous system lymphoma: European organization for research and treatment of cancer lymphoma group phase ii trial 20962. J. Clin. Oncol.21, 4483–4488 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omuro AM, DeAngelis LM, Yahalom J, Abrey LE. Chemoradiotherapy for primary CNS lymphoma: an intent-to-treat analysis with complete follow-up. Neurology64, 69–74 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrlinger U, Schabet M, Brugger W et al. Primary central nervous system lymphoma 1991–1997. Cancer91, 130–135 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batchelor TT, Kolak G, Ciordia R, Foster CS, Henson JW. High-dose methotrexate for intraocular lymphoma. Clin. Cancer Res.9, 711–715 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbai AA, Hochberg FH, Linggood RM, Bashir R, Hotleman K. High-dose methotrexate for non-AIDS primary central nervous system lymphoma. Report of 13 cases. J. Neurosurg.70(2), 190–194 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien PC, Roos DE, Liew KH et al. Preliminary results of combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy for non-AIDS primary central nervous system lymphoma. Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group (TROG). Med. J. Aust.165(8), 424–427 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferreri AJ, Reni M, Pasini F et al. A multicenter study of treatment of primary CNS lymphoma. Neurology58(10), 1513–1520 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeAngelis LM, Yahalom J, Thaler HT, Kher U. Combined modality therapy for primary CNS lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol.10(4), 635–643 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fliessbach K, Helmstaedter C, Urbach H et al. Neuropsychological outcome after chemotherapy for primary CNS lymphoma: a prospective study. Neurology64, 1184–1188 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fliessbach K, Urbach H, Helmstaedter C et al. Cognitive performance and magnetic resonance imaging findings after high-dose systemic and intraventricular chemotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma. Arch. Neurol.60, 563–568 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linnebank M, Pels H, Kleczar N et al. MTX-induced white matter changes are associated with polymorphisms of methionine metabolism. Neurology64, 912–973 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibamoto Y, Tsutsui K, Dodo Y, Yamabe H, Shima N, Abe M. Improved survival rate in primary intracranial lymphoma treated by high-dose radiation and systemic vincristine-doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide-prednisolone chemotherapy. Cancer65(9), 1907–1912 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brada M, Hjiyiannakis D, Hines F, Traish D, Ashley S. Short intensive primary chemotherapy and radiotherapy in sporadic primary CNS lymphoma (PCL). Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.40, 1157–1162 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlain MC, Levin VA. Adjuvant chemotherapy for primary lymphoma of the central nervous system. Arch. Neurol.47(10), 1113–1116 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuwelt EA, Goldman DL, Dahlborg SA et al. Primary CNS lymphoma treated with osmotic blood–brain barrier disruption: prolonged survival and preservation of cognitive function. J. Clin. Oncol.9(9), 1580–1590 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal MA, Sheridan WP, Green MD, Liew K, Fox RM. Primary cerebral lymphoma: an argument for the use of adjunctive systemic chemotherapy. Aust. NZ J. Surg.63(1), 30–32 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White JC. Reversal of methotrexate binding to dihydrofolate reductase by dihydrofolate. J. Biol. Chem.254, 4772–4774 (1979).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goulian M, Bleile B, Tseng BY. Methotrexate-induced misincorporation of uracil into DNA. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA77(4), 1956–1960 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar P, Kisliuk RL, Gaumont Y, Freisheim JH, Nair MG. Inhibition of human dihydrofolate reductase by antifolyl polyglutamates. Biochem. Pharmacol.38(3), 541–543 (1989).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGuire JJ, Coward JK. Pteroylpolyglutamates: biosynthesis, degradation, and function. In: Folates and Pterins Vol. 1 Chemistry and Biochemistry of Folates. Blakley RL, Benkovic SJ (Eds), John Wiley, NY, USA 135–190 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Kamen BA, Capdevila A. Receptor-mediated folate accumulation is regulated by the cellular folate content. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA83(16), 5983–5987 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antony AC, Kane MA, Portillo RM, Elwood PC, Kolhouse JF. Studies of the role of a particulate folate-binding protein in the uptake of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate by cultured human KB cells. J. Biol. Chem.260(28), 14911–1497 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamen BA, Wang MT, Streckfuss AJ, Peryea X, Anderson RG. Delivery of folates to the cytoplasm of MA104 cells is mediated by a surface membrane receptor that recycles. J. Biol. Chem.263(27), 13602–13609 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu E, Allegra C. Antifolates. In: Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy, 2nd edition. Chabner BA, Longo DL, (Eds), Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, USA 109–147 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Fabre I, Fabre G, Goldman ID. Polyglutamylation, an important element in methotrexate cytotoxicity and selectivity in tumor versus murine granulocytic progenitor cells in vitro. Cancer Res.44, 3190–3195 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry DW, Anderson LA, Borst M, Goldman ID. Analysis of the role of membrane transport and polyglutamation of methotrexate in gut and the Ehrlich tumor in vivo as factors in drug sensitivity and selectivity. Cancer Res.43(3), 1087–1092 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galivan J, Johnson T, Rhee M, McGuire JJ, Priest D, Kesevan V. The role of folylpolyglutamate synthetase and gamma-glutamyl hydrolase in altering cellular folyl- and antifolylpolyglutamates. Adv. Enzyme Regul.26, 147–155 (1987).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jolivet J, Chabner BA. Intracellular pharmacokinetics of methotrexate polyglutamates in human breast cancer cells. J. Clin. Invest.72, 773–778 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allegra CJ, Chabner BA, Drake JC. Enhanced inhibition of thymidylate synthase by methotrexate polyglutamates. J. Biol. Chem.260, 9720–9726 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamen BA, Whyte-Bauer W, Bertino JR. A mechanism of resistance to methotrexate. NADPH but not NADH stimulation of methotrexate binding to dihydrofolate reductase. Biochem. Pharmacol.32(12), 1837–1841 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirotnak FM, Chello PL, Moccio DM et al. Stereospecificity at carbon 6 of fomyltetrahydrofolate as a competitive inhibitor of transport and cytotoxicity of methotrexate in vitro. Biochem. Pharmacol.28(19), 2993–2997 (1979).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matherly LH, Seither RL, Goldman ID. Metabolism of the diaminoantifolates: biosynthesis and pharmacology of the 7-hydroxyl and polyglutamyl metabolites of methotrexate and related antifolates. Pharmacol. Ther.35(1–2), 27–56 (1987).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bleyer WA. New vistas for leucovorin in cancer chemotherapy. Cancer63(Suppl. 6), 995–1007 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman ID. A model system for the study of heteroexchange diffusion: methotrexate-folate interactions in L1210 leukemia and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta.233(3), 624–634 (1971).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qin D, Ma J, Xiao J, Tang Z. Effect of brain irradiation on blood–CSF barrier permeability of chemotherapeutic agents. Am. J. Clin. Oncol.20(3), 263–265 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morikawa N, Mori T, Abe T, Ghoda M, Takeyama M, Hori S. Pharmacokinetics of methotrexate in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Ann. Pharmacother.31(10), 1153–1156 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isacoff WH, Eilber F, Tabbarah H et al. Phase II clinical trial with high-dose methotrexate therapy and citrovorum factor rescue. Cancer Treat Rep.62(9), 1295–1304 (1978).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monjanel S, Rigault JP, Cano JP, Carcassonne Y, Favre R. High-dose methotrexate: preliminary evaluation of a pharmacokinetic approach. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.3(3), 189–196 (1979).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chungi VS, Bourne DW, Dittert LW. Drug absorption VIII: Kinetics of GI absorption of methotrexate. J. Pharm. Sci.67(4), 560–561 (1978).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans WE, Pratt CB. Effect of pleural effusion on high-dose methotrexate kinetics. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.23(1), 68–72 (1978).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan SH, Huffman DH, Azarnoff DL, Stephens R, Hoogstraten B. Effect of route of administration and effusions on methotrexate pharmacokinetics. Cancer Res.34(12), 3487–3491 (1974).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creaven PJ, Cohen MH, Allen LM. Methotrexate plasma decay kinetics: possible alteration in patients undergoing gut sterilization. Br. J. Cancer34(5), 571–575 (1976).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valerino DM, Johns DG, Zaharko DS, Oliverio VT. Studies of the metabolism of methotrexate by intestinal flora. I. Identification and study of biological properties of the metabolite 4-amino-4-deoxy-N 10 -methylpteroic acid. Biochem. Pharmacol.21(6), 821–831 (1972).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs SA, Stoller RG, Chabner BA, Johns DG. 7-Hydroxymethotrexate as a urinary metabolite in human subjects and rhesus monkeys receiving high dose methotrexate. J. Clin. Invest.57(2), 534–548 (1976).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sholar PW, Baram J, Seither R, Allegra CJ. Inhibition of folate-dependent enzymes by 7-OH-methotrexate. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1537(18), 3531–3534 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvert AH, Bondy PK, Harrap KR. Some observations on the human pharmacology of methotrexate. Cancer Treat Rep.61(9), 1647–1656 (1977).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henderson ES, Adamson RH, Oliverio VT. The metabolic fate of tritiated methotrexate. II. Absorption and excretion in man. Cancer Res.25(7), 1018–1024 (1965).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall SM, Johansen MJ, Molony DA, DuBose TD Jr, Jaffe N, Madden T. Effective clearance of methotrexate using high-flux hemodialysis membranes. Am. J. Kidney Dis.28(6), 846–854 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straw JA, Szapary D, Wynn WT. Pharmacokinetics of the diastereoisomers of leucovorin after intravenous and oral administration to normal subjects. Cancer Res.44, 3114–3119 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz JI, Agrawal NG, Wong PH et al. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between rofecoxib and methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients. J. Clin. Pharmacol.41(10), 1120–1130 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drinka PJ, Langer E. The Cockroft-Gault formula. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.37(8), 820 (1989).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jelliffe RW, Jelliffe SM. Estimation of creatinine clearance from changing serum-creatinine levels. Lancet2(7726), 710 (1971).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jelliffe RW. Letter: Creatinine clearance: bedside estimate. Ann. Intern. Med.79(4), 604–605 (1973).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx GM, Blake GM, Galani E et al. Evaluation of the Cockroft-Gault, Jelliffe and Wright formulae in estimating renal function in elderly cancer patients. Ann. Oncol.15(2), 291–295 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dooley MJ, Singh S, Rischin D. Rounding of low serum creatinine levels and consequent impact on accuracy of bedside estimates of renal function in cancer patients. Br. J. Cancer90(5), 991–995 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Proudfoot AT, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA. Position paper on urine alkalinization. J. Toxicol Clin. Toxicol.42(1), 1–26 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Hesketh PJ, Kris MG, Grunberg SM et al. Proposal for classifying the acute emetogenicity of cancer chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol.15, 103–109 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell C, Bramwell V, Charette M, Oliver T. Role of colony-stimulating factor in patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy for treatment of cancer. Curr. Oncol. 10(2), 102–126 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Alkins SA, Byrd JC, Morgan SK, Ward FT, Weiss RB. Anaphylactoid reactions to methotrexate. Cancer77(10), 2123–2126 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allegra CJ, Drake JC, Bell BA, Curt GA, Chabner BA. Measuring levels of methotrexate. N. Engl. J. Med.313(3), 184 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans WE, Pratt CB, Taylor RH, Barker LF, Crom WR. Pharmacokinetic monitoring of high-dose methotrexate. Early recognition of high-risk patients. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.3(3), 161–166 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCI Special Exception Protocol E. Special Exception Protocol for the use of Carboxypeptidase-G2 for MTX Toxicity. 1–12 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Widemann BC, Hetherington ML, Murphy RF, Balis FM, Adamson PC. Carboxypeptidase-G2 rescue in a patient with high dose methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity. Cancer76(3), 521–526 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao R, Goldman ID. Resistance to antifolates. Oncogene22(47), 7431–7457 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diddens H, Niethammer D, Jackson RC. Resistance of human tumor cell lines to antifolates. Cancer Treat Rev.11(Suppl. A) 37–41 (1984).