Pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder among children and adolescents

References

• Schaffer A, Cairney J, Cheung A, Veldhuizen S, Levitt A. Community survey of bipolar disorder in Canada: lifetime prevalence and illness characteristics. Can. J. Psychiatry51(1), 9–16 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ et al. Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. JAMA276(4), 293–299 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy N, Boydell J, Kalidindi S et al. Gender differences in incidence and age at onset of mania and bipolar disorder over a 35-year period in Camberwell, England. Am. J. Psychiatry162(2), 257–262 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition). American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, USA (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin FK, Jamison KR (Eds). Manic-Depressive Illness: Bipolar and Recurrent Depression (2nd Edition). Oxford University Press, NY, USA (2007).
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Chapter V. Mental and behavioural disorders. In: The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. WHO Press, Geneva, Switzerland (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Berghöfer A, Bauer M. Bipolar disorder. Lancet359(9302), 241–247 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Havens JR et al. Psychosis in bipolar disorder: phenomenology and impact on morbidity and course of illness. Compr. Psychiatry44(4), 263–269 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maj M, Pirozzi R, Magliano L, Bartoli L. Agitated depression in bipolar I disorder: prevalence, phenomenology, and outcome. Am. J. Psychiatry160(12), 2134–2140 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer MS, Simon GE, Ludman E, Unützer J. ‘Bipolarity’ in bipolar disorder: distribution of manic and depressive symptoms in a treated population. Br. J. Psychiatry187(1), 87–88 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiskal HS. The prevalent clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders: beyond DSM-IV. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.16(2 Suppl. 1), S4–S14 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benazzi F, Akiskal H. Irritable-hostile depression: further validation as a bipolar depressive mixed state. J. Affect. Disord.84(2–3), 197–207 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraepelin E. Manic-Depressive Insanity and Paranoia. Robertson GM (Ed.), Barclay RM (Trans), E & S Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK (Reprinted 1976 by Ayer Publishing, Salem, NH, USA), (1921).
   Google Scholar
• Costello EJ, Angold A, Burns BJ et al. The Great Smoky Mountains Study of Youth. Goals, design, methods, and the prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry53(12), 1129–1136 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn PM, Klein DN, Seeley JR. Bipolar disorders in a community sample of older adolescents: prevalence, phenomenology, comorbidity, and course. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry34(4), 454–463 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blader JC, Carlson GA. Increased rates of bipolar disorder diagnoses among US child, adolescent, and adolescent inpatients. 1996–2004. Biol. Psychiatry (2007) [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kafantaris V, Coletti DJ, Dicker R, Padula G, Pleak RR, Alvir JMJ. Lithium treatment of acute mania in adolescents: a placebo-controlled discontinuation study. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry43(8), 984–993 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birmaher B, Axelson D, Strober M et al. Clinical course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry63(2), 175–183 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein TR, Birmaher B, Axelson D et al. History of suicide attempts in pediatric bipolar disorder: factors associated with increased risk. Bipolar Disord.7(6), 525–535 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs M. Presentation and course of major depressive disorder during childhood and later years of the life span. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry35(6), 705–715 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strober M, Carlson G. Bipolar illness in adolescents with major depression: clinical, genetic, and psychopharmacologic predictors in a three- to four-year prospective follow-up investigation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry39, 549–555 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy N, Everitt B, Boydell J, van Os J, Jones PB, Murray RM. Incidence and distribution of first-episode mania by age: results from a 35-year study. Psychol. Med.35(6), 855–863 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soutullo CA, Chang KD, Díez-Suárez A et al. Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: international perspective on epidemiology and phenomenology. Bipolar Disord.7(6), 497–506 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harpaz-Rotem I, Leslie DL, Martin A, Rosenheck RA. Changes in child and adolescent inpatient psychiatric admission diagnoses between 1995 and 2000. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol.40(8), 642–647 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson GA, Meyer SE. Phenomenology and diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: complexities and developmental issues. Dev. Psychopathol.18(6), 939–969 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brotman MA, Schmajuk M, Rich BA et al. Prevalence, clinical correlates, and longitudinal course of severe mood dysregulation in children. Biol. Psychiatry60(9), 991–997 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geller B, Tillman R, Craney JL, Bolhofner K. Four-year prospective outcome and natural history of mania in children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry61(5), 459–467 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibenluft E, Charney DS, Towbin KE, Bhangoo RK, Pine DS. Defining clinical phenotypes of juvenile mania. Am. J. Psychiatry160(3), 430–437 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D et al. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry36(7), 980–988 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M et al. Reliability of the Washington University in St Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH-U-KSADS) mania and rapid cycling sections. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry40(4), 450–455 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller EB, Weller RA, Fristad MA, Rooney MT, Schecter J. Children’s Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS). J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry39(1), 76–84 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer D, Fisher P, Lucas CP, Dulcan MK, Schwab-Stone ME. NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry39(1), 28–38 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br. J. Psychiatry133, 429–435 (1978).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gracious BL, Youngstrom EA, Findling RL, Calabrese JR. Discriminative validity of a parent version of the Young Mania Rating Scale. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry41(11), 1350–1359 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Birmaher B. Child Mania Rating Scale: development, reliability, and validity. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry45(5), 550–560 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geller B, Cooper TB, Sun K et al. Double-blind and placebo-controlled study of lithium for adolescent bipolar disorders with secondary substance dependency. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry37(2), 171–178 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kafantaris V, Coletti DJ, Dicker R, Padula G, Kane JM. Lithium treatment of acute mania in adolescents: a large open trial. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry42(9), 1038–1045 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowatch RA, Suppes T, Carmody TJ et al. Effect size of lithium, divalproex sodium, and carbamazepine in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry39(6), 713–720 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelenberg AJ, Jefferson JW. Lithium tremor. J. Clin. Psychiatry56(7), 283–287 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocchetta A, Loviselli A. Lithium treatment and thyroid abnormalities. Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Health2, 23(2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fagiolini A, Kupfer DJ, Scott J et al. Hypothyroidism in patients with bipolar I disorder treated primarily with lithium. Epidemiol. Psichiatr. Soc.15(2), 123–127 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yonkers KA, Wisner KL, Stowe Z et al. Management of bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Am. J. Psychiatry161(4), 608–620 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles JJ, Bannigan JG. Teratogenic and developmental effects of lithium. Curr. Pharm. Des.12(12), 1531–1541 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strober M, Morrell W, Lampert C, Burroughs J. Relapse following discontinuation of lithium maintenance therapy in adolescents with bipolar I illness: a naturalistic study. Am. J. Psychiatry147(4), 457–461 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strober M, Schmidt-Lackner S, Freeman R, Bower S, Lampert C, DeAntonio M. Recovery and relapse in adolescents with bipolar affective illness: a five-year naturalistic, prospective follow-up. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry34(6), 724–731 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macritchie KA, Geddes JR, Scott J, Haslam DR, Goodwin GM. Valproic acid, valproate and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.3, CD003196 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Lempérière T. Historique du développement du valproate dans les troubles bipolaires [Brief history of the development of valproate in bipolar disorders]. L’Encéphale27(4), 365–372 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muzina DJ, Calabrese JR. Maintenance therapies in bipolar disorder: focus on randomized controlled trials. Aust. N Z J. Psychiatry39(8), 652–661 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupka RW, Luckenbaugh DA, Post RM et al. Comparison of rapid-cycling and non-rapid-cycling bipolar disorder based on prospective mood ratings in 539 outpatients. Am. J. Psychiatry162(7), 1273–1280 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackinnon DF, Pies R. Affective instability as rapid cycling: theoretical and clinical implications for borderline personality and bipolar spectrum disorders. Bipolar Disord.8(1), 1–14 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden CL, Lecrubier Y, Bauer M et al. Maintenance therapies for classic and other forms of bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord.59(Suppl. 1), S57–S67 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramlinger K, Post R. Ultra-rapid and ultradian cycling in bipolar affective illness. Br. J. Psychiatry168(3), 314–323 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suppes T, Brown E, Schuh LM, Baker RW, Tohen M. Rapid versus non-rapid cycling as a predictor of response to olanzapine and divalproex sodium for bipolar mania and maintenance of remission: post hoc analyses of 47-week data. J. Affect. Disord.89(1–3), 69–77 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunze H, Walden J. Relevance of new and newly rediscovered anticonvulsants for atypical forms of bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord.72(Suppl. 1), S15–S21 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden CL. Clinical correlates of therapeutic response in bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord.67(1–3), 257–265 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coryell W. Rapid cycling bipolar disorder: clinical characteristics and treatment options. CNS Drugs19(7), 557–569 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tondo L, Hennen J, Baldessarini RJ. Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: effects of long-term treatments. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.108(1), 4–14 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott Laboratories. Clinical Study Report: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Depakote ER for the treatment of mania associated with bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. In: Clinical Study Report: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Depakote ER for the Treatment of Mania Associated with Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents, Abbott Park, IL, USA (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Scheffer RE. Pediatric Bipolar C ollaborative Mood Stabilizer Trial: Safety. Presented at the 46th Annual Meeting of the New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit (NIMH). Boca Raton, FL, USA 12–15 June (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Wagner KD, Weller EB, Carlson GA et al. An open-label trial of divalproex in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry41(10), 1224–1230 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DelBello MP, Kowatch RA, Adler CM et al. A double-blind randomized pilot study comparing quetiapine and divalproex for adolescent mania. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry45(3), 305–313 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luef G, Abraham I, Haslinger M et al. Polycystic ovaries, obesity and insulin resistance in women with epilepsy. A comparative study of carbamazepine and valproic acid in 105 women. J. Neurology249(7), 835–841 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre R, Mancini D, McCann S, Srinivasan J, Kennedy S. Valproate, bipolar disorder and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Bipolar Disord.5(1), 28–35 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joffe H, Cohen LS, Suppes T et al. Valproate is associated with new-onset oligoamenorrhea with hyperandrogenism in women with bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry59(11), 1078–1086 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg JF, Citrome L. Latest therapies for bipolar disorder: looking beyond lithium. Postgrad. Med.117(2), 25–36 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner KD, Kowatch RA, Emslie GJ et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oxcarbazepine in the treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Am. J. Psychiatry163(7), 1179–1186 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane JM. The role of neuroleptics in manic-depressive illness. J. Clin. Psychiatry49(Suppl. 11), 12–14 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sernyak MJ, Griffin RA, Johnson RM, Pearsall HR, Wexler BE, Woods SW. Neuroleptic exposure following inpatient treatment of acute mania with lithium and neuroleptic. Am. J. Psychiatry151(1), 133–135 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Mick E, Wozniak J, Aleardi M, Spencer T, Faraone SV. An open-label trial of risperidone in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.15(2), 311–317 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Carbray JA, Sampson G, Naylor MW, Janicak PG. Open-label prospective trial of risperidone in combination with lithium or divalproex sodium in pediatric mania. J. Affect. Disord.82(Suppl. 1), 103–111 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rendell JM, Gijsman HJ, Bauer MS, Goodwin GM, Geddes GR. Risperidone alone or in combination for acute mania. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.1, CD004043 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Fahn S. Hypokinesia and hyperkinesia. In: Textbook of Clinical Neurology (2nd Edition). Goetz CG (Ed.). WB Saunders, PA, USA (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Correll CU, Leucht S, Kane JM. Lower risk for tardive dyskinesia associated with second-generation antipsychotics: a systematic review of 1-year studies. Am. J. Psychiatry161(3), 414–425 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kafantaris V, Coletti DJ, Dicker R, Padula G, Kane JM. Adjunctive antipsychotic treatment of adolescents with bipolar psychosis. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry40(12), 1448–1456 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson GA, Loney J, Salisbury H, Kramer JR, Arthur C. Stimulant treatment in young boys with symptoms suggesting childhood mania: a report from a longitudinal study. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.10(3), 175–184 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheffer RE, Kowatch RA, Carmody T, Rush AJ. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of mixed amphetamine salts for symptoms of comorbid ADHD in pediatric bipolar disorder after mood stabilization with divalproex sodium. Am. J. Psychiatry162(1), 58–64 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Schettler PJ et al. The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of Bipolar I disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry59(6), 530–537 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammad TA, Laughren T, Racoosin J. Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry63(3), 332–339 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suppes T, Kelly DI, Perla JM. Challenges in the management of bipolar depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry66(Suppl. 5), 11–16 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thase ME, Macfadden W, Weisler RH et al. Efficacy of quetiapine monotherapy in bipolar I and II depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study (the BOLDER II Study). J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.26(6), 600–609 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR, Klein DN. Bipolar disorders during adolescence. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.108(Suppl. 418), 47–50 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox HC, Anthony JC. Child and adolescent clinical features as forerunners of adult-onset major depressive disorder: retrospective evidence from an epidemiological sample. J. Affect. Disord.82(1), 9–20 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelson D, Birmaher B, Strober M et al. Phenomenology of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry63(10), 1139–1148 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden CL. Acute and maintenance treatment with mood stabilizers. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.6(3), 269–275 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cipriani A, Pretty H, Hawton K, Geddes JR. Lithium in the prevention of suicidal behavior and all-cause mortality in patients with mood disorders: a systematic review of randomized trials. Am. J. Psychiatry162(10), 1805–1819 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gajwani P, Kemp DE, Muzina DJ, Xia G, Gao K, Calabrese JR. Acute treatment of mania: an update on new medications. Curr. Psychiatry Rep.8(6), 504–509 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Sachs G et al. A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently manic or hypomanic patients with bipolar I disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry60(4), 392–400 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findling RL, McNamara NK, Youngstrom EA et al. Double-blind 18-month trial of lithium versus divalproex maintenance treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry44(5), 409–417 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findling R, Youngstrom E, McNamara N et al. Restabilization of mood symptoms with lithium and divalproex sodium in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder [poster abstract]. Bipolar Disord.7(Suppl 2), 53 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leverich GS, Altshuler LL, Frye MA et al. Risk of switch in mood polarity to hypomania or mania in patients with bipolar depression during acute and continuation trials of venlafaxine, sertraline, and bupropion as adjuncts to mood stabilizers. Am. J. Psychiatry163(2), 232–239 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofthouse N, Fristad MA. Psychosocial interventions for children with early-onset bipolar spectrum disorder. Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev.7(2), 71–88 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miklowitz DJ, George EL, Richards JA, Simoneau TL, Suddath RL. A randomized study of family-focused psychoeducation and pharmacotherapy in the outpatient management of bipolar disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry60(9), 904–912 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavuluri MN, Graczyk PA, Henry DB, Carbray JA, Heidenreich J, Miklowitz DJ. Child- and family-focused cognitive–behavioral therapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: development and preliminary results. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry43(5), 528–537 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuffin P, Rijsdijk F, Andrew M, Sham P, Katz R, Cardno A. The heritability of bipolar affective disorder and the genetic relationship to unipolar depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry60(5), 497–502 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craddock N, Forty L. Genetics of affective (mood) disorders. Eur. J. Hum. Genet.14(6), 660–668 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rietveld MJH, Hudziak JJ, Bartels M, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Boomsma DI. Heritability of attention problems in children: longitudinal results from a study of twins, age 3 to 12. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry45(3), 577–588 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rujescu D, Giegling I, Bondy B, Gietl A, Zill P, Möller H-J. Association of anger-related traits with SNPs in the TPH gene. Mol. Psychiatry7(9), 1023–1029 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todd RD, Rasmussen ER, Neuman RJ et al. Familiality and heritability of subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a population sample of adolescent female twins. Am. J. Psychiatry158(11), 1891–1898 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coccaro EF, Bergeman CS, Kavoussi RJ, Seroczynski AD. Heritability of aggression and irritability: a twin study of the Buss-Durkee Aggression Scales in adult male subjects. Biol. Psychiatry41(3), 273–284 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cates DS, Houston BK, Vavak CR, Crawford MH, Uttley M. Heritability of hostility-related emotions, attitudes, and behaviors. J. Behav. Med.16(3), 237–256 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinson DF. The genetics of depression: a review. Biol. Psychiatry60(2), 84–92 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada T, Hashimoto R, Numakawa T et al. A complex polymorphic region in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene confers susceptibility to bipolar disorder and affects transcriptional activity. Mol. Psychiatry11(7), 695–703 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremeyer B, Herzberg I, Garcia J et al. Transmission distortion of BDNF variants to bipolar disorder type I patients from a South American population isolate. Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuropsychiatr. Genet.141(5), 435–439 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Strauss J, Barr CL, George CJ et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor variants are associated with childhood-onset mood disorder: confirmation in a Hungarian sample. Mol. Psychiatry10(9), 861–867 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald C, Bullmore ET, Sham PC et al. Association of genetic risks for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with specific and generic brain structural endophenotypes. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry61(10), 974–984 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison PJ. The neuropathology of primary mood disorder. Brain125(7), 1428–1449 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pliszka SR, Glahn DC, Semrud-Clikeman M et al. Neuroimaging of inhibitory control areas in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who were treatment naïve or in long-term treatment. Am. J. Psychiatry163(6), 1052–1060 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang K, Karchemskiy A, Barnea-Goraly N, Garrett A, Simeonova DI, Reiss A. Reduced amygdalar gray matter volume in familial pediatric bipolar disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry44(6), 565–573 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajek T, Carrey N, Alda M. Neuroanatomical abnormalities as risk factors for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord.7(5), 393–403 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumberg HP, Fredericks C, Wang F et al. Preliminary evidence for persistent abnormalities in amygdala volumes in adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord.7(6), 570–576 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosso IM, Cintron CM, Steingard RJ, Renshaw PF, Young AD, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Amygdala and hippocampus volumes in pediatric major depression. 57(1), 21–26 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Szeszko PR, Robinson D, Alvir JMJ et al. Orbital frontal and amygdala volume reductions in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry56(10), 913–919 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigurdsson E, Fombonne E, Sayal K, Checkley S. Neurodevelopmental antecedents of early-onset bipolar affective disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry174(1), 121–127 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer SE, Carlson GA, Wiggs EA et al. A prospective study of the association among impaired executive functioning, childhood attentional problems, and the development of bipolar disorder. Dev. Psychopathol.16(2), 461–476 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar