245
Views
56
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Trigeminal neuralgia: for one nerve a multitude of treatments

Pages 1565-1579 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Merskey H, Bogduk N. In: Classification Of Chronic Pain: Descriptions Of Chronic Pain Syndromes And Definitions Of Pain Terms (2nd Edition). IASP Press, Seattle, WA, USA (1994).
  • Katusic S, Beard CM, Bergstralh E, Kurland LT. Incidence and clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia, Rochester, Minnesota, 1945–1984. Ann. Neurol.27(1), 89–95 (1990).
  • MacDonald BK, Cockerell OC, Sander JWAS, Shorvon SD. The incidence and lifetime prevalence of neurological disorders in a prospective community-based study in the UK. Brain123(4), 665–676 (2000).
  • Cheshire WP. Trigeminal neuralgia feigns the terrorist. Cephalalgia23, 230 (2003).
  • Tölle T, Dukes E, Sadosky A. Patient burden of trigeminal neuralgia: results from a cross-sectional survey of health state impairment and treatment patterns in six European countries. Pain Pract.6, 153–160 (2006).
  • Marbach JJ, Lund P. Depression, anhedonia and anxiety in temporomandibular joint and other facial pain syndromes. Pain11(1), 73–84 (1981).
  • Katusic S, Williams DB, Beard CM et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia: similarities and differences, Rochester, Minnesota, 1945–1984. Neuroepidemiology10, 276–281 (1991).
  • Cheshire WP. Trigeminal neuralgia. Curr. Pain Headache Rep.11, 69–74 (2007).
  • Cheshire WP. Trigeminal neuralgia: diagnosis and treatment. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep.5, 79–85 (2005).
  • Burchiel KJ. A new classification for facial pain. Neurosurgery53(5), 1164–1166 (2003).
  • Eller JL, Raslan AM, Burchiel KJ. Trigeminal neuralgia: definition and classification. Neurosurg. Focus18(5), E3 (2005).
  • Jannetta PJ. Vascular compression is the cause of trigeminal neuralgia. Psychol. Sci.2(4), 217–227 (1993).
  • Matsushima T, Huynh-Le P, Miyazono M. Trigeminal neuralgia caused by venous compression. Neurosurgery55, 334–337 (2004).
  • Kress B, Schindler M, Rasche D et al. MRI volumetry for the preoperative diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia. Eur. Radiol.15(7), 1344–1348 (2005).
  • Yamada Y, Kondo A, Tanabe H. Trigeminal neuralgia associated with an anomalous artery originating from the persistent primitive trigeminal artery. Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo)46(4), 194–197 (2006).
  • Love S, Coakham HB. Trigeminal neuralgia: pathology and pathogenesis. Brain124, 2347–2360 (2001).
  • García-Pastor C, López-González F, Revuelta R, Nathal E. Trigeminal neuralgia secondary to arteriovenous malformations of the posterior fossa. Surg. Neurol.66, 207–211 (2006).
  • Anderson WS, Wang PP, Rigamonti D. Case of microarteriovenous malformation-induced trigeminal neuralgia treated with radiosurgery. J. Headache Pain7(4), 217–221 (2006).
  • Peker S, Kurtkaya Ö, Üzün I, Pamir MN. Microanatomy of the central myelin-peripheral myelin transition zone of the trigeminal nerve. Neurosurgery59(2), 354–359 (2006).
  • Devor M, Amir R, Rappaport ZH. Pathophysiology of trigeminal neuralgia: the ignition hypothesis. Clin. J. Pain18, 4–13 (2002).
  • Pagni CA. The origin of tic douloureux: a unified view. J. Neurosurg. Sci.37, 185–194 (1993).
  • Burchiel K, Baumann TK. Pathophysiology of trigeminal neuralgia: new evidence from a trigeminal ganglion intraoperative microneurographic recording: case report. J. Neurosurg.101, 872–873 (2004).
  • Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The international classification of headache disorders (2nd Edition). Cephalalgia24(Suppl. 1), 1–60 (2004).
  • Lin YW, Lin SK, Weng IH. Fatal paranasal sinusitis presenting as trigeminal neuralgia. Headache46(1), 174–178 (2006).
  • Jensen TS, Rasmussen P, Reske-Nielsen E. Association of trigeminal neuralgia with multiple sclerosis: clinical and pathological features. Acta Neurol. Scand.65, 182–189 (1982).