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood MC, Alastair W. Intrinsic and acquired resistance to methotrexate in acute leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med.335(14), 1041 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Domin BA, Grill SP, Bastow KF, Cheng YC. Effect of methotrexate on dihydrofolate reductase activity in methotrexate-resistant human KB cells. Mol. Pharmacol.21(2), 478–482 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Domin BA, Grill SP, Cheng Y. Establishment of dihydrofolate reductase-increased human cell lines and relationship between dihydrofolate reductase levels and gene copy. Cancer Res.43(5), 2155–2158 (1983).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rice GC, Ling V, Schimke RT. Frequencies of independent and simultaneous selection of Chinese hamster cells for methotrexate and doxorubicin resistance. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA84, 9261 (1987).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chabner BA, Young RC. Threshold methotrexate concentration for in vivo inhibition of DNA synthesis in normal and tumorous target tissues. J. Clin. Invest.52(8), 1804–1811 (1973).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA. Antimetabolites. In: Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology. 6th Edition. Chu E, Mota AC (Eds). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, USA 391–333 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Jahnke K, Korfel A, Martus P et al. On behalf of the German Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Study Group (G-PCNSL-SG). High-dose methotrexate toxicity in elderly patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma. Ann. Onc.16(3), 445–449 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorr RT, Von Hoff DD. Methotrexate. In: Cancer Chemotherapy Handbook. 2nd Edition. East Norwalk, Appleton & Lange, CT, USA 698–701 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Perry MC, Yarbro JW. Renal and Metabolic Toxicities of Cancer Treatment. In: Toxicity of Chemotherapy. Schilsky RL (Ed). Grune & Stratton, Inc. Orlando, FL, USA 325–326 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Shinozaki T, Watanabe H, Tomieokoro R. Successful rescue by oral cholestyramine of a patient with methotrexate nephrotoxicity: nonrenal excretion of serum methotrexate. Med. Pediatr. Oncol.34, 226–228 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perry MC: Hepatotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. Semin. Oncol.9, 65–74 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang C, Yang LJ, Jaing TH et al. Toxic epidermal necrolysis following combination of methotrexate and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Int. J. Dermatol.39, 621–623 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle LA, Berg C, Bottion G et al. Erythema and desquamation after high-dose methotrexate. Ann. Intern. Med..98, 611–612 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moller H. Reactivation of acute inflammation by methotrexate. J. Invest. Dermatol.52, 437–441 (1969).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korossy KS, Hood AF. Methotrexate reactivation of sunburn reaction. Arch. Dermatol.117, 310–301 (1981).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corder MP, Stone WH. Failure of leucovorin rescue to prevent reactivation of a solar burn after high dose methotrexate. Cancer37, 1660–1662 (1976).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glass J, Gruber ML, Cher L, Hochberg FH. Preirradiation methotrexate chemotherapy of primary central nervous system lymphoma: long-term outcome. J. Neurosurg.81, 188–195 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrey LE, Moskowitz CH, Mason WP et al. Intensive methotrexate and cytarabine followed by high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell rescue in patients with newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma: an intent-to-treat analysis. J. Clin. Oncol.21, 4151–4156 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertino JR. Leucovorin rescue revisited. J. Clin. Oncol.8(2), 193–195 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bessell EM, Graus F, Lopez-Guillermo A et al. Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the CNS treated with CHOD/BVAM or BVAM chemotherapy before radiotherapy: long-term survival and prognostic factors. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.59, 501–508 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessell EM, Graus F, Punt JA et al. Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the CNS treated with BVAM or CHOD/BVAM chemotherapy before radiotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol.14(3), 945–954 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessell EM, Lopez-Guillermo A, Villa S et al. Importance of radiotherapy in the outcome of patients with primary CNS lymphoma: an analysis of the CHOD/BVAM regimen followed by two different radiotherapy treatments. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 231–236 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleyer WA. Methotrexate: clinical pharmacology, current status and therapeutic guidelines. Cancer Treat Rev.4(2), 87–101 (1977).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brada M, Dearnaley D, Horwich A, Bloom HJ. Management of primary cerebral lymphoma with initial chemotherapy: preliminary results and comparison with patients treated with radiotherapy alone. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.18(4), 787–792 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breithaupt H, Kuenzlen E. Pharmacokinetics of methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate following infusions of high-dose methotrexate. Cancer Treat Rep.66(9), 1733–1741 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calvert AH. Folate status and the safety profile of antifolates. Semin. Oncol.29(Suppl. 5), 3–7 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chabner BA, Allegra CJ, Curt GA et al. Polyglutamation of methotrexate. Is methotrexate a prodrug? J. Clin. Invest.76(3), 907–912 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correa DD, DeAngelis LM, Shi W, Thaler H, Glass A, Abrey LE. Cognitive functions in survivors of primary central nervous system lymphoma. Neurology62, 548–555 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deangelis LM, Horringo A. Treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma. Semin. Oncol11(5), 684–689 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Doolittle ND, Petrillo A, Bell S, Cummings P, Eriksen S. Blood–brain barrier disruption for the treatment of malignant brain tumors: the national program. J. Neurosci. Nurs.30, 81–90 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferreri AJ, Dell'Oro S, Capello D et al. Aberrant methylation in the promoter region of the reduced folate carrier gene is a potential mechanism of resistance to methotrexate in primary central nervous system lymphomas. Br. J. Haematol.126, 657–664 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreri AJ, Guerra E, Regazzi M et al. Area under the curve of methotrexate and creatinine clearance are outcome-determining factors in primary CNS lymphomas. Br. J. Cancer90, 353–358 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Fleming RA, Eldridge RM, Johnson CE, Stewart CF. Disposition of high-dose methotrexate in an obese cancer patient. Cancer68(6), 1247–1250 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freilich RJ, Delattre JY, Monjour A, DeAngelis LM. Chemotherapy without radiation therapy as initial treatment for primary CNS lymphoma in older patients. Neurology46, 435–439 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Glass J, Gruber ML, Cher L, Hochberg FH. Preirradiation methotrexate chemotherapy of primary central nervous system lymphoma: long-term outcome. J. Neurosurg.81, 188–195 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman ID, Matherly LH. The cellular pharmacology of methotrexate. Pharmacol. Ther.28(1), 77–102 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoang-Xuan K, Taillandier L, Chinot O et al. Chemotherapy alone as initial treatment for primary CNS lymphoma in patients older than 60 years: a multicenter phase II study (26952) of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Brain Tumor Group. J. Clin. Oncol.21, 2726–2731 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Jahnke K, Thiel E, Schilling A et al. Low-grade primary central nervous system lymphoma in immunocompetent patients. Br. J. Haematol.128, 616–624 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Kepka L, De Lassence A, Ribrag V et al. Successful rescue in a patient with high dose methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity and acute renal failure. Leuk. Lymphoma.29(1–2), 205–209 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien PC, Roos DE, Pratt G et al. Combined-modality therapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma: long-term data from a Phase II multicenter study (Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group). Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.27 (2005) [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Park DM, Abrey LE. Pharmacotherapy of primary CNS lymphoma. Expert Opin. Pharmacother.3(1), 39–49 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plotkin SR, Batchelor TT. Primary nervous-system lymphoma. Lancet Oncol.2, 354–365 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soussain C, Hoang-Xuan K, Levy V. Results of intensive chemotherapy followed by hematopoietic stem-cell rescue in 22 patients with refractory or recurrent primary CNS lymphoma or intraocular lymphoma. Bull Cancer91, 189–192 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar