181
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Treatment and prevention of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: comparison of EUSI and AHA/ASA recommendations

&
Pages 1401-1416 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Ayala C, Croft JB, Greenlund KJ et al. Sex differences in US mortality rates for stroke and stroke subtypes by race/ethnicity and age, 1995–1998. Stroke33(5), 1197–1201 (2002).
  • Weimar C, Weber C, Wagner M et al. Management patterns and health care use after intracerebral hemorrhage. A cost-of-illness study from a societal perspective in Germany. Cerebrovasc. Dis.15, 29–36 (2003).
  • Labovitz DL, Halim A, Boden-Albala B et al. The incidence of deep and lobar intracerebral hemorrhage in whites, blacks, and Hispanics. Neurology65(4), 518–522 (2005).
  • Jiang B, Wang WZ, Chen H et al. Incidence and trend of stroke and its subtypes in China: results from three large cities. Stroke37(1), 63–68 (2006).
  • Qureshi AI, Tuhrim S, Broderick JP et al. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. N. Engl. J. Med.344(19), 1450–1460 (2001).
  • Sudlow CL, Warlow CP. Comparable studies of the incidence of stroke and its pathological types: results from an international collaboration. International Stroke Incidence Collaboration. Stroke28(3), 491–499 (1997).
  • O’Donell HC, Rosand J, Knudsen KA et al. Apolipoprotein E genotype and the risk of recurrent lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. N. Engl. J. Med.342(4), 240–245 (2000).
  • Ariesen MJ, Claus SP, Rinkel GJ et al. Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the general population: a systematic review. Stroke34(8), 2060–2065 (2003).
  • Counsell C, Boonyakarnkul S, Dennis M et al. Primary intracerebral hemorrhage in the Oxfordshire community stroke project. 2. Prognosis. Cerebrovasc. Dis.5(1), 26–34 (1995).
  • Flaherty ML, Haverbusch M, Sekar P et al. Long-term mortality after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology66(8), 1182–1186 (2006).
  • Dennis MS. Outcome after brain hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc. Dis.16(Suppl. 1), 9–13 (2003).
  • Ruiz-Sandoval JL, Chiquete E, Romero-Vargas S et al.Grading scale for prediction of outcome in primary intracerebral hemorrhages. Stroke38(5), 1641–1644 (2007).
  • Tuhrim S, Dambrosia JM, Price TR et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage: external validation and extension of a model for prediction of 30-day survival. Ann. Neurol.29(6), 658–663 (1991).
  • Hemphill JC 3rd, Bonovich DC, Besmertis L et al. The ICH score: a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke32(4), 891–897 (2001).
  • Cheung RT, Zou LY. Use of the original, modified, or new intracerebral hemorrhage score to predict mortality and morbidity after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke34(7), 1717–1722 (2003).
  • Steiner T, Kaste M, Forsting M et al. Recommendations for the management of intracerebral hemorrhage – part I: spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc. Dis.22(4), 294–316 (2006).
  • Broderick J, Connolly S, Feldmann E et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults. 2007 update. Stroke38(6), 2001–2023 (2007).
  • NINDS ICH Workshop participants. Priorities for clinical research in intracerebral hemorrhage. Report from a National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke Workshop. Stroke36(3), e23–e41 (2005).
  • Gebel JM Jr, Jauch EC, Brott TG et al. Natural history of perihematomal edema in patients with hyperacute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke33(11), 2631–2635 (2002).
  • Castillo J, Davalos A, Alvarez-Sabin J et al. Molecular signatures of brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology58(4), 624–629 (2002).
  • Zhao X, Sun G, Zhang J et al. Hematoma resolution as a target for intracerebral hemorrhage treatment: role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in microglia/macrophages. Ann. Neurol.61(4), 352–362 (2007).
  • Brainin M, Barnes M, Baron JC et al. Guidance for the preparation of neurological management guidelines by EFNS scientific task forces – revised recommendations 2004. Eur. J. Neurol.11(9), 577–581 (2004).
  • Ogilvy CS, Stieg PE, Awad I et al. Recommendations for the management of intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Stroke32(6), 1458–1471 (2001).
  • Goldstein LB, Simel DL. Is the patient having a stroke? JAMA293(19), 2391–2402 (2005).
  • Weir CJ, Murray GD, Adams FG et al. Poor accuracy of stroke scoring systems for differential clinical diagnosis of intracranial haemorrhage and infarction. Lancet344(8928), 999–1002 (1994).
  • Juttler E, Fiebach J, Schellinger PD. Diagnostic imaging for acute ischemic stroke management. Expert Rev. Med. Devices3(1), 113–126 (2006).
  • Fiebach JB, Schellinger PD, Gass A et al. Stroke magnetic resonance imaging is accurate in hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage. A multicenter study on the validity of stroke imaging. Stroke35(2), 502–507 (2004).
  • Kidwell CS, Chelala JA, Saver JL et al. Comparison of MRI and CT detection of acute intracerebral hemorrhage. JAMA292(15), 1823–1830 (2004).
  • Passero S, Ciacci G, Ulivelli M. The influence of diabetes and hyperglycemia on clinical course after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology61(10), 1351–1356 (2003).
  • Leira R, Davalos A, Silva Y, Gil-Peralta A et al. Early neurologic deterioration in intracerebral hemorrhage: predictors and associated factors. Neurology63(3), 461–467 (2004).
  • Schwarz S, Hafner K, Aschoff A et al. Incidence and prognostic significance of fever following intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology54(2), 354–361 (2000).
  • Fujii Y, Takeuchi S, Sasaki O et al. Multivariate analysis of hematoma enlargement in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke29(6), 1160–1166 (1998).
  • Qureshi AI, Bliwise DL, Bliwise NG et al. Rate of 24-hour blood pressure decline and mortality after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a retrospective analysis with a random effects regression model. Crit. Care Med.27(3), 480–485 (1999).
  • Dandapani BK, Suzuki S, Kelley RE et al. Relation between blood pressure and outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke26(1), 21–24 (1995).
  • Broderick JP, Diringer MN, Hill MD et al. Determinants of intracerebral hemorrhage growth: an exploratory analysis. Stroke38(3), 1072–1075 (2007).
  • Willmot M, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath PM. High blood pressure in acute stroke and subsequent outcome. A systematic review. Hypertension43(1), 18–24 (2004).
  • Brott T, Broderick J, Kothari R et al. Early hemorrhage growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke28(1), 1–5 (1997).
  • Kazui S, Naritomi H, Yamamoto H et al. Enlargement of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Incidence and time course. Stroke27(10), 1783–1787 (1996).
  • Zhao X, Wang Y, Wang C et al. Quantitative evaluation for secondary injury to perihematoma of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage by functional MR and correlation analysis with ischemic factors. Neurol. Res.28(1), 66–70 (2006).
  • Siddique MS, Fernandes HM, Wooldridge TD et al. Reversible ischemia around intracerebral hemorrhage: a single-photon emission computerized tomography study. J. Neurosurg.96(4), 736–741 (2002).
  • Rosand J, Eskey C, Yuchiao C et al. Dynamic single-section CT demonstrates reduced cerebral blood flow in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc. Dis.14(3–4), 214–220 (2002).
  • Herweh C, Juttler E, Schellinger PD et al. Evidence against a perihemorrhagic penumbra provided by perfusion CT. Stroke (2007) (In Press).
  • Fainardi E, Borrelli M, Saletti A et al. Assessment of acute spontaneous intracerebral hematoma by CT perfusion imaging. J. Neuroradiol.32(5), 333–336 (2005).
  • Butcher KS, Baird T, MacGregor L et al. Perihematomal edema in primary intracerebral hemorrhage is plasma derived. Stroke35(8), 1879–1885 (2004).
  • Schellinger PD, Fiebach JB, Hoffmann K et al. Stroke MRI in intracerebral hemorrhage: is there a perihemorrhagic penumbra? Stroke34(7), 1674–1679 (2003).
  • Kidwell CS, Saver JL, Mattiello J et al. Diffusion–perfusion MR evaluation of perihematomal injury in hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology57(11), 1611–1617 (2001).
  • Zazulia AR, Diringer MN, Videen TO et al. Hypoperfusion without ischemia surrounding intracerebral hemorrhage. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.21(7), 804–810 (2001).
  • Jauch EC, Lindsell CJ, Adeoye O et al. Lack of evidence for an association between hemodynamic variables and hematoma growth in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke37(8), 2061–2065 (2006).
  • Qureshi AI, Mohammad YM, Yahia AM et al. A prospective multicenter study to evacuate the feasibility and safety of aggressive antihypertensive treatment in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. J. Intensive Care Med.20(1), 34–42 (2005).
  • Ohwaki K, Yano E, Nagashima H et al. Blood pressure management in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: relationship between elevated blood pressure and hematoma enlargement. Stroke35(6), 1364–1367 (2004).
  • Powers WJ, Zazulia AR, Videen TO et al. Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow surrounding acute (6–22 h) intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology57(1), 18–24 (2001).
  • Becker KJ, Baxter AB, Bybee HM et al. Extravasation of radiographic contrast is an independent predictor of death in primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke30(10), 2025–2032 (1999).
  • Diringer MN, Edwards DF. Admission to a neurologic/neurosurgical intensive care unit is associated with reduced mortality rate after intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit. Care Med.29(3), 635–640 (2001).
  • Adams HP Jr, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke. Stroke38(5), 1655–1711 (2007).
  • Hacke W, Kaste M, Bogousslavsky J et al. European Stroke Initiative recommendations for stroke management – update 2003. Cerebrovasc. Dis.16(4), 311–337 (2003).
  • Broderick J, Brott T, Duldner JE et al. Volume of intracerebral hemorrhage: a powerful and easy-to-use predictor of 30-day mortality. Stroke24(7), 987–993 (1993).
  • Diringer MN, Edwards DF, Zazulia AR. Hydrocephalus: a previously unrecognized predictor of poor outcome from supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke29(7), 1352–1357 (1998).
  • Fujii Y, Tanaka R, Takeuchi S, Koike T, Minakawa T, Sasaki O. Hematoma enlargement in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. J. Neurosurg.80(1), 51–57 (1994).
  • Gregson BA, Mendelow AD. Surgical trial in lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (STICH II). Proceedings of the Scottish and Newcastle Neurosurgical Research Network7–10 (2005).
  • Auer LM, Deinsberger W, Niederkorn K et al. Endoscopic surgery versus medical treatment for spontaneous intracerebral hematoma: a randomized study. J. Neurosurg.70(4), 530–535 (1989).
  • Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Fernandes HM et al. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Hemorrhage (STICH): a randomized trial. Lancet365(9457), 387–397 (2005).
  • Mayer SA, Brun N, Broderick J et al. Safety and feasibility of recombinant factor VIIa for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke36(1), 74–79 (2005).
  • Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K et al. Recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N. Engl. J. Med.352(8), 777–785 (2005).
  • Steiner T, Diringer MN, Schneider D et al. Dynamics of intraventricular hemorrhage in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: risk factors, clinical impact, and effect of hemostatic therapy with recombinant activated factor VII. Neurosurgery59(4), 767–774 (2006).
  • Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind Phase III study to assess rFVIIa efficacy in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: the FAST trial. Cerebrovasc. Dis.23(Suppl. 2), 10 (2007) (Abstract 1).
  • Tuhrim S, Horowitz DR, Sacher M et al. Volume of ventricular blood is an important determinant of outcome in supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit. Care Med.27(3), 617–621 (1999).
  • Naff NJ, Carhuapoma JR, Williams MA et al. Treatment of intravcentricular hemorrhage with urokinase: effects on 30-day survival. Stroke31(4), 841–847 (2000).
  • Naff NJ, Hanley DF, Keyl PM et al. Intraventricular thrombolysis speeds blood clot resolution: results of a pilot, prospective, randomized double-blind, controlled trial. Neurosurgery54(3), 577–584 (2004).
  • Hanley D. Results of clear IVH B: dose-response for 3rd and 4th ventricular blood clearance. Cerebrovasc. Dis.23(Suppl. 2), 54 (2007) (Abstract 3).
  • Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA285(18), 2370–2375 (2001).
  • Steiner T, Diringer M, Rosand J. Intracerebral hemorrhage associated with oral anticoagulant therapy: current practices and open questions. Stroke37(1), 256–262 (2006).
  • Fang MC, Chang Y, Hylek EM et al. Advanced age, anticoagulation intensity, and risk for intracranial hemorrhage among patients taking warfarin for atrial fibrillation. Ann. Intern. Med.141(10), 745–752 (2004).
  • Flibotte JJ, Hagan N, O’Donnell J et al. Warfarin, hematoma expansion and outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology63(6), 1059–1064 (2004).
  • Rosand J, Eckman MH, Knudsen KA et al. The effect of warfarin and intensity of anticoagulation on outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Arch. Intern. Med.164(8), 880–884 (2004).
  • Ananthasubramaniam K, Beattie JN, Rosman HS et al. How safely and for how long can warfarin therapy be withheld in prothetic heart valve patients hospitalized with a major hemorrhage? Chest119(2), 478–484 (2001).
  • Phan TG, Koh M, Wijdicks EF. Safety of discontinuation of anticoagulation in patients with intracranial hemorrhage at high thromboembolic risk. Arch. Neurol.57(12), 1710–1713 (2000).
  • Bertram M, Bonsanto M, Hacke W et al. Managing the therapeutic dilemma: patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and urgent need for anticoagulation. J. Neurol.247(3), 209–214 (2000).
  • Huttner HB, Schellinger PD, Hartmann M et al. Hematoma growth and outcome in treated neurocritical care patients with intracerebral hemorrhage related to oral anticoagulant therapy. Stroke37(6), 1465–1470 (2006).
  • Eckman MH, Rosand J, Knudsen KA et al. Can patients be anticoagulated after intracerebral hemorrhage? A decision analysis. Stroke34(7), 1710–1716 (2003).
  • Gregory PC, Kuhlemeier KV. Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in acute hemorrhagic and thromboembolic stroke. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil.82(5), 364–369 (2003).
  • Vespa PM, O’Phelan K, Shah M et al. Acute seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage: a factor in progressive midline shift and outcome. Neurology60(9), 1441–1446 (2003).
  • Berger AR, Lipton RB, Lesser ML, Lantos G, Portenoy RK. Early seizures following intracerebral hemorrhage: implications for therapy. Neurology38(9), 1363–1365 (1988).
  • Lacut K, Bressollette L, Le Gal G et al. Prevention of venous thrombosis in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology65(6), 865–869 (2005).
  • Davis SM, Donnan GA. Effective prophylaxis for deep venous thrombosis after stroke: both low-dose anticoagulation and stockings for most cases. Stroke35(12), 2910 (2004).
  • Adams HP Jr. Effective prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis after stroke: low-dose anticoagulation rather than stockings alone: for. Stroke35(12), 2911–2912 (2004).
  • Dennis MS. Effective prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis after stroke: low-dose anticoagulation rather than stockings alone: against. Stroke35(12), 2912–2913 (2004).
  • Toni D, Chamorro A, Kaste M et al. Acute treatment of ischaemic stroke. European Stroke Initiative. Cerebrovasc. Dis.17(Suppl. 2), 30–46 (2004).
  • Passero S, Rocchi R, Rossi S et al. Seizures after spontaneous supratentorial inracerebral hemorrhage. Epilepsia43(10), 1175–1180 (2002).
  • Huttner HB, Nagel S, Tognoni G et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage with severe ventricular involvement: lumbar drainage for communicating hydrocephalus. Stroke38(1), 183–187 (2007).
  • Becker KJ, Baxter AB, Cohen WA et al. Withdrawal of support in intracerebral hemorrhage may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies. Neurology56(6), 766–772 (2001).
  • Bae H, Jeong D, Doh J et al. Recurrence of bleeding in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc. Dis.9(2), 102–108 (1999).
  • Chen CH, Huang CW, Chen HH et al. Recurrent hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage among Taiwanese. Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci.17(11), 556–563 (2001).
  • Woo D, Haverbusch M, Sekar P et al. Effect of untreated hypertension on hemorrhagic stroke. Stroke35(7), 1703–1708 (2004).
  • PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomized trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack. Lancet358(9287), 1033–1041 (2001).
  • The SPARCL Investigators. The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) study. Cerebrovasc. Dis.21(Suppl. 4), 1 (2006).
  • Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM et al. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet364(9413), 331–337 (2004).
  • He J, Whelton PK, Vu B, Klag MJ. Aspirin and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA280(22), 1930–1935 (1998).
  • Teernstra OP, Evers SM, Lodder J et al. Stereotactic treatment of intracerebral hematoma by means of a plasminogen activator: a multicenter randomized controlled trial (SICHPA). Stroke34(4), 968–974 (2003).
  • Zuccarello M, Brott T, Derex L et al. Early surgical treatment for supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. A randomized feasibility study. Stroke30(9), 1833–1839 (1999).
  • Stapf C, van der Worp HB, Steiner T et al. Stroke research priorities for the next decade–a supplement statement on intracranial haemorrhage Cerebrovasc. Dis.23(4), 318–319 (2007).

Websites

  • Stroke trials registry www.strokecenter.org/trials
  • EUSI www.eusi-stroke.org
  • Mendelow AD. More conclusions from the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Hemorrhage (STICH) http://stroke−university.com/view

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.