456
Views
49
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Cardiovascular effects of antipsychotics

&
Pages 829-839 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Osby U, Correia N, Brandt L, Ekbom A, Sparen P. Mortality and causes of death in schizophrenia in Stockholm county, Sweden. Schizophr. Res.45(1–2), 21–28 (2000).
  • Osby U, Correia N, Brandt L, Ekbom A, Sparen P. Time trends in schizophrenia mortality in Stockholm county, Sweden: cohort study. Br. Med. J.321(7259), 483–484 (2000).
  • Osby U, Brandt L, Correia N, Ekbom A, Sparen P. Excess mortality in bipolar and unipolar disorder in Sweden. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry58(9), 844–850 (2001).
  • Colton CW, Manderscheid RW. Congruencies in increased mortality rates, years of potential life lost, and causes of death among public mental health clients in eight states. Prev. Chronic Dis.3(2), 1–14 (2006).
  • Osborn PJ, Levy G, Nazareth I, Petersen I, Islam A, King MB. Relative risk of cardiovascular and cancer mortality in people with severe mental illness from the United Kingdom’s general practice research database. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry64(2), 242–249 (2007).
  • Davidson S, Judd F, Jolley D, Hocking B, Thompson S, Hyland B. Cardiovascular risk factors for people with mental illness. Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry35(2), 196–202 (2001).
  • Newcomer JW. Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics and metabolic effects: a comprehensive literature review. CNS Drugs19(Suppl. 1), 1–95 (2005).
  • Buckley NA, Sanders P. Cardiovascular adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs. Drug Safety23(3), 215–228 (2000).
  • Meyer JM, Nasrallah HA (Eds). Medical Illness and Schizophrenia. American Psychiatric Press, Inc., DC, USA (2003).
  • Marder SR, Essock SM, Miller AL et al. Physical health monitoring of patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry161(8), 1334–1349 (2004).
  • Coleman HN 3rd, Taylor RR, Pool PE et al. Congestive heart failure following chronic tachycardia. Am. Heart J.81(6), 790–798 (1971).
  • Shinbane JS, Wood MA, Jensen DN, Ellenbogen KA, Fitzpatrick AP, Scheinman MM. Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy: a review of animal models and clinical studies. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.29(4), 709–715 (1997).
  • Boettger S, Hoyer D, Falkenhahn K, Kaatz M, Yeragani VK, Bar K-J. Altered diurnal autonomic variation and reduced vagal information flow in acute schizophrenia. Clin. Neurophysiol.117(12), 2715–2722 (2006).
  • Agelink MW, Malessa R, Kamcili E et al. Cardiovascular autonomic reactivity in schizophrenics under neuroleptic treatment: a potential predictor of short-term outcome? Neuropsychobiology38(1), 19–24 (1998).
  • Cohen H, Loewenthal U, Matar M, Kotler M. Heart rate variability in schizophrenic patients treated with antipsychotic agents. Harefuah140(12), 1142–1147, 1231 (2001).
  • Tuininga YS, van Veldhuisen DJ, Brouwer J et al. Heart rate variability in left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure: effects and implications of drug treatment. Br. Heart J.72(6), 509–513 (1994).
  • Casey DE. The relationship of pharmacology to side effects. J. Clin. Psychiatry58(Suppl.) 1055–1062 (1997).
  • Silver H, Kogan H, Zlotogorski D. Postural hypotension in chronically medicated schizophrenics. J. Clin. Psychiatry51(11), 459–462 (1990).
  • Kaufmann H. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy. Clin. Auton. Res.6(2), 125–126 (1996).
  • Rutan GH, Hermanson B, Bild DE, Kittner SJ, LaBaw F, Tell GS. Orthostatic hypotension in older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. CHS Collaborative Research Group. Hypertension19(6 Pt 1), 508–519 (1992).
  • Thapa PB, Gideon P, Fought RL, Ray WA. Psychotropic drugs and risk of recurrent falls in ambulatory nursing home residents. Am. J. Epidemiol.142(2), 202–211 (1995).
  • Hansen TE, Casey DE, Hoffman WF. Neuroleptic intolerance. Schizophr. Bull.23(4), 567–582 (1997).
  • Tandon R. Safety and tolerability: how do newer generation “atypical” antipsychotics compare? Psychiatr. Q.73(4), 297–311 (2002).
  • Killian JG, Kerr K, Lawrence C, Celermajer DS. Myocarditis and cardiomyopathy associated with clozapine. Lancet354(9193), 1841–1845 (1999).
  • Coulter DM, Bate A, Meyboom RH, Lindquist M, Edwards IR. Antipsychotic drugs and heart muscle disorder in international pharmacovigilance: data mining study. Br. Med. J.322(7296), 1207–1209 (2001).
  • Hagg S, Spigset O, Bate A, Soderstrom TG. Myocarditis related to clozapine treatment. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.21(4), 382–388 (2001).
  • Roh S, Ahn DH, Nam JH, Yang BH, Lee BH, Kim YS. Cardiomyopathy associated with clozapine. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol.14(1), 94–98 (2006).
  • Fitzsimons J, Lambert TJ, Dodd S et al. Clozapine and cardiotoxicity: echocardiography findings from Barwon Health. Schizophr. Res. Schizophr. Bull.33(2), 499 (2007).
  • Meyer JM, Rao SD, Nielsen JR. Clozapine and dilated cardiomyopathy. Clinical Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses (2007) (In Press).
  • Berk M, Fitzsimons J, Lambert T et al. Monitoring the safe use of clozapine: a consensus view from Victoria, Australia. CNS Drugs21(2), 117–127 (2007).
  • Kelly HG, Fay JE, Laverty SG. Thioridazine hydrochloride (Mellaril): its effect on the electrocardiogram and a report of two fatalities with electrocardiographic abnormalities. Can. Med. Assoc. J.89, 546–554 (1963).
  • Davidson M. Risk of cardiovascular disease and sudden death in schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry63(Suppl.) 95–111 (2002).
  • Mehtonen OP, Aranko K, Malkonen L, Vapaatalo H. A survey of sudden death associated with the use of antipsychotic or antidepressant drugs: 49 cases in Finland. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.84(1), 58–64 (1991).
  • Ray WA, Meredith S, Thapa PB, Meador KG, Hall K, Murray KT. Antipsychotics and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry58(12), 1161–1167 (2001).
  • Glassman AH, Bigger JT Jr. Antipsychotic drugs: prolonged QTc interval, torsade de pointes, and sudden death. Am. J. Psychiatry158(11), 1774–1782 (2001).
  • Lewis R, Bagnall A, Leitner M. Sertindole for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.(2), CD001715 (2000).
  • Lindstrom E, Levander S. Sertindole: efficacy and safety in schizophrenia. Expert Opin. Pharmacother.7(13), 1825–1834 (2006).
  • Katchman AN, Koerner J, Tosaka T, Woosley RL, Ebert SN. Comparative evaluation of HERG currents and QT intervals following challenge with suspected torsadogenic and nontorsadogenic drugs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.316(3), 1098–1106 (2006).
  • Schneider LS, Dagerman KS, Insel P. Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. JAMA294(15), 1934–1943 (2005).
  • Straus SM, Blooming GS, Dieleman JP et al. Antipsychotics and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Arch. Intern. Med.164(12), 1293–1297 (2004).
  • Giles TD, Maudlin RK. Death associated with ventricular arrhythmia and thioridazine hydrochloride. JAMA205(2), 108–110 (1968).
  • De Ponti F, Poluzzi E, Montanaro N. Organising evidence on QT prolongation and occurrence of torsades de pointes with non-antiarrhythmic drugs: a call for consensus. Eur. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.57(3), 185–209 (2001).
  • Huikuri HV, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias. N. Engl. J. Med.345(20), 1473–1482 (2001).
  • Kay GN, Plumb VJ, Arciniegas JG, Henthorn RW, Waldo AL. Torsade de pointes: the long-short initiating sequence and other clinical features: observations in 32 patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.2(5), 806–817 (1983).
  • Crumb WJ Jr, Ekins S, Sarazan RD et al. Effects of antipsychotic drugs on I(to), I (Na), I (sus), I (K1), and hERG: QT prolongation, structure activity relationship, and network analysis. Pharm. Res.23(6), 1133–1143 (2006).
  • Brink PA, Crotti L, Corfield V et al. Phenotypic variability and unusual clinical severity of congenital long-QT syndrome in a founder population. Circulation112(17), 2602–2610 (2005).
  • Harrigan EP, Miceli JJ, Anziano R et al. A randomized evaluation of the effects of six antipsychotic agents on QTc, in the absence and presence of metabolic inhibition. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.24(1), 62–69 (2004).
  • Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N. Engl. J. Med.353(12), 1209–1223 (2005).
  • Hanssens L, De Hert M, Wampers M, Reginster J-Y, Peuskens J. Pharmacological treatment of ambulatory schizophrenic patients in Belgium. Clin. Pract. Epidemol. Ment. Health2(11), 1–11 (2006).
  • Elman I, Borsook D, Lukas SE. Food intake and reward mechanisms in patients with schizophrenia: implications for metabolic disturbances and treatment with second-generation antipsychotic agents. Neuropsychopharmacology31(10), 2091–2120 (2006).
  • American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care30(Suppl. 1), S42–S47 (2007).
  • Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care24, 683–689 (2001).
  • Haffner SJ, Cassells H. Hyperglycemia as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am. J. Med.115(Suppl. 8A), S6–S11 (2003).
  • Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Lennon L, Morris RW. Metabolic syndrome vs Framingham risk score for prediction of coronary heart disease, stroke, and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch. Intern. Med.165(2), 2644–2650 (2005).
  • Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA285(19), 2486–2497 (2001).
  • Alexander CM, Landsman PB, Teutsch SM et al. NCEP-defined metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and prevalence of coronary heart disease among NHANES III participants age 50 years and older. Diabetes52(5), 1210–1214 (2003).
  • British Cardiac Society, British Hypertension Society, Diabetes UK, HEART UK, Primary Care Cardiovascular Society, The Stroke Association. JBS 2: Joint British Societies’ guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice. Heart91(Suppl. 5), 1–52 (2005).
  • Goff DC, Sullivan L, McEvoy JP et al. A comparison of ten-year cardiac risk estimates in schizophrenia patients from the CATIE Study and matched controls. Schizophr. Res.80(1), 45–53 (2005).
  • McEvoy JP, Meyer JM, Nasrallah HA et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Schizophrenia Trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES III. Schizophr. Res.80(1), 19–32 (2005).
  • Ryan MC, Thakore JH. Physical consequences of schizophrenia and its treatment: the metabolic syndrome. Life Sci.71(3), 239–257 (2002).
  • Ryan MC, Collins P, Thakore JH. Impaired fasting glucose tolerance in first-episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry160(2), 284–289 (2003).
  • Ryan MC, Flanagan S, Kinsella U, Keeling F, Thakore JH. The effects of atypical antipsychotics on visceral fat distribution in first episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. Life Sci.74(16), 1999–2008 (2004).
  • Thakore JH, Mann JN, Vlahos I, Martin A, Reznek R. Increased visceral fat distribution in drug-naive and drug-free patients with schizophrenia. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.26(1), 137–141 (2002).
  • Zhang ZJ, Yao ZJ, Liu W, Fang Q, Reynolds GP. Effects of antipsychotics on fat deposition and changes in leptin and insulin levels: magnetic resonance imaging study of previously untreated people with schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry184, 58–62 (2004).
  • Arranz B, Rosel P, Ramirez N et al. Insulin resistance and increased leptin concentrations in noncompliant schizophrenia patients but not in antipsychotic-naive first-episode schizophrenia patients. J. Clin. Psychiatry65(10), 1335–1342 (2004).
  • Cohn TA, Remington G, Zipursky RB, Azad A, Connolly P, Wolever TMS. Insulin resistance and adiponectin levels in drug-free patients with schizophrenia: a preliminary report. [Erratum appears in Can. J. Psychiatry51(8), 552 (2006)]. Can. J. Psychiatry51(6), 382–386 (2006).
  • Cohn T, Prud’homme D, Streiner D, Kameh H, Remington G. Characterizing coronary heart disease risk in chronic schizophrenia: high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Can. J. Psychiatry49(11), 753–760 (2004).
  • Hagg S, Lindblow Y, Mjorndal T, Adolfsson R. High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among a Swedish cohort of patients with schizophrenia. Int. Clinical Psychopharmacol.21(2), 93–98 (2006).
  • De Hert MA, van Winkel R, van Eyck D et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotic medication. Schizophr. Res.83(1), 87–93 (2006).
  • Meyer JM, Loh C, Leckband SG et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in veterans with schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Pract.12(1), 5–10 (2006).
  • Correll CU, Frederickson AM, Kane JM, Manu P. Metabolic syndrome and the risk of coronary heart disease in 367 patients treated with second-generation antipsychotic drugs. J. Clin. Psychiatry67(4), 575–583 (2006).
  • Meyer JM. Effects of atypical antipsychotics on weight and serum lipid levels. J. Clin. Psychiatry62(Suppl. 27), 27–34; discussion 40–41 (2001).
  • Kroeze WK, Hufeisen SJ, Popadak BA et al. H1-histamine receptor affinity predicts short-term weight gain for typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Neuropsychopharmacology28(3), 519–526 (2003).
  • Kim SF, Huang AS, Snowman AM, Teuscher C, Snyder SH. Antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain mediated by histamine H1 receptor-linked activation of hypothalamic AMP-kinase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104(9), 3456–3459 (2007).
  • Nonogaki K, Strack AM, Dallman MF, Tecott LH. Leptin-independent hyperphagia and Type 2 diabetes in mice with a mutated serotonin 5-HT2C receptor gene. Nat. Med.4(10), 1152–1156 (1998).
  • McQuade RD, Stock E, Marcus R et al. Aripiprazole versus olanzapine in schizophrenia: a 52-week open-label extension study. Presented at: 43rd ACNP Annual Meeting. San Juan, PR, USA, 13 December 2004.
  • De Hert M, van Eyck D, De Nayer A. Metabolic abnormalities associated with second generation antipsychotics: fact or fiction? Development of guidelines for screening and monitoring. Int. Clinical Psychopharmacol.21(Suppl. 2), S11–S15 (2006).
  • Meyer JM. Novel antipsychotics and severe hyperlipidemia. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.21(4), 369–374 (2001).
  • Meyer JM, Koro CE. The effects of antipsychotic therapy on serum lipids: a comprehensive review. Schizophr. Res.70(1), 1–17 (2004).
  • Casey DE, Carson WH, Saha AR et al. Switching patients to aripiprazole from other antipsychotic agents: a multicenter randomized study. Psychopharmacology166, 391–399 (2003).
  • Weiden PJ, Loebel A, Yang R, Lebovitz H. Course of weight and metabolic benefits 1 year after switching to ziprasidone. Presented at: American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting. NY, USA, 5 May 2004.
  • Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, Kloosterman JM, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Klungel OH, Porsius AJ, de Boer A. Drug-induced lipid changes: a review of the unintended effects of some commonly used drugs on serum lipid levels. Drug Safety24(6), 443–456 (2001).
  • McLaughlin T, Abbasi F, Cheal K, Chu J, Lamendola C, Reaven G. Use of metabolic markers to identify overweight individuals who are insulin resistant. [See comment]. [Summary for patients in Ann. Intern. Med.139(10), I16; PMID: 14623638 (2003)]. Ann. Intern. med.139(10), 802–809 (2003).
  • Houseknecht KL, Robertson AS, Zavadoski W, Gibbs EM, Johnson DE, Rollema H. Acute effects of atypical antipsychotics on whole body insulin resistance in rats: implications for adverse metabolic effects. Neuropsychopharmacology32(2), 289–297 (2007).
  • Vestri H, Maianu L, Moellering DR, Garvery WT. Atypical antipsychotic drugs directly impair insulin action in adipocytes: effects on glucose transport, lipogenesis, and antilipolysis. Neuropsychopharmacology32(4), 765–772 (2007).
  • Jeppesen J, Hein HO, Suadicani P, Gyntelberg F. Triglyceride concentration and ischemic heart disease: an eight-year follow-up in the Copenhagen Male Study [see comments]. [Published erratum appears in Circulation97(19), 1995 (1998)]. Circulation97(11), 1029–1036 (1998).
  • American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus Development Conference on Antipsychotic Drugs and Obesity and Diabetes. J. Clin. Psychiatry65(2), 267–272 (2004).
  • De Hert M, Kalnicka D, van Winkel R et al. Treatment with rosuvastatin for severe dyslipidemia in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry67(12), 1889–1896 (2006).
  • Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with Type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med.339(4), 229–234 (1998).
  • Jin H, Meyer JM, Jeste DV. Atypical antipsychotics and glucose dysregulation: a systematic review. Schizophr. Res.71(2–3), 195–212 (2004).
  • Koller E, Schneider B, Bennett K, Dubitsky G. Clozapine-associated diabetes. Am. J. Med.111(9), 716–723 (2001).
  • Jin H, Meyer JM, Jeste DV. Phenomenology of and risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis associated with atypical antipsychotics: an analysis of 45 published cases. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry14(1), 59–64 (2002).
  • Koller EA, Doraiswamy PM. Olanzapine-associated diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy22(7), 841–852 (2002).
  • Koller EA, Cross JT, Doraiswamy PM, Schneider BS. Risperidone-associated diabetes mellitus: a pharmacovigilance study. Pharmacotherapy23(6), 735–744 (2003).
  • Koller E, Weber J, Doraiswamy PM, Schneider BS. A survey of reports of quetiapine-associated hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Psychiatry65(6), 857–863 (2004).
  • Stroup TS, Lieberman JA, McEvoy JP et al. Effectiveness of olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia following discontinuation of a previous atypical antipsychotic. Am. J. Psychiatry163(4), 611–622 (2006).
  • Henderson DC, Nguyen DD, Copeland PM et al. Clozapine, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular risks and mortality: results of a 10-year naturalistic study. J. Clin. Psychiatry66(9), 1116–1121 (2005).
  • Cohn TA, Sernyak MJ. Metabolic monitoring for patients treated with antipsychotic medications. Can. J. Psychiatry51(8), 492–501 (2006).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.