  • Österberg A, Boivie J, Thuomas KÅ. Central pain in multiple sclerosis – prevalence and clinical characteristics. Eur. J. Pain9, 531–542 (2005).
  • Hooge JP, Redekop WK. Trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis. Neurology45(7), 1294–1296 (1995).
  • Zakrzewska JM. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia. Clin. J. Pain18(1), 14–21 (2002).
  • De Simone R, Marano E, Brescia Morra V et al. A clinical comparison of trigeminal neuralgic pain in patients with and without underlying multiple sclerosis. Neurol. Sci.26(Suppl. 2), S150–S151 (2005).
  • Meng L, Yuguang L, Feng L et al. Cerebellopontine angle epidermoids presenting with trigeminal neuralgia. J. Clin. Neurosci.12(7), 784–786 (2005).
  • Cirak B, Kiymaz N, Arslanoglu A. Trigeminal neuralgia caused by intracranial epidermoid tumor: report of a case and review of the different therapeutic modalities. Pain Physician7(1), 129–132 (2004).
  • Albayram S, Adaletli I, Selcuk H et al. Breast cancer metastasis involving pterygopalatine fossa: a cause of trigeminal neuralgia. Headache44(9), 927–928 (2004).
  • Hess B, Oberndorfer S, Urbanits S et al. Trigeminal neuralgia in two patients with glioblastoma. Headache45(9), 1267–1270 (2005).
  • Quinones-Hinojosa A, Chang EF, Khan SA, McDermott MW. Isolated trigeminal nerve sarcoid granuloma mimicking trigeminal schwannoma: case report. Neurosurgery52(3), 700–705 (2003).
  • Bookland MJ, Bagley CA, Schwarz J et al. Intracavernous trigeminal ganglion amyloidoma: case report. Neurosurgery60(3), E574 (2007).
  • Yu E, de Tilly LN. Amyloidoma of Meckel’s cave: a rare cause of trigeminal neuralgia. AJR. 182, 1605–1606 (2004).
  • Ugur HC, Torun F, Yilmaz E, Kanpolat Y. Trigeminal neuralgia in a patient with Dandy-Walker malformation. J. Clin. Neurosci.12(7), 815–817 (2005).
  • Gnanalingham K, Joshi SM, Lopez B et al. Trigeminal neuralgia secondary to Chiari’s malformation – treatment with ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Surg. Neurol.63(6), 586–588 (2005).
  • Drummond PD, Hassard S, Finch PM. Trigeminal neuralgia, migraine and sympathetic hyperactivity in a patient with Parry-Romberg syndrome. Cephalalgia26, 1146–1149 (2006).
  • Iizuka O, Hosokai Y, Mori E. Trigeminal neuralgia due to pontine infarction. Neurology66(1), 48 (2006).
  • Warren HG, Kotsenas AL, Czervionke LF. Trigeminal and concurrent glossopharyngeal neuralgia secondary to lateral medullary infarction. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.27(3), 705–707 (2006).
  • Vitek L, Tettenborn B. Cavernous angioma in the brachium pontis presenting with trigeminal neuralgia: case report. Eur. Neurol.48(4), 226–228 (2002).
  • Hagen NA, Stevens JC, Michet Jr CJ. Trigeminal sensory neuropathy associated with connective tissue diseases. Neurology40, 891–896 (1990).
  • Hojaili B, Barland P. Trigeminal neuralgia as the first manifestation of mixed connective tissue disorder. J. Clin. Rheumatol.12(3), 145–147 (2006).
  • Takayama S, Osawa M, Takahashi Y, Iwamoto Y. Painful neuropathy with trigeminal nerve involvement in Type 2 diabetes. J. Int. Med. Res.34(1), 115–118 (2006).
  • Jaaskelainen SK, Teerijoki-Oksa T, Forssel H. Neurophysiologic and quantitative sensory testing in the diagnosis of trigeminal neuropathy and neuropathic pain. Pain117(3), 349–357 (2005).
  • Cohen AS, Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ. Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias: current and future treatments. Headache47(6), 969–980 (2007).
  • DaSilva AF, Goadsby PJ, Borsook D. Cluster headache: a review of neuroimaging findings. Curr. Pain Headache Rep.11(2), 131–136 (2007).
  • Cordella R, Carella F, Leone M et al. Spontaneous neuronal activity of the posterior hypothalamus in trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. Neurol. Sci.28(2), 93–95 (2007).
  • Maramattom BV. Transient ischaemic attack with trigeminal autonomic symptoms. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry.76(7), 1041 (2005).
  • van der Meijs AHC, Tan IL, Barkhof F. Incidence of enhancement of the trigeminal nerve on MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult. Sclerosis.8, 64–67 (2002).
  • Gass A, Kitchen N, MacManus DG et al. Trigeminal neuralgia in patients with multiple sclerosis: lesion localization with magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology49(4), 1142–1144 (1997).
  • da Silva CJ, da Rocha AJ, Mendes MF et al. Trigeminal involvement in multiple sclerosis: magnetic resonance imaging findings with clinical correlation in a series of patients. Mult. Sclerosis.11, 282–285 (2005).
  • Patel NK, Aquilina K, Clarke Y et al. How accurate is magnetic resonance angiography in predicting neurovascular compression in patients with trigeminal neuralgia: a prospective, single-blinded comparative study. Br. J. Neurosurg.17, 60–64 (2003).
  • Fukuda H, Ishikawa M, Okumura R. Demonstration of neurovascular compression in trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm with magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with surgical findings in 60 consecutive cases. Surg. Neurol.59, 93–100 (2003).
  • Yoshino N, Akimoto H, Yamada I et al. Trigeminal neuralgia: evaluation of neuralgic manifestation and site of neurovascular compression with 3D CISS MR imaging and MR angiography. Radiol.228, 539–545 (2003).
  • de Bondt BJ, Stokroos R, Casselman J. Persistent trigeminal artery associated with trigeminal neuralgia: hypothesis of neurovascular compression. Neuroradiol.49(1), 23–26 (2007).
  • Akimoto H, Nagaoka T, Nariai T et al. Preoperative evaluation of neurovascular compression in patients with trigeminal neuralgia by use of three-dimensional reconstruction from two types of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurgery51, 956–961 (2002).
  • Anderson VC, Berryhill PC, Sandquist MA et al. High-resolution three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography and three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled imaging in the evaluation of neurovascular compression in patients with trigeminal neuralgia: a double-blind pilot study. Neurosurgery58, 666–673 (2006).
  • Lang E, Naraghi R, Tanrikulu L et al. Neurovascular relationship at the trigeminal root entry zone in persistent idiopathic facial pain: findings from MRI 3D visualisation. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry76, 1506–1509 (2005).
  • Adamczyk M, Bulski T, Sowiñska J et al. Trigeminal nerve-artery contact in people without trigeminal neuralgia – MR study. Med. Sci. Monit.13(Suppl. 1), 38–43 (2007).
  • Cheshire WP. Can MRI distinguish injurious from innocuous trigeminal neurvascular contact? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry76(11), 1470–1471 (2005).
  • Herweh C, Kress B, Rasche D et al. Loss of anisotropy in trigeminal neuralgia revealed by diffusion tensor imaging. Neurology68(10), 776–778 (2007).
  • Cheshire WP. Trigeminal neuralgia: a guide to drug choice. CNS Drugs7, 98–110 (1997).
  • Trousseau A. De la névralgie épileptiforme. Arch. Gen. Med.1, 33–44 (1853).
  • Sindrup SH, Jensen TS. Pharmacotherapy of trigeminal neuralgia. Clin. J. Pain18, 22–27 (2002).
  • Chole R, Patil R, Degwekar SS, Bhowate RR. Drug treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: a systematic review of the literature. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg.65, 40–45 (2007).
  • Jorns TP, Zakrzewska JM. Evidence-based approach to the medical management of trigeminal neuralgia. Br. J. Neurosurg.21(3), 253–261 (2007).
  • Kitt CA, Gruber K, Davis M, Woolf CJ, Levine JD. Trigeminal neuralgia: opportunities for research and treatment. Pain85, 3–7 (2000).
  • Martinez W, Ingenito A, Blakeslee M et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of oxcarbazepine monotherapy. Epilepsy Behav.9(3), 448–456 (2006).
  • Zakrzewska JM, Patsalos PN. Oxcarbazepine: a new drug in the management of intractable trigeminal neuralgia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry52, 472–476 (1989).
  • Royal M, Wienecke G, Movva V et al. Open label trial of oxcarbazepine in neuropathic pain. Pain Med.2, 250–251 (2001).
  • Baillie JK, Power I. The mechanism of action of gabapentin in neuropathic pain. Curr. Opin. Invest. Drugs7(1), 33–39 (2006).
  • Cheshire WP. Defining the role for gabapentin in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: a retrospective study. J. Pain3, 137–142 (2002).
  • Sist T, Filadora V, Miner M, Lema M. Gabapentin for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: report of two cases. Neurology58, 1467 (1997).
  • Solaro C, Messmer Uccelli M, Uccelli A et al. Low-dose gabapentin combined with either lamotrigine or carbamazepine can be useful therapies for trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis. Eur. Neurol.44, 45–48 (2000).
  • Khan OA. Gabapentin relieves trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis patients. Neurology51, 611–614 (1998).
  • Blommel ML, Blommel AL. Pregabalin: an antiepileptic agent useful for neuropathic pain. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm.64(14), 1475–1482 (2007).
  • Fromm GH, Terrence CF, Chattha AS. Baclofen in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: double-blind study and long-term follow-up. Ann. Neurol.15, 240–244 (1984).
  • Fromm GH, Terrence CF. Comparison of L-baclofen and racemic baclofen in trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology37, 1725–1728 (1987).
  • Idänpään-Heikkilä JJ, Guilbaud G. Pharmacological studies on a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain: baclofen, but not carbamazepine, morphine or tricyclic antidepressants, attenuates the allodynia-like behaviour. Pain79, 281–290 (1999).
  • Zakrzewska JM, Chaudhry Z, Nurmikko TJ et al. Lamotrigine (lamictal) in refractory trigeminal neuralgia: results from a double-blind placebo controlled crossover trial. Pain73, 223–230 (1997).
  • Canavero S, Bonicalzi V, Ferroli P et al. Lamotrigine control of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry59, 646 (1995).
  • Leandri M, Lundardi G, Inglese M et al. Lamotrigine in trigeminal neuralgia secondary to multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol.247, 556–558 (2000).
  • Wiffen PJ, Rees J. Lamotrigine for acute and chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.18(2), CD006044 (2007).
  • Ketter TA, Wang PW, Chandler RA et al. Dermatology precautions and slower titration yield low incidence of lamotrigine treatment-emergent rash. J. Clin. Psychiatr.66(5), 642–645 (2005).
  • Gilron I, Booher SL, Rowan JS, Max MB. Topiramate in trigeminal neuralgia: a randomized, placebo-controlled multiple crossover pilot study. Clin. Neuropharmacol.24, 109–112 (2001).
  • Solaro C, Uccelli MM, Brichetto G et al. Topiramate relieves idiopathic and symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia. J. Pain Symptom Manage.21, 367–368 (2001).
  • Strittmatter M, Grauer M, Isenberg E et al. Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptides and monoaminergic transmitters in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Headache37, 211–216 (1997).
  • Kanai A, Saito M, Hoka S. Subcutaneous sumatriptan for refractory trigeminal neuralgia. Headache46, 577–582 (2006).
  • Kanai A, Suzuki A, Osawa S, Hoka S. Sumatriptan alleviates pain in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Clin. J. Pain22(8), 677–680 (2006).
  • Piovesan EJ, Teive HG, Kowacs PA et al. An open study of botulinum-A toxin treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology65, 1306–1308 (2005).
  • Allam N, Brasil-Neto JP, Brown G, Tomaz C. Injections of botulinum toxin type A produce pain alleviation in intractable trigeminal neuralgia. Clin. J. Pain21(2), 182–184 (2005).
  • Carasso RL, Yehuda S, Streifler M. Clomipramine and amitriptyline in the treatment of severe pain. Int. J. Neurosci.9(3), 191–194 (1979).
  • Fromm GH, Aumentado D, Terrence CF. A clinical and experimental investigation of the effects of tizanidine in trigeminal neuralgia. Pain53(3), 265–271 (1993).
  • Vilming ST, Lyberg T, Lataste X. Tizanidine in the management of trigeminal neuralgia. Cephalalgia6, 181–182 (1986).
  • Ito M, Yoshida K, Kimura H et al. Successful treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with milnacipran. Clin. Neuropharmcol.30(3), 183–185 (2007).
  • Cheshire WP. Fosphenytoin: an intravenous option for the management of acute trigeminal neuralgia crisis. J. Pain Symptom Manage.21(6), 506–510 (2001).
  • Kanai A, Suzuki A, Kobayashi M, Hoka S. Intranasal lidocaine 8% spray for second division trigeminal neuralgia. Br. J. Anaesth.97, 559–563 (2006).
  • Kalkanis SN, Eskandar EN, Carter BS, Barker FG 2nd. Microvascular decompression surgery in the United States, 1996–2000: mortality rates, morbidity rates, and the effects of hospital and surgeon volumes. Neurosurgery52(6), 1251–1261 (2003).
  • Elias WJ, Burchiel KJ. Microvascular decompression. Clin. J. Pain18, 35–41 (2002).
  • Theodosopoulos PV, Marco E, Applebury C et al. Predictive model for pain recurrence after posterior fossa surgery for trigeminal neuralgia. Arch. Neurol.59, 1297–1302 (2002).
  • Li ST, Pan Q, Liu N et al. Trigeminal neuralgia: what are the important factors for good operative outcomes with microvascular decompression. Surg. Neurol.62, 400–405 (2004).
  • Javadpour M, Eldridge PR, Varma TR et al. Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia in patients over 70 years of age. Neurology60, 520 (2003).
  • Ashkan K, Marsh H. Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia in the elderly: a review of the safety and efficacy. Neurosurgery55, 840–850 (2004).
  • Fowler SJ, Featherston M. Recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmia triggered by percutaneous balloon rhizotomy of the trigeminal nerve. Anaesth. Intensive Care32(3), 410–412 (2004).
  • Peters G, Nurmikko TJ. Peripheral and gasserian ganglion-level procedures for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Clin. J. Pain18, 28–34 (2002).
  • Kanpolat Y, Savas A, Bekar A, Berk C. Percutaneous controlled radiofrequency trigeminal rhizotomy for the treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: 25-year experience with 1600 patients. Neurosurgery48(3), 524–532; discussion 532–534 (2001).
  • Kanpolat Y, Savas A, Berk C. Abducens nerve palsy after radiofrequency rhizolysis for trigeminal neuralgia: case report. Neurosurgery44(6), 1364 (1999).
  • Berk C, Honey CR. Brain stem injury after radiofrequency trigeminal rhizotomy. Acta Neurochir. (Wien).146(6), 635–636 (2004).
  • Lopez BC, Hamlyn PJ, Zakrzewska JM. Systematic review of ablative neurosurgical techniques for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurgery54(4), 973–983 (2004).
  • Tesseroli de Siqueira SRD, Marinho da Nóbrega JC, Tesseroli de Siqueira JT, Teixeira MJ. Frequency of postoperative complications after balloon compression for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: prospective study. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod.102, e39–e45 (2006).
  • Skirving DJ, Dan NG. A 20-year review of percutaneous balloon compression of the trigeminal ganglion. J. Neurosurg.94(6), 913–917 (2001).
  • Brown JA, Pilitsis JG. Percutaneous balloon compression for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: results in 56 patients based on balloon compression pressure monitoring. Neurosurg. Focus18(5), E10 (2005).
  • Brown JA, Preul MC. Trigeminal depressor response during percutaneous microcompression of the trigeminal ganglion for trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurgery23(6), 745–748 (1988).
  • McLeod NM, Patton DW. Peripheral alcohol injections in the management of trigeminal neuralgia. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod.104(1), 12–17 (2007).
  • Jawahar A, Wadhwa R, Berk C et al. Assessment of pain control, quality of life, and predictors of success after gamma knife surgery for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurg. Focus18(5), E8 (2005).
  • Fountas KN, Lee GP, Smith JR. Outcome of patients undergoing gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery for medically refractory idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: Medical College of Georgia’s experience. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg.84, 88–96 (2006).
  • Regis J, Metellus P, Hayashi M et al. Prospective controlled trial of gamma knife surgery for essential trigeminal neuralgia. J. Neurosurg.104, 913–924 (2006).
  • Drzymala RE, Malyapa RS, Dowling JL et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: the Washington University initial experience. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg.83, 148–152 (2005).
  • McNatt SA, Yu C, Giannotta SL et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurgery56, 1295–1301 (2005).
  • Gorgulho AA, De Salles AAF. Impact of radiosurgery on the surgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Surg. Neurol.66, 350–356 (2006).
  • Brisman R. Repeat gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg.81(1–4), 43–49 (2003).
  • Shetter AG, Rogers CL, Ponce F et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for recurrent trigeminal neuralgia. J. Neurosurg.97(Suppl. 5), 536–538 (2002).
  • Naseri A, Patel NP. Vision loss as a complication of gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia. Br. J. Ophthalmol.88, 1225–1226 (2004).
  • Brisman R. Microvascular decompression vs gamma knife radiosurgery for typical trigeminal neuralgia: preliminary findings. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg.85(2–3), 94–98 (2007).
  • Romanelli P, Heit G, Chang SD et al. Cyberknife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg.81(1–4), 105–109 (2003).
  • Frighetto L, De Salles AA, Smith ZA et al. Noninvasive linear accelerator radiosurgery as the primary treatment for trigeminal neuralgia. Neurology62(4), 660–662 (2004).
  • Chen JK, Girvigian M, Greathouse H et al. Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with linear accelerator radiosurgery: initial results. J. Neurosurg.101(Suppl. 3), 346–350 (2004).
  • Henderson JM, Lad SP. Motor cortex stimulation and neuropathic facial pain. Neurosurg. Focus21(6), E6 (2006).
  • Rasche D, Ruppolt M, Stippich C et al. Motor cortex stimulation for long-term relief of chronic neuropathic pain: a 10-year experience. Pain121(1–2), 43–52 (2006).
  • Brown JA, Barbaro NM. Motor cortex stimulation for central and neuropathic pain: current status. Pain104, 431–435 (2003).
  • Nguyen J-P, Lefaucheur J-P, Decq P et al. Chronic motor cortex stimulation in the treatment of central and neuropathic pain. Correlations between clinical, electrophysiological and anatomical data. Pain82, 245–251 (1999).
  • Nguyen JP, Keravel Y, Feve A et al. Treatment of deafferentation pain by chronic stimulation of the motor cortex: report of a series of 20 cases. Acta Neurochir. Suppl.68, 54–60 (1997).
  • Ebel H, Rust D, Tronnier V et al. Chronic precentral stimulation in trigeminal neuropathic pain. Acta Neurochir. (Wien).138, 1300–1306 (1996).
  • Khedr EM, Kotb H, Kamel NF et al. Longlasting antalgic effects of daily sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in central and peripheral neuropathic pain. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry76(6), 833–838 (2005).
  • Lafaucheur J-P, Drouot X, Menard-Lefaucheur I et al. Neurogenic pain relief by repetitive transcranial magnetic cortical stimulation depends on the origin and the site of pain. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry75, 612–616 (2004).
  • Solaro C. Epidemiology and treatment of pain in multiple sclerosis subjects. Neurol. Sci.27, S291–S293 (2006).
  • Athanasiou TC, Patel NK, Renowden SA, Coakham HB. Some patients with multiple sclerosis have neurovascular compression causing their trigeminal neuralgia and can be treated effectively with MVD: report of five cases. Br. J. Neurosurg.19(6), 463–468 (2005).
  • Broggi G, Ferroli P, Franzini A et al. Operative findings and outcomes of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia in 35 patients affected by multiple sclerosis. Neurosurgery55(4), 830–839 (2004).
  • Rasche D, Kress B, Schwark C et al. Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia associated with multiple sclerosis. Neurology63, 1714–1715 (2004).
  • Patwardhan RV, Minagar A, Kelley RE, Nanda A. Neurosurgical treatment of multiple sclerosis. Neurol. Res.28(3), 320–325 (2006).
  • Cheng JS, Sanchez-Mejia RO, Limbo M et al. Management of medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurosurg. Focus18(5), e13 (2005).
  • Monstad P. Microvascular decompression as a treatment for cranial nerve hyperactive dysfunction – a critical review. Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl.187, 30–33 (2007).
  • Berk C. Bilateral trigeminal neuralgia: a therapeutic dilemma. Br. J. Neurosurg.15(2), 198 (2001).
  • Kanpolar Y, Berk C, Savas A, Bekar A. Percutaneous controlled radiofrequency rhizotomy in the management of patients with trigeminal neuralgia due to multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurochir. (Wien).142(6), 685–690 (2000).
  • Berk C, constantoyannis C, Honey CR. The treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in patients with multiple sclerosis using percutaneous radiofrequency rhizotomy. Can. J. Neurol. Sci.30(3), 220–223 (2003).
  • Huang E, Teh BS, Zeck O et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis patients. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg.79(1), 44–50 (2002).
  • Rogers CL, Shetter AG, Ponce FA et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia associated with multiple sclerosis. J. Neurosurg.97(Suppl.), 529–532 (2002).
  • Zakrzewska JM. Robust randomised control trials needed for drug treatments for trigeminal neuralgia. Evid. Based Dent.7(4), 107 (2006).
  • He L, Wu B, Zhou M. Non-antiepileptic drugs for trigeminal neuralgia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.3, CD004029 (2006).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.