159
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Special Report

Central pain syndrome: elucidation of genesis and treatment

&
Pages 1485-1497 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Canavero S, Bonicalzi V. Central Pain Syndrome. Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management. Cambridge University Press, NY, USA (2007).
  • Edinger L. Giebt es central entstehende Schmerzen? Dtsch Z. Nervenheilk1, 262–282 (1891).
  • Riddoch G. The clinical features of central pain. Lumleian lecture. Lancet234, 1093–1098, 1150–1156, 1205–1209 (1938).
  • Dejerine J, Roussy G. Le syndrome thalamique. Rev. Neurol.14, 521–532 (1906).
  • Head H, Holmes G. Researches into sensory disturbances from cerebral lesions. Brain34, 102–254 (1911).
  • Canavero S, Bonicalzi V, Massa-Micon B. Central neurogenic pruritus: a literature review. Acta Neurol. Belg.97, 244–247 (1997).
  • Cassinari V, Pagni CA. Central Pain: A Neurosurgical Survey. Harvard University Press, USA (1969).
  • Andersen G, Vestergaard K, Ingeman-Nielsen M, Jensen TS. Incidence of central post-stroke pain. Pain61, 187–193 (1995).
  • Bowsher D. Stroke and central post-stroke pain in an elderly population. J. Pain2, 258–261 (2001).
  • Siddall PJ, Taylor DA, McClelland JM, Rutkowski SB, Cousins MJ. Pain report and the relationship of pain to physical factors in the first 6 months following spinal cord injury. Pain81, 187–197 (1999).
  • Solaro C, Brichetto G, Amato MP, and the PaISM study group. The prevalence of pain in multiple sclerosis. A multicenter cross-sectional study. Neurology63, 919–921 (2004).
  • Gonzales GR, Tuttle SL, Thaler HT, Manfredi PL. Central pain in cancer patients. J. Pain4, 351–354 (2003).
  • Djaldetti R, Shifrin A, Rogowski Z, Sprecher E, Melamed E, Yarnitsky D. Quantitative measurement of pain sensation in patients with Parkinson disease. Neurology22(62), 2171–2175 (2004).
  • Tasker RR. In: Central Pain States (3rd Edition). Loeser JD (Ed.). Bonica’s management of pain, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA 433–457 (2001).
  • Beric A. Spinal cord damage: injury. In: Textbook of Pain (4th Edition). Wall PD, Melzack P (Eds). Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK 915–927 (1999).
  • Canavero S, Bonicalzi V. Reversible central pain. Neurol. Sci.22, 271–273 (2001).
  • Kim LJ, Klopfenstein JD, Zabramski JM, Sonntag VKH, Spetzler RF. Analysis of pain resolution after surgical resection of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery58, 106–111 (2006).
  • Schott GD. Delayed onset and resolution of pain. Some observations and implications. Brain124, 1067–1076 (2001).
  • Canavero S. Dynamic reverberation: a unified mechanism of central and phantom pain. Med. Hypoth.42, 203–207 (1994).
  • Canavero S, Bonicalzi V, Pagni CA et al. Propofol analgesia in central pain: preliminary clinical observations. J. Neurol.242, 561–567 (1995).
  • Sarnthein J, Stern J, Aufenberg C, Rousson V, Jeanmonod D. Increased EEG power and slowed dominant frequency in patients with neurogenic pain. Brain129, 55–64 (2006).
  • Lenz FA, Dougherty PM. Experimental and clinical aspects. In: Pain Processing In The Human Thalamus. Steriade M, Jones EG, McCormick DA (Eds). Elsevier, The Netherlands 617–652 (1997).
  • Radhakrishnan V, Tsoukatos J, Davis KD, Tasker RR, Lozano AM, Dostrovsky JO. A comparison of the burst activity of lateral thalamic neurons in chronic pain and non-pain patients. Pain80, 567–575 (1999).
  • Farmer S. Neural rhythms in Parkinson’s disease. Brain125, 1175–1176 (2002).
  • Pagni CA Canavero S. Functional thalamic depression in a case of reversible central pain due to a spinal intramedullary cyst. Case report. J. Neurosurg.83, 163–165 (1995).
  • Kiss ZHT, Dostrovsky JO, Tasker RR. Plasticity in human somatosensory thalamus as a result of deafferentation. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg.62, 153–163 (1994).
  • Finnerup NB, Johannesen IL, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Bach FW, Jensen TS. Sensory function in spinal cord injury patients with and without central pain. Brain126, 57–70 (2003).
  • Amano K, Kawamura H, Tanikawa T, Kawabatake H, Iseki H, Taira T. Stereotactic mesencephalotomy for pain relief. A plea for stereotactic surgery. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg.59, 25–32 (1992).
  • Falci S, Best L, Bayles R, Lammertse D, Starnes C. Dorsal root entry zone microcoagulation for spinal cord injury-related central pain: operative intramedullary electrophysiological guidance and clinical outcome. J. Neurosurg.97, 193–200 (2002).
  • Kim JS. Medial medullary infarct aggravates central poststroke pain caused by previous lateral medullary infarct. Eur. Neurol.58, 41–43 (2007).
  • Canavero S, Pagni CA, Castellano G et al. The role of cortex in central pain syndromes: preliminary results of a long-term technetium-99 hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime single photon emission computed tomography study. Neurosurgery32, 185–191 (1993).
  • Hirato M, Horikoshi S, Kawashima Y, Satake K, Shibasaki T, Ohye C. The possible role of the cerebral cortex adjacent to the central sulcus for the genesis of central (thalamic) pain-a metabolic study. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. (Wien)58, 141–144 (1993).
  • Canavero S, Bonicalzi V, Castellano G. Two in one: the genesis of central pain. Pain64, 394–395 (1996).
  • Ducreux D, Attal N, Parker F, Bouhassira D. Mechanisms of central neuropathic pain: a combined psychophysical and fMRI study in syringomyelia. Brain129, 963–976 (2006).
  • Kim JH, Greenspan JD, Coghill RC, Ohara S, Lenz FA. Lesions limited to the human thalamic principal somatosensory nucleus (ventral caudal) are associated with loss of cold sensations and central pain. J. Neurosci.27, 4995–5005 (2007).
  • Parrent AG, Lozano AM, Dostrovsky JO, Tasker RR. Central pain in the absence of functional sensory thalamus. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg.59, 9–14 (1992).
  • Canavero S. Bilateral central pain. Acta Neurol. Belg.96, 135–136 (1996).
  • Kim JS. Delayed-onset ipsilateral sensory symptoms in patients with central post-stroke pain. Eur. Neurol.40, 201–206 (1998).
  • Kim JS. Aggravation of poststroke sensory symptoms after a second stroke on the opposite side. Eur. Neurol.42, 200–204 (1999).
  • Canavero S, Bonicalzi V. Review article. The neurochemistry of central pain: evidence from clinical studies, hypothesis and therapeutic implications. Pain74, 109–114 (1998).
  • Craig AD. A new version of the thalamic disinhibition hypothesis of central pain. Pain Forum7, 1–14 (1998).
  • Jones EG. The Thalamus (2nd Edition). Cambridge University Press, NY, USA (2007).
  • Greenspan JD, Ohara S, Sarlani E, Lenz FA. Allodynia in patients with post-stroke central pain (CPSP) studied by statistical quantitative sensory testing within individuals. Pain109, 357–366 (2004).
  • Schott GD. Nosological entities? Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr.71, 291–295 (2001).
  • Ochoa JL. Truths, errors, and lies around “reflex sympathetic dystrophy” and “complex regional pain syndrome”. J. Neurol.246, 875–879 (1999).
  • Bonicalzi V, Canavero S. Sympathetic pain again? Lancet360, 1426–1427 (2000).
  • Canavero S, Bonicalzi V. Chronic neuropathic pain. N. Engl. J. Med.348, 2688–2689 (2003).
  • Canavero S, Bonicalzi V. Therapeutic extradural cortical stimulation for central and neuropathic pain: a review. J. Pain18, 48–55 (2002).
  • Canavero S, Bonicalzi V. Extradural cortical stimulation for central pain. In: Operative Neuromodulation. Neural Networks Surgery. Sakas DE, Simpson B (Eds). Springer Verlag, Germany 27–36 (2007).
  • Canavero S, Bonicalzi V. Intravenous subhypnotic propofol in central pain. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Clin. Neuropharmacol.27, 182–186 (2004).
  • Canavero S, Bonicalzi V. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for central pain. Curr. Pain Headache Rep.9, 87–89 (2005).
  • Canavero S, Bonicalzi V. Neuromodulation for central pain. Expert Rev. Neurotherapeutics3, 591–607 (2003).
  • Nandi D, Aziz T,Carter H, Stein J. Thalamic field potentials in chronic central pain treated by periventricular gray stimulation – a series of eight cases. Pain101, 97–107 (2003).
  • Hamani C, Schwalb JM, Rezai AR, Dostrovsky JO, Davis KD, Lozano AM. Deep brain stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain: long-term outcome and the incidence of insertional effect. Pain125, 188–196 (2006).
  • Rasche D, Rinaldi PC, Young RF, Tronnier VM. Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of various chronic pain syndromes. Neurosurg. Focus21(6), E8 (2006).
  • Canavero S, Bonicalzi V. Electroconvulsive therapy and pain. Pain89, 301–302 (2001).
  • Bonicalzi V, Canavero S. Intrathecal ziconotide for chronic pain. JAMA292, 1681–1682 (2004).
  • Koszewski W, Jarosz J, Pernak-De Gast J. Stereotactic posterior capsulo–lentiform deafferentation as an effective treatment in central post-stroke pain. A new surgical method for intractable central pain control? Pain Clinic15, 115–123 (2003).
  • Kondziolka D, Wechsler L, Achim C. Neural transplantation for stroke. J. Clin. Neurosci.9, 225–230 (2002).
  • Davidoff G, Guarracini M, Roth E, Sliwa J, Yarkony G. Trazodone hydrochloride in the treatment of dysesthetic pain in traumatic myelopathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pain29(2), 151–161 (1987).
  • Drewes AM, Andreasen A, Poulsen LH. Valproate for treatment of chronic central pain after spinal cord injury. A double-blind cross-over study. Paraplegia32(8), 565–569 (1994).
  • Potter PJ, Hayes KC, Segal JL et al. Randomized double-blind crossover trial of fampridine-SR (sustained release 4-aminopyridine) in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury. J. Neurotrauma15(10), 837–849 (1998).
  • Chiou-Tan FY, Tuel SM, Johnson JC, Priebe MM, Hirsh DD, Strayer JR. Effect of mexiletine on spinal cord injury dysesthetic pain. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil.75(2), 84–87 (1996).
  • Haines DR, Gaines SP. N of 1 randomised controlled trials of oral ketamine in patients with chronic pain. Pain83(2), 283–287 (1999).
  • Finnerup NB, Sindrup SH, Bach FW, Johannesen IL, Jensen TS. Lamotrigine in spinal cord injury pain: a randomized controlled trial. Pain96(3), 375–383 (2002).
  • Cardenas DD, Warms CA, Turner JA, Marshall H, Brooke MM, Loeser JD. Efficacy of amitriptyline for relief of pain in spinal cord injury: results of a randomized controlled trial. Pain96(3), 365–373 (2002).
  • Tai Q, Kirshblum S, Chen B, Millis S, Johnston M, DeLisa JA. Gabapentin in the treatment of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. J. Spinal Cord Med.25(2), 100–105 (2002).
  • Rowbotham MC, Twilling L, Davies PS, Reisner L, Taylor K, Mohr D. Oral opioid therapy for chronic peripheral and central neuropathic pain. N. Engl. J. Med.348(13), 1223–1232 (2003).
  • Morley JS, Bridson J, Nash TP, Miles JB, White S, Makin MK. Low-dose methadone has an analgesic effect in neuropathic pain: a double-blind randomized controlled crossover trial. Palliat. Med.17(7), 576–587 (2003).
  • Wade DT, Robson P, House H, Makela P, Aram J. A preliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extracts can improve intractable neurogenic symptoms. Clin. Rehabil.17(1), 21–29 (2003).
  • Levendoglu F, Ogun CO, Ozerbil O, Ogun TC, Ugurlu H. Gabapentin is a first line drug for the treatment of neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury. Spine29(7), 743–751 (2004).
  • Carlsson KC, Hoem NO, Moberg ER, Mathisen LC. Analgesic effect of dextromethorphan in neuropathic pain. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand.48(3), 328–336 (2004).
  • Siddall PJ, Cousins MJ, Otte A, Griesing T, Chambers R, Murphy TK. Pregabalin in central neuropathic pain associated with spinal cord injury: a placebo-controlled trial. Neurology67(10), 1792–1800 (2006).
  • Leijon G, Boivie J. Central post-stroke pain – a controlled trial of amitriptyline and carbamazepine. Pain36(1), 27–36 (1989).
  • McQuay HJ, Carroll D, Jadad AR et al. Dextromethorphan for the treatment of neuropathic pain: a double-blind randomised controlled crossover trial with integral n-of-1 design. Pain59(1), 127–133 (1994).
  • Vestergaard K, Andersen G, Jensen TS. Treatment of central post-stroke pain with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Eur. J. Neurol.3(Suppl. 5), 169 (1996).
  • Vestergaard K, Andersen G, Gottrup H, Kristensen BT, Jensen TS. Lamotrigine for central poststroke pain: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology56(2), 184–190 (2001).
  • Heiskanen T, Hartel B, Dahl ML, Seppala T, Kalso E. Analgesic effects of dextromethorphan and morphine in patients with chronic pain. Pain96(3), 261–267 (2002).
  • Lampl C, Yazdi K, Roper C. Amitriptyline in the prophylaxis of central poststroke pain. Preliminary results of 39 patients in a placebo-controlled, long-term study. Stroke33(12), 3030–3032 (2002).
  • Morley JS, Bridson J, Nash TP, Miles JB, White S, Makin MK. Low-dose methadone has an analgesic effect in neuropathic pain: a double-blind randomized controlled crossover trial. Palliat. Med.17(7), 576–587 (2003).
  • Svendsen KB, Jensen TS, Bach FW. Does the cannabinoid dronabinol reduce central pain in multiple sclerosis? Randomised double blind placebo controlled crossover trial. Br. Med. J.329(7460), 253 (2004).
  • Notcutt W, Price M, Miller R et al. Initial experiences with medicinal extracts of cannabis for chronic pain: results from 34 ‘N of 1’ studies. Anaesthesia59(5), 440–452 (2004).
  • Canavero S, Bonicalzi V, Pagni CA et al. Propofol analgesia in central pain: preliminary clinical observations. J. Neurol.242, 561–567 (1995).
  • Canavero S, Bonicalzi V. Intravenous subhypnotic propofol in central pain. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Clin. Neuropharmacol.27, 182–186 (2004).
  • Mailis A, Amani N, Umana M, Basur R, Roe S. Effect of intravenous sodium amytal on cutaneous sensory abnormalities, spontaneous pain and algometric pain pressure thresholds in neuropathic pain patients: a placebo-controlled study. II. Pain70, 69–81 (1997).
  • Herman RM, D’Luzansky SC, Ippolito R. Intrathecal baclofen suppresses central pain in patients with spinal lesions. A pilot study. Clin. J. Pain8, 338–345 (1992).
  • Margot-Duclot A, Thiebaut J-B, Simon A, Baud P, Adrianasolo H, Russel B. Effects of intrathecal baclofen in cauda equina and low spinal cord injury pain. In: 10th World Congress on Pain, Book of Abstracts. IASP Press, WA, USA A221–P217 (2002).
  • Arnér S, Meyerson BA. Lack of analgesic effect of opioids on neuropathic and idiopathic forms of pain. Pain33, 11–23 (1988).
  • Portenoy RK, Foley KM, Inturrisi CE. The nature of opioid responsiveness and its implications for neuropathic pain: new hypotheses derived from studies of opioid infusions. Pain43, 273–286 (1990).
  • Kupers RC, Konings H, Adriaensen H, Gybels JM. Morphine differentially affects the sensory and affective pain ratings in neurogenic and idiopathic forms of pain. Pain47(1), 5–12 (1991).
  • Attal N, Guirimand F, Brasseur L, Gaude V, Chauvin M, Bouhassira D. Effects of IV morphine in central pain. A randomized placebo-controlled study. Neurology58, 554–563 (2002).
  • Kalman S, Osterberg A, Sorensen J, Boivie J, Bertler A. Morphine responsiveness in a group of well-defined multiple sclerosis patients: a study with iv. morphine. Eur. J. Pain6, 69–80 (2002).
  • Dellemijn PL, Vanneste JA. Randomised double-blind active-placebo-controlled crossover trial of intravenous fentanyl in neuropathic pain. Lancet349, 753–758 (1997).
  • Eide PK, Stubhaug A, Stenehjem AE. Central dysesthesia pain after traumatic spinal cord injury is dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation. Neurosurgery37, 1080–1087 (1995).
  • Siddall PJ, Molloy AR, Walker S, Mather LE, Rutkowski SB, Cousins MJ. The efficacy of intrathecal morphine and clonidine in the treatment of pain after spinal cord injury. Anesth. Analg.91, 1493–1498 (2000).
  • Bainton T, Fox M, Bowsher D, Wells C. A double-blind trial of naloxone in central post-stroke pain. Pain48, 159–162 (1992).
  • Attal N, Gaude V, Brasseur L et al. Intravenous lidocaine in central pain. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, psychophysical study. Neurology54, 564–574 (2000).
  • Kvarnstrom A, Karlsten R, Quiding H, Gordh T. The analgesic effect of intravenous ketamine and lidocaine on pain after spinal cord injury. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand.48, 498–506 (2004).
  • Finnerup NB, Biering-Sorensen F, Johannesen IL et al . Intravenous lidocaine relieves spinal cord injury pain. A randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology102, 1023–1030 (2005).
  • Loubser PG, Donovan WH. Diagnostic spinal anaesthesia in chronic spinal cord injury pain. Paraplegia29, 25–36 (1991).
  • Backonja M, Arndt G, Gombar KA, Check B, Zimmermann M. Response of chronic neuropathic pain syndromes to ketamine: a preliminary study. Pain56, 51–57 (1994).
  • Hansebout RR, Blight AR, Fawcett S, Reddy K. 4-aminopyridine in chronic spinal cord injury: a controlled, double-blind, cross-over study in eight patients. J. Neurotrauma10, 1–18 (1993).
  • Rog DJ, Nurmikko TJ, Friede T, Young CA. Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosis. Neurology65, 812–819 (2005).
  • Vranken JH, Dijkgraaf MG, Kruis MR, van Dasselaar NT, van der Vegt MH. Iontophoretic administration of S+-ketamine in patients with intractable central pain: a placebo-controlled trial. Pain118, 224–231 (2005).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